(— >) Experiment No. 1 Title: Design of inverting, non-inverting amplifier and buffer using IC 741 Date : 08/02/2021 Subject In-charge Sign: Me atLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Experiment No. 1 Aim: To design inverting, non-inverting amplifier and buffer using IC 741 Software: Multisim ‘Theory: ‘There are three fundamental amplifiers that utilize the operational amplifier and employ negative feedback. They are: ‘The inverting amplifier. ‘The non-inverting amplifier. ‘The buffer (or voltage follower). 1. Inverting Amplifier Figure 1 shows a basic inverting amplifier circuit. Figure | : Inverting amplifier Assuming the op-amp is ideal and applying KCL at the inverting node marked v", is=ip tin For ideal op-amps, iin = i” = 0. Thus, is = ir such that Rs and Re form a virtual series connection, Ohm’s law can be applied to each resistor to yield, Us — 0 vw ‘These expressions can be simplified by noting that v* = 0 and then applying the rule for ideal op-amps to realize v= v* =0. Thus : ist at oe Rs Rp the closed-loop gain ~ Re ws Rs RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 2. Non-Inverting Amplifier Figure 2 shows a basic non-inverting amplifier circuit, Figure 2: Non-inverting amplifier Assuming the op-amp is ideal and applying KCL at the inverting node marked v-, ip =th tin For ideal op-amps, iin 0. Thus, ir = i: such that Rr and Ry form a virtual series connection. Ohm’s law can be applied to each resistor to yield : Vout 0 ip =—R, Since there is negative feedback present, thus, for ideal op-amps, we have, v= v*. AS, iin = 0, the voltage drop across Rs is zero with the result that v- = v' = vs. Substitute this result in above equation and rearranging the terms to yield the closed-loop gain, we get, Mo _ vs Ri RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 3. Buffer or Voltage Follower Figure 3 shows an buffer, which is also known as a voltage follower. Figure 3 : Buffer or Voltage Follower It is observed that, v* = vs and v" = Vou with the result that the closed-loop gain is S41 Us This circuit is called a voltage follower because , the output voltage vo “Follows” (equals) the input voltage vs, Pin Diagram of IC 741 Offset Null} 1 @ra1 Op. Amp. | 8 | Not Connected (NC) Inverting (—) V+ (Power) Non-Inverting (+) Output (Power) V— Offset Null RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Cireuit Diagram: Inverting amplifier Ri=1kO R= 10k/33k2/100k2. Non-inverting amplifier Ri=1kQ Re = 10k2/33K2/100kQ. Buffer (or Voltage Follower) RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Procedure: General Steps for Multisim ‘Step 1: Open Multisim Begin by drawing the schematic in the Multisim environment. 1) Select Start» All Programs» .... to open Multisim. 2) To select a component, go to Place» Component 3) The Select a Component dialog appears. 4) Select the required component Step 2: Place Components To invoke simulation, we need a power source and a ground in the circuit to correctly reference voltages and currents in the circuit simulation. 1) To place a Ground, go to the Sources group and highlight the POWER_SOURCES family. 2) Highlight the GROUND component. 3) Click OK. 4) The component selection window temporarily closes and the ground symbol is "ghosted” to the mouse pointer. 5) Move the mouse to the appropriate place on the schematic and left-click once to place the component, To place a DC power supply: 1) Go to the Sources group again and highlight the POWER. SOURCES family. Select is called DC_POWER symbol. 2) Place the DC Power source on the schematic. Note: Without a power and ground, a simulation cannot run, If we need multiple components we can repeat the placement steps as shown or place one component and use copy (Ctrl-C) and paste (Ctrl-V) to place additional components as needed. Place the remaining circuit components using the techniques discussed in the previous steps Step 3: Wire Components 1) To begin wiring, move the mouse close to a pin of a component. 2) The mouse appears as a crosshair rather than the default Windows mouse. 3) Place an initial wire junction by clicking on the pin/terminal of the part. Complete the wire by moving the mouse to another terminal or just double-click to anchor the termination point of the wire 10 a floating location somewhere in the schematic window RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Step 4: Place a Simulation Source Place a basic AC voltage source. 1) To place an AC signal source, go to the Sources group and highlight the SIGNAL_VOLTAGE_SOURCES family. 2) Select the AC_VOLTAGE component. 3) Place and wire the AC voltage source and place and wire a ground component to the AC source. Step 5: Place Measurement Instruments Multisim provides instruments to visualize the simulated measurements. Instruments can be found on the right menu bar. 1) Select the oscilloscope instrument from the menu and place this onto the schematic. 2) Wire the Channel A and Channel B terminals of the oscilloscope to both the input and ‘output of the amplifier circuit. tep 6: Run a Simulation Select Simulate > Run > Double click on oscilloscope. Step 7 : Snap shot of cireuit diagram 1) Press PriSer and copy the image in “Paint” and edit properly 2) Save the diagram in the word file Step 8 : Snap shot of i/p and o/p waveforms 1) Use “ Sniping Too!” for taking the snap shot of the input and output waveforms and edit it properly. 2) Save the result below the corresponding circuit diagram. 3) In case of online multisim simulator, use Step 7. Note: In case if online multisim simulator is used, then use ‘probe’ instead of oscilloscope. Remaining procedure is same as given above. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Observation Table: 1. Inverting amplifier Ri=1kO Rr= 10kQ. Input voltage | Output voltage | Measured Voltage | Theoretical Voltage wo) ) gain gain Act= vou Aca = volvi=-Re/Rt 37245 x 107 3.7136 IIT =10 2. Non-inverting amplifier Ri= 1k Re= 10kQ. Input voltage | Output voltage | Measured Voltage | Theoretical Voltage wi, (ve) gain i Aci = vol¥i “21644 x 107 23801 10.99 3. Buffer (or Voltage Follower) Input voltage Output voltage | Measured Voltage w (vo) gain Act = volvi -165.67 x 10° -165.67 x 10° 1 Note: > Use one-side ruled pages for writing experiments. > All Circuit diagrams, Pin diagrams, Observations and Calculations to be drawn/written on blank side neatly (using scale) with pencil, > Aim, Software used, Theory, Conclusion to be written on ruled side with black or blue pen. > Procedure need not be written. Soft copy of the given procedure can be attached as itis. > All experiments to be written in same ink throughout. > Simulated Circuit diagram and Input and Output waveforms to be attached on a word page. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagram of Inverting Amplifier vec vec v rs v37136V si vec 1 L output_signal vec Input signal Yo vin te Vin ks S oo RF 10042 vee Input and Output Waveforms of Inverting Amplifier Be RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagram of Non-inverting Amplifier PRI y -216.44mV_ ut Input Signal °° 3801V) Vin vi Output Signal Vo 10.0k2 Input and Output Waveforms of Non-inverting Amplifier rk i : i i i i i 3 i i RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagram of Buffer (or Voltage Follower) ut PRAY -165.67V > ‘o v-165.67mV Seert Input signal i v1 — vie Output signal 500mVv E Vo kHz i 2 Input and Output Waveforms of Buffer (or Voltage Follower) crate i! RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Conclusion: Thus we have successfully done the simulation on Inverting, Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier and Buffer using Multisim simulator as we can see that An Inverting Opamp output is amplified graph with 180° phase shift w.r.t applied input. An Non-Inverting Opamp output is amplified graph with 0° phase shift w.r.t applied input and in Buffer the output is same as input. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering(— >) Experiment No. 2 Title: Design of summing amplifier and difference amplifier using opamp Date : 15/02/2021 Subject In-charge Sign: Me atLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Experiment No. 2 Aim: To design summing amplifier and difference amplifier using opamp. Software: Multisim ‘Theory: 1 Summing Amplifier Circuit: Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. Such a circuit is called a summing amplifier or an adder. Summing amplifier can be classified as inverting & non-inverting summer depending on the input applied to inverting & non-inverting terminals respectively. Circuit Diagram shows an inverting summing amplifier with 2 inputs, Here, Vo =~ (Rr/ Ri (VitV2) Thus, when R, Re=1kQ Vo=-(Vi+Vo) I. Difference Amplifier Circuit: A difference amplifier or op amp subtractor is a specially designed op amp based amplifier circuit, which amplifies the difference between two input signals and rejects any signals common to both inputs. The difference amplifier must reject any signal common to both inputs. That means, if polarity and magnitude of both input signals are same, the output must be zero. When Ri = R2 and also R3 = R. then the difference amplifier becomes a perfect subtractor, which subtracts directly the input signals. ‘Thus, we get, Vo=V2-V1 RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Circuit Diagram: 1 Summing Amplifier Circuit Ri=Ra=Rr=1kQ Vor - (VitV2) RF vi V2 Il I, Difference Amplifier Circuit: 100K 100K RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Procedure: General Steps for Multisim ‘Step 1: Open Multisim Begin by drawing the schematic in the Multisim environment. 1) Select Start» All Programs» .... to open Multisim. 2) To select a component, go to Place» Component 3) The Select a Component dialog appears. 4) Select the required component Step 2: Place Components To invoke simulation, we need a power source and a ground in the circuit to correctly reference voltages and currents in the circuit simulation. 1) To place a Ground, go to the Sources group and highlight the POWER_SOURCES family. 2) Highlight the GROUND component. 3) Click OK. 4) The component selection window temporarily closes and the ground symbol is "ghosted” to the mouse pointer. 5) Move the mouse to the appropriate place on the schematic and left-click once to place the component, To place a DC power supply: 1) Go to the Sources group again and highlight the POWER. SOURCES family. Select is called DC_POWER symbol. 2) Place the DC Power source on the schematic. Note: Without a power and ground, a simulation cannot run, If we need multiple components we can repeat the placement steps as shown or place one component and use copy (Ctrl-C) and paste (Ctrl-V) to place additional components as needed. Place the remaining circuit components using the techniques discussed in the previous steps Step 3: Wire Components 1) To begin wiring, move the mouse close to a pin of a component. 2) The mouse appears as a crosshair rather than the default Windows mouse. 3) Place an initial wire junction by clicking on the pin/terminal of the part. Complete the wire by moving the mouse to another terminal or just double-click to anchor the termination point of the wire 10 a floating location somewhere in the schematic window RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Step 4: Place a Simulation Source Place a basic AC voltage source. 1) To place an AC signal source, go to the Sources group and highlight the SIGNAL_VOLTAGE_SOURCES family. 2) Select the AC_VOLTAGE component. 3) Place and wire the AC voltage source and place and wire a ground component to the AC source. Step 5: Place Measurement Instruments Multisim provides instruments to visualize the simulated measurements. Instruments can be found on the right menu bar. 1) Select the oscilloscope instrument from the menu and place this onto the schematic. 2) Wire the Channel A and Channel B terminals of the oscilloscope to both the input and output of the amplifier circuit. Step 6: Run a Simulation Select Simulate > Run > Double click on oscilloscope. Step 7: nap shot of circuit diagram. 1) Press PrtSer and copy the image in “Paint” and edit properly 2) Save the diagram in the word file. Step snap shot of i/p and o/p waveforms 1) Use“ Sniping Tool” for taking the snap shot of the input and output waveforms and edit it properly. 2) Save the result. below the corresponding circuit diagram. 3) In case of online multisim simulator, use Step 7. Note: In case if online multisim simulator is used, then use ‘probe’ instead of oseilloseope. Remaining procedure is same as given above. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Observation Table: L Summing Amplifier : Input voltage | Input voltage | Measured Output | Theoretical Output (wy) (v2) Voltage (Vo) Voltage (Vo) [Vox = (Vit V2) ] 8 a -11.00 =I 5 2 6.999 7 Il. __ Difference Amplifier: Input voltage | Input voltage | Measured Output | Theoretical Output 7) (v2) Voltage (Vo) Voltage (Vo) [Vo=V2-Vil 3 10 6.999 7 4 6 2.007 2 RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagrams of Summing Amplifier (A) When V1=8V & V2 =3V SUMMING AMPLIFIER PRY 8.0000V\Ra RF aks 1k Q = V1 To 8.00, PR2'y 3,0000V] ut Input and Output Waveforms of Summing Amplifier RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagrams of Summing Amplifier (B) When V1=5V & V2 =2V SUMMING AMPLIFIER PRI 5,0000V|R1 RF B.0000¥ i 1kQ 4kQ ‘v 2.0000V ut 1K ir 200V 2 le Input and Output Waveforms of Summing Amplifier Inert 4 g RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagrams of Difference Amplifier (A) When Vi=3V & V2= 10V DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER Rt 100k2 3 ut t > 2th. Ra 9 100k Input and Output Waveforms of Difference Amplifier RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagrams of Difference Amplifier (B) When Vi=4V & V2 = 6V DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER kt 100k2 a Mp sooov)an ut = id 100K a s00v ile 9 100k8 Input and Output Waveforms of Difference Amplifier Inert be RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Conclusion: ‘Thus we have successfully done the simulation on Summing and Difference Amplifier using Multisim simulator as we can see that In Summing Amplifier the output is summing of two input voltage with negative value which is done because of Inverting operational amp! fier. In Difference Amplifier the output is difference of two input voltage with positive value which is done because of Non-Inverting operational amplifier. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering(— >) Experiment No. 3 Title: Design and analysis of Integrator Date : 22/02/2021 Subject In-charge Sign:Linear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Experiment No. 3 Aim: To design and perform the analysis of Integrator. Software: Multisim ‘Theory: It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of integration. ‘That is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by, Vo = (-I/RiC) | Vind The integrator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by placing the feedback resistance R; with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low pass filter. Cireuit Diagram: Input and Output waveforms Vin Vo RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Procedure: General Steps for Multisim ‘Step 1: Open Multisim Begin by drawing the schematic in the Multisim environment. 1) Select Start» All Programs» .... to open Multisim. 2) To select a component, go to Place» Component 3) The Select a Component dialog appears. 4) Select the required component Step 2: Place Components To invoke simulation, we need a power source and a ground in the circuit to correctly reference voltages and currents in the circuit simulation, 1) To place a Ground, go to the Sources group and highlight the POWER_SOURCES family. 2) Highlight the GROUND component. 3) Click OK. 4) The component selection window temporarily closes and the ground symbol is "ghosted” to the mouse pointer. 5) Move the mouse to the appropriate place on the schematic and left-click once to place the component, To place a DC power supply: 1) Go to the Sources group again and highlight the POWER. SOURCES family. Select is called DC_POWER symbol. 2) Place the DC Power source on the schematic. Note: Without a power and ground, a simulation cannot run, If we need multiple components we can repeat the placement steps as shown or place one component and use copy (Ctrl-C) and paste (Ctrl-V) to place additional components as needed. Place the remaining circuit components using the techniques discussed in the previous steps Step 3: Wire Components 1) To begin wiring, move the mouse close to a pin of a component. 2) The mouse appears as a crosshair rather than the default Windows mouse. 3) Place an initial wire junction by clicking on the pin/terminal of the part. Complete the wire by moving the mouse to another terminal or just double-click to anchor the termination point of the wire 10 a floating location somewhere in the schematic window RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Step 4: Place a Simulation Source Place a basic AC voltage source. 1) To place an AC signal source, go to the Sources group and highlight the SIGNAL_VOLTAGE_SOURCES family. 2) Select the AC_VOLTAGE component. 3) Place and wire the AC voltage source and place and wire a ground component to the AC source. Step 5: Place Measurement Instruments Multisim provides instruments to visualize the simulated measurements. Instruments can be found on the right menu bar. 1) Select the oscilloscope instrument from the menu and place this onto the schematic. 2) Wire the Channel A and Channel B terminals of the oscilloscope to both the input and output of the amplifier circuit. Step 6: Run a Simulation Select Simulate > Run > Double click on oscilloscope. Step 7: nap shot of circuit diagram. 1) Press PrtSer and copy the image in “Paint” and edit properly 2) Save the diagram in the word file. Step snap shot of i/p and o/p waveforms 1) Use“ Sniping Tool” for taking the snap shot of the input and output waveforms and edit it properly. 2) Save the result. below the corresponding circuit diagram. 3) In case of online multisim simulator, use Step 7. Note: In case if online multisim simulator is used, then use ‘probe’ instead of oseilloseope. Remaining procedure is same as given above. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Design : Design equation is ; T=2nRiC Let C =0.1F Then Ri 740.2550. Select Ri= 1kO Take Rr= 10Ri = 10 x 1kQ=10kQ. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit Diagram of Integrator R2 10.0ks2 3 C1 O.1nF PRI 2.0000V ut Aa Fi A Ss low -8.8436V 1K CPt vi e 2,00V_ @ 2.15kHz Input and Output waveforms of Integrator UU a a a a RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Conclusion: ‘Thus we have successfully done the simul: simulator as we can see that on Integrator Amplifier using Multisim As the Integrator Circuit output is Triangular WaveForm which is the integral of the input Square Waveform. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering(— >) Experiment No. 4 Title: Design of Voltage to Current Converter with grounded load Date : 01/03/2021 Subject In-charge Sign: Me atLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Experiment No. 4 Aim: To design and perform the analysis of Voltage to Current converter using grounded load.. Software: Multisim Theory: This V to I converter is also known as Howland Current Converter. Here, one end of the load is always grounded, For the circuit analysis, we have to first determine the voltage, Viw and then the relationship or the connection between the input voltage and load current can be achieved. Circuit Diagram: RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Cireuit Analysis: We apply Kirchhoft’s current law at the node V1, Here, the resistor, So, Hence the voltage in the output will be, Vo = 2, =Vin +Vo- LR 0=Viw-IR - Vin =TLR vj Thus, we can conclude from the above equation that the current IL is related to the voltage ‘Vin and the resistor, R. Applications of Voltage to Current Converter : © Zener diode tester © Low AC and DC Voltmeters © Testing LED © Testing Diodes RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Procedure: General Steps for Multisim ‘Step 1: Open Multisim Begin by drawing the schematic in the Multisim environment. 1) Select Start» All Programs» .... to open Multisim. 2) To select a component, go to Place» Component 3) The Select a Component dialog appears. 4) Select the required component. Step 2: Place Components To invoke simulation, we need a power source and a ground in the circuit to correctly reference voltages and currents in the circuit simulation. 1) To place a Ground, go to the Sources group and highlight the POWER_SOURCES family. 2) Highlight the GROUND component. 3) Click OK. 4) The component selection window temporarily closes and the ground symbol is "ghosted” to the mouse pointer. 5) Move the mouse to the appropriate place on the schematic and left-click once to place the component, To place a DC power supply: 1) Go to the Sources group again and highlight the POWER. SOURCES family. Select is called DC_POWER symbol. 2) Place the DC Power source on the schematic. Note: Without power and ground, a simulation cannot run, If we need multiple components we can repeat the placement steps as shown or place one component and use copy (Ctrl-C) and paste (Ctrl-V) to place additional components as needed. Place the remaining circuit components using the techniques discussed in the previous steps. Step 3: Wire Components 1) To begin wiring, move the mouse close to a pin of a component. 2) The mouse appears as a crosshair rather than the default Windows mouse. 3) Place an initial wire junction by clicking on the pin/terminal of the part. Complete the wire by moving the mouse to another terminal or just double-click to anchor the termination point of the wire 10 a floating location somewhere in the schematic window RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Step 4: Place a Simulation Source Place a basic AC voltage source. 1) To place an AC signal source, go to the Sources group and highlight the SIGNAL_VOLTAGE_SOURCES family. 2) Select the AC_VOLTAGE component. 3) Place and wire the AC voltage source and place and wire a ground component to the AC source. Step 5: Place Measurement Instruments Multisim provides instruments to visualize the simulated measurements. Instruments can be found on the right menu bar. 1) Select the oscilloscope instrument from the menu and place this onto the schematic. 2) Wire the Channel A and Channel B terminals of the oscilloscope to both the input and output of the amplifier circuit. Step 6: Run a Simulation Select Simulate > Run > Double click on oscilloscope. Step 7: nap shot of circuit diagram. 1) Press PrtSer and copy the image in “Paint” and edit properly 2) Save the diagram in the word file. Step snap shot of i/p and o/p waveforms 1) Use“ Sniping Tool” for taking the snap shot of the input and output waveforms and edit it properly. 2) Save the result. below the corresponding circuit diagram. 3) In case of online multisim simulator, use Step 7. Note: In case if online multisim simulator is used, then use ‘probe’ instead of oseilloseope. Remaining procedure is same as given above. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit: 1, Voltage to Current Converter (Grounded Load) RA EE 3 © s00K@ 100k9 2 ut Rt R2 1 (tke) 100k9 fR'y s.0000v per) RL 10.0K9 RT=R2=R3=R4=RL=10k ohms ° (A) Observations and Calculations: Viv = 5V, R= 10k Calculated I, = Viy/R = 5/10x103 = 0.5mA Measured = 499.991A = 0.499mA, RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory 2. Voltage to Current Converter (Grounded Load) Ra Course Code: ECL402 _ R3 3 I 2 © s00K2 10042 2 i" ut le RL R2 1 2 410042 |o (32.9998) 10049. v 40000V So RL = 100k2 fy, 400 0 (B) Observations and Calculations: Viv =4V, R= 100kQ. Calculated I, = Vin/R = 4/100x10* = 40uA, Measured Ii, = 39.9994. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Conclusion: ‘Thus we have successfully done the simulation on Voltage to Current Converter Circuit (Grounded Load) using Multisim simulator as we can see that ‘The Output Load current (I.) depends on input voltage (Viv) and resistance (R). Alll the resistors are equal. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering(— >) Experiment No. 5 Title: Design of Schmitt trigger using Op-amp Date : 15/03/2021 Subject In-charge Sign: Me atLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Experiment No. 5 Aim: To design and perform the analysis of Schmitt Trigger using op-amp. Software: Multisim ‘Theory: Schmitt trigger can be defined as it is a regenerative comparator. It employs positive feedback and converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output. The output of Schmitt Trigger swings at upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform, In Schmitt trigger using op-amp IC 741, UTP stands for upper threshold voltage, whereas LTP stands for the lower threshold voltage. Hysteresis can be defined as when the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold (UTP), the output is low. When the input is below a threshold (LTP), the output is high; when the input is between the two, the output retains its current value. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis. ‘Schmitt Trigger Applications ; ‘The uses of the Schmitt trigger include the following. 1. It is mainly used for changing a sine wave to square wave. 2. In applications like signal conditioning for removing signals noise in digital circuits. 3. It is used to implement relaxation oscillators for closed loop negative response designs 4. It is used in switching power supplies, as well as, function generators. Circuit Diagram: v uP up RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Procedure: General Steps for Multisim ‘Step 1: Open Multisim Begin by drawing the schematic in the Multisim environment. 1) Select Start» All Programs» .... to open Multisim. 2) To select a component, go to Place» Component 3) The Select a Component dialog appears. 4) Select the required component Step 2: Place Components To invoke simulation, we need a power source and a ground in the circuit to correctly reference voltages and currents in the circuit simulation. 1) To place a Ground, go to the Sources group and highlight the POWER_SOURCES family. 2) Highlight the GROUND component. 3) Click OK. 4) The component selection window temporarily closes and the ground symbol is "ghosted” to the mouse pointer. 5) Move the mouse to the appropriate place on the schematic and left-click once to place the component, To place a DC power supply: 1) Go to the Sources group again and highlight the POWER. SOURCES family. Select is called DC_POWER symbol. 2) Place the DC Power source on the schematic. Note: Without a power and ground, a simulation cannot run, If we need multiple components we can repeat the placement steps as shown or place one component and use copy (Ctrl-C) and paste (Ctrl-V) to place additional components as needed. Place the remaining circuit components using the techniques discussed in the previous steps Step 3: Wire Components 1) To begin wiring, move the mouse close to a pin of a component. 2) The mouse appears as a crosshair rather than the default Windows mouse. 3) Place an initial wire junction by clicking on the pin/terminal of the part. Complete the wire by moving the mouse to another terminal or just double-click to anchor the termination point of the wire 10 a floating location somewhere in the schematic window RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Step 4: Place a Simulation Source Place a basic AC voltage source. 1) To place an AC signal source, go to the Sources group and highlight the SIGNAL_VOLTAGE_SOURCES family. 2) Select the AC_VOLTAGE component. 3) Place and wire the AC voltage source and place and wire a ground component to the AC source. Step 5: Place Measurement Instruments Multisim provides instruments to visualize the simulated measurements. Instruments can be found on the right menu bar. 1) Select the oscilloscope instrument from the menu and place this onto the schematic. 2) Wire the Channel A and Channel B terminals of the oscilloscope to both the input and output of the amplifier circuit. Step 6: Run a Simulation Select Simulate > Run > Double click on oscilloscope. Step 7: nap shot of circuit diagram. 1) Press PriSer and copy the image in “Paint” and edit properly 2) Save the diagram in the word file. Step snap shot of i/p and o/p waveforms 1) Use“ Sniping Tool” for taking the snap shot of the input and output waveforms and edit it properly. 2) Save the result. below the corresponding circuit diagram. 3) In case of online multisim simulator, use Step 7. Note: In case if online multisim simulator is used, then use ‘probe’ instead of oseilloseope. Remaining procedure is same as given above. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Simulated Circuit: (A) Design Circuit Of Schmitt Trigger Using Inverting Opamp Design Cireutt OF Schmitt Trigger Using Inverting opomp Input and Output Waveforms: I RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 (B) Design Cirenit Of Schmitt Trigger Using Non-Inverting Opamp Design Circuit Of Schaitt Trigger Using Non-Inverting opamp RUN RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication EngineeringLinear Integrated Circuits Laboratory Course Code: ECL402 Conclusion: Thus we have successfully done the simulation on Design Circuit Of Schmitt Trigger Using Opamp (Lnverting Terminal or Non-Inverting Terminal) by Multisim simulator as we can see that ‘When we apply input sinusoidal wave it is converted into square wave at output side. It works as Regenerative Comparator. If the input is at inverting terminal their will be a phase shift of 180°. If the input is at non-inverting terminal then their will be no phase shift. RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering