CONDUCTION:

Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and
movement of electrons within a body.

example:

Touching a stove and being burned

Ice cooling down your hand

Boiling water by thrusting a red-hot piece of iron into it

CONVECTION:

Convective heat transfer, often referred to simply as convection, is the transfer of heat from one
place to another by the movement of fluids. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat
transfer in liquids and gases.

example:

Hot air rising, cooling, and falling (convection currents)

An old-fashioned radiator (creates a convection cell in a room by emitting warm air at the top and
drawing in cool air at the bottom).
RADIATION:

Heat transfer due to emission of electromagnetic waves is known as thermal radiation. Heat transfer
through radiation takes place in form of electromagnetic waves mainly in the infrared region.
Radiation emitted by a body is a consequence of thermal agitation of its composing molecules.

example:

Heat from the sun warming your face

Heat from a lightbulb

Heat from a fire

Heat from anything else which is warmer than its surroundings

Chapter 1

Fastest bird

Ostrich. The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa. They are
the largest living bird species, and have the biggest eggs of all living birds.Ostriches do not
fly, but can run faster than any other bird.

Slowest Mammal

Three-toed Sloth: The Slowest Mammal in the World.Three-toed sloths are some of the
slowest and seemingly laziest creatures in the world. Instead of evolving to eat more, they
evolved to do less

Most Poisonous Fish

Lionfish were thought to be the most venomous fish until recent years when stonefish stole
the title. These conspicuous fish have venomous dorsal, anal, and pelvic spines covered by
a loose sheath that moves down and compresses venom glands when the spine punctures
tissue

Smallest Bird

Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are
among the smallest of birds, most species measuring 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) in length. Indeed, the
smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5 cm (2.0 in) bee hummingbirdweighing less
than 2.5 g (0.09 oz).

Tallest land Animal

Giraffes
Giraffes are the tallest animals in the world. Males can grow up to 18 feet (5.5
meters) tall, females can reach 14 feet (4.3 meters) tall and their babies, called
calves, are born six feet (1.8 meters) tall. Calves can grow up to an inch a day
Chapter 2

Snakes evoke fear in humans as well as in a variety of other animals. In actuality, it is the
snakes who should be, and often are, afraid. Snakes are hunted by a wide array of
predators, and have developed a number of defenses to protect themselves. One of the
most successful of these defensive tactics is the snake’s hiss.

2.
3.
Leaf-Tail Gecko

The leaf-tailed gecko (also known as the flat-tailed gecko) is

a group of geckos that are found only on the
African island of Madagascar and on a number of the little islands that
surround it. There are eight different species of leaf-tailed gecko all of
which are endemic to the island.

"The huge tail flukes of a humpbacked whale break water as

the animal dives. One of the largest living mammals, the whale
uses its tail for swimming. The tail with its horizontal flukes is
moved up and down to drive the animal through the water,
while its small flippers, the vestiges of its forelimbs, are used for
balancing and steering."
chapter 4

Palm trees are a botanical family of perennial lianas, shrubs, andtrees. They are the only
members of the family Arecaceae, which is the only family in the order Arecales. ... Well
known palm trees are: Date palm.

2.

A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized woody plant. Unlike herbs, shrubs have
persistent woody stems above the ground. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple
stems and shorter height, and are usually under 6 m (20 ft) tall.[1] Plants of many species may
grow either into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions. Small, low shrubs,
generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender, periwinkle and most small garden varieties
of roses, are often termed "subshrubs".[2]
4

Baobab is the common name for each of the nine species of tree in the genus Adansonia. The
generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who
described Adansonia digitata.

Of the nine species, six are native to Madagascar, two are native to mainland Africa and
the Arabian Peninsula, and one is native to Australia. One of the mainland African species also
occurs on Madagascar, but it is not a native of that island. It was introduced in ancient times to
south Asia and during the colonial era to the Caribbean. It is also present in the island nation
of Cape Verde.[2] The ninth species was described in 2012, and is found in upland populations of
southern and eastern Africa.[3] The African and Australian baobabs are almost identical despite
having separated more than 100 million years ago, probably by oceanic dispersal.[4]
chapter 5

1. Busch Wildlife Sanctuary has two species of fox: red and gray.

Red Foxes tend to be the larger of the two, weighing seven to fifteen pounds and reaching about 3
feet in length, not counting tail. Gray foxes rarely exceed eleven or twelve pounds and are often
smaller. Foxes can run up to 26 miles per hour and would rather run, than fight.

3. The Nicobar long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa, popularly known as

the Nicobar monkey) is a subspecies of the crab-eating macaque (M. fascicularis), endemic to
the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. This primate is found on three of the Nicobar Islands

4. The Indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain,
but excessive hunting and agricultural development reduced their range drastically to 11 sites in
northern India and southern Nepal.
chapter 6

chapter 7
chapter 8
chapter 9

chillar party - comedy - Nitesh Tiwari, Vikas Bahl

Frozen - Animated - Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee

Tangled - Animated - Byron Howard, Nathan Greno

Aladdin - Animated - Ron Clements, John Musker

Moana - Animated - Ron Clements, John Musker

chapter -10

The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, for reasons more than just
looking magnificent. It's the history of Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its magnificence: a soul that
is filled with love, loss, remorse, and love again. Because if it was not for love, the world would
have been robbed of a fine example upon which people base their relationships. An example of
how deeply a man loved his wife, that even after she remained but a memory, he made sure that
this memory would never fade away. This man was the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who was
head-over-heels in love with Mumtaz Mahal, his dear wife. She was a Muslim Persian princess
(her name Arjumand Banu Begum before marriage) and he was the son of the Mughal Emperor
Jehangir and grandson of Akbar the Great. It was at the age of 14 that he met Mumtaz and fell in
love with her. Five years later in the year 1612, they got married.

Mumtaz Mahal, an inseparable companion of Shah Jahan, died in 1631, while giving birth to their
14th child. It was in the memory of his beloved wife that Shah Jahan built a magnificent
monument as a tribute to her, which we today know as the "Taj Mahal". The construction of Taj
Mahal started in the year 1631. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers,
dome-builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from
Central Asia and Iran, and it took approximately 22 years to build what we see today. An epitome
of love, it made use of the services of 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants. The monument was
built entirely out of white marble, which was brought in from all over India and central Asia. After
an expenditure of approximately 32 million rupees, Taj Mahal was finally completed in the year
1653.

It was soon after the completion of Taj Mahal that Shah Jahan was deposed by his own son
Aurangzeb and was put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort. Shah Jahan, himself also, lies
entombed in this mausoleum along with his wife. Moving further down the history, it was at the
end of the 19th century that British Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project,
which was completed in 1908, as a measure to restore what was lost during the Indian rebellion
of 1857: Taj being blemished by British soldiers and government officials who also deprived the
monument of its immaculate beauty by chiseling out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its
walls. Also, the British style lawns that we see today adding on to the beauty of Taj were
remodeled around the same time. Despite prevailing controversies, past and present threats
from Indo-Pak war and environmental pollution, this epitome of love continuous to shine and
attract people from all over the world.

chapter 11

chapter 12

Amhrán na bhFiann - Ireland - Peadar Kearney, Liam Ó Rinn

Lupang Hinirang - Philippines - José Palma

lied der deutschen - West Germany - August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben'Walter
Andreas Schwarz

Qolobaa Calankeed - Somalia - Abdullahi Qarshe

la marseillaise - France - Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle

chapter 13