DESI

GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY
Asemi
narr
epor
tsubmi
tt
edt
o

Jawahar
lal
Nehr
uTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
yKaki
nada

i
nthepar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lmentof

t
her
equi
rementf
ort
he

awar
dof

BACHELOROF
TECHNOLOGY
i
n
CI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
Submi
tted
by

K.JASPERTEJA
17A81A0119

DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
SRIVASAVIENGI NGCOLLEGE(
NEERI AUTONOMOUS)
(
Sponsor
edbySr
iVasav
iEducat
ional
Soci
ety
)

Appr
ovedbyAI
CTEandPer
manent
lyAf
fi
li
atedt
oJNTUK,
Kaki
nada

Pedat
adepal
l
i,TADEPALLI
GUDEM –534101,
W.G.Di
st.(
A.P)Jul
y

2021
 DECLARATI
ON

TheSEMI NARRepor tent

it
led,
DESI GNCONSI DERATIONSFORROAD
SAFTEY, isar ecordofbonafi
dewor kcarr
iedoutbymeandsubmi t
ted
i
npar t
ialfulf
il
lmentf ortheawar dofBachel orofTechnologyinCivi
l
Engineeri
ng t o SRIVASAVIENGI NEERING COLLEGE.The r esul
ts
embodi edi nthisthesisarepreparedbymeandt heresul
tsembedded
i
nt hist hesis have notbeen submi t
ted to anyotherUniver
sit
yor
Inst
itut
ef ortheawar dofanyot herdegreeordipl
oma

K.
JASPERTEJA
 CERTI
FICATE

Thi
sist
ocer
ti
fyt
hatt
heSEMI
NAR r
epor
tent
it
led,,DESI
GN CONSI
DERATI
ONS

FORROADSAFTEYt
hati
sbei
ngsubmi
tedbyK.
t JASPERTEJAi
npar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lment

f
or t
he awar or o
d of Bachel fTechnol
ogy i
n Ci
vi
lEngi
neer
ing t
o SRIVASAVI

ENGI
NEERI
NG COLLEGE i
sar
ecor
dofbonaf
idewor
kcar
ri
edoutbyhi
m undermy

gui
danceandsuper
visi
on.Ther
esul
tsembodi
edi
nthi
spr
ojectwor
khav
enotbeen

submi
tt
edt
oanyot
herUni
ver
sit
yorI
nst
it
utef
ort
heawar
dofanydegr
eeordi
ploma.

Headoft
hedepar
tment

Dr
.G.RADHAKRI
SHNAN
 Acknowl
edgement

IwouldliketothankMr .G.RADHAKRISHNANforgi
vi
ngmes uchawonder
fulopportuni
ty
toex pandmyk nowledgef ormyownbr anchandgi v
ingmeguideli
nestopr esenta
seminarreport
.Ithel
pedmeal ott
oreal
i
zewhatwestudyfor
.

Secondl
y,Iwoul
dliket
othankmypar
ent
swhopat
ient
lyhel
pedmeasIwent t
hrough
mywor kandhelpedtomodif
yandel
imi
nat
esomeoft hei
rr
elev
antorunnecessar
y
st
uff.

Thir
dly
,Iwouldli
ket othankmyf ri
endswhohel
pedmet
omakemywor
kmor
e
organi
zedandwel
l-
stackedti
l
ltheend.

Nex
t,Iwoul
dthankMicrosof
tfordev
elopi
ngsuchawonder
ful
tool
li
keMSWor
d.I
thel
ped
myworkalott
or emai
nerror
-fr
ee.

Lastbutclear
lynott
hel
east
,Iwoul
dthankTheAl
might
yforgi
vi
ngmest
rengt
htocompl
ete
myr epor
tont i
me.
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Globalf act
sandf i
gur esont her oadsaf et
yscenar ioar oundt he
worldrevealsomest artli
ngst at
ist
ics.Mor epeopledi eonthewor l
d’sroads
eachyeart hanthetotalnumberofpeopl ewhodi efrom malari
a.TheWHO
esti
mat esal most1. 3mi ll
ionpeopl edi eeachy ear,equivalenttosi x
j
umboj etcrashesev eryday .Howev er,whilethecrashofasi nglejumbo
j
etmakesheadl i
nesint hemedi a,r
oadf atali
ti
es,eveninsuchlargenumber s,
donotgett hesameat tenti
on.Wor ry i
ngly,deathbyr oadaccidentsi sthe
No.1causeofdeat hf ory oungpeopl ewor l
dwide,andt heeconomi ccost
tothegl obaleconomyi sestimatedt obeast aggering$1.2tril
li
onay ear.

Furthermore,50mi l
li
onpeoplear ei
njur
edannuall
y,manyofwhom
areleftdisabled.Asshowni nFigure1,RoadTraff
icInjur
y(RTI
)i sthe
hi
ghestcauseofgl obalinjuri
es.Ninetypercentoft hesecasualt
ies
occuri n developing count ri
es.Wi t
ht he numberofannualdeat hs
occurr
ingf r
om roadacci dent
sf or
ecasttor
iseto1.
9mill
i
onby2025( Fi
gure
2),t
herei sanur gentrequirementt oactnow topreventunnecessary
deathsfrom roadacci dentsinthefutur
e.

Fi
gure1:Worl
d-wi
deCauseofI
njur
ies Fi
gur
e2: Proj
ectionofGl
obal
RoadTraf
fi
c
Fat
alit
ies
Source:WorldRepor
ton Sour
ce:ReportonSaf
eRoadsby
RoadTraffi
cInj
ury Guri
a,J(2009).
Prev
ention(WHO).
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

I
nr esponse tothese trends,t
he Uni
ted
Nati
onsdecl ar
ed2011t o2020ast heDecadeof
Acti
onf orRoadSaf ety
.Itaimst osave5mi l
li
on
l
ivesby2020.Oneoft hefiv
e“ pi
ll
ars”oft
heDecade
i
son“ SaferRoadsandMobi li
ty”
.

TheI nternat i
onalRoadFeder ati
on,orI RF,
hassev eral maj orroadprogrammesonr oadsaf ety
i
n differentr egions oft he wor l
d.I ts Regional
Offi
ces pr ovide t rai
ning progr ammes on r oad
safet
y ,eachdi fferentbutcompl i
ment arytoeach
other
.Forexampl e,i
ncollaborati
onwi ththe
UN Economi cCommi ssi
onf orAf ricaandot heri nt
ernati
onalagenci
es,theI RFsupportstheTr ans-
Afri
canHi ghwayNet work.InAf rica,theI RFal sopr ovi
deshelpandt echnicalassi
stanceonpubl i
c-
pri
vatepar tnerships,roadsaf ety,andSt ati
sti
calDat aCol l
ecti
onandTr aini
ng.IntheMedi ter
ranean
regi
on,I RF desi gns personalized t r
aining semi nars and regi
onalconferences.The I RF Geneva
ProgrammeCent redev el
opscust omi zedt r
ainingandv i
sualmater
ial
ssuchasv i
deos.

Anothermaj orinit
iati
veundertheI RFistheRoadAcci dentDat aRecorder(RADAR)dev eloped
byIRFisani nnovati
veandsci ent
if
iccrashdat acol lect
ionandr eport
ingsy st
em,desi gnedasan
4
appl
icat
ionforusei nat abletwithAndroidOS. I
tprov i
despaper-
lessdigit
alaccidentdatacollecti
on
fr
om theaccidentsite/scene,andadev icefreedeli
v eryoftheapplicati
ontot hecustomer s.RADAR
appl
icat
ioni
sequi ppedt ouset heGSM Net work,GPS, anddigi
tal
camer afacil
i
tiesofthetablet.

Theoutputf r
om theRepor ti
ngToolofRADARAppl icati
oncanbeusedbyal lconcerned
actors connected to Road Accidents/
Cr ashes,such as poli
cy-makers,pol
it
ici
ans,lawyer
s,r oad
engineers,enf
orcementagencies,educati
onandawar enessgroups,heal
thprof
essional
s,r
esearchers,
i
nsur ancecompani es,vehi
clemanuf acturers,andNGOsandcommuni t
ygroups.Thissystem for
secur edandscient
ifi
cdataonr oadaccident si
sexpectedtorevoluti
oni
zeroadsafetyengi
neeri
ngand
al
lot heraspect
sofr oadsafet
yacr ossallboundari
es.

I
. ENGI
NEERI
NGASPECTSOFSAFEROADI
NFRASTRUCTUREDESI
GN

I
ngener
al,
itcanbesai
dthatt
he“
5Es”ofSaf
eRoadOper
ati
onsar
e:

 Engineeri
ng–DefiningtheBui l
tEnvi
ronmenti ncludi
ngt heroaddesignandv ehicl
edesi gn.
 Enforcement–Strictappli
cationoflaw.
 Education–Teachinggoodr oadbehav iort
hroughawar enesscampaigns.
 Encouragement–Rewar di
ngpeopl ef orgoodr oadbehav ior
.
 Emer gencyCare–Roadsi demedi calcareandaccesst opara-medicsint he“ Golden
Hour”,orthehouri mmedi atelyfoll
owingar oadacci dentduri
ngwhi chthepr ovisi
onof
fi
rstaidcangreat
lyenhancet heprospectsoft heaccidentvict
im’
ssur vi
val
.

I
nt hi
sregar
d,therol
eofengineer
sispar
amountt
oensuri
ngr
oadsar
eassafeaspossi
ble.
Fr
om anengineeri
ngperspecti
ve,r
oadsafet
ycanbeenhancedbyHi
ghwayEngi
neer
sint
ovari
ous
st
agesofroadproj
ects,
asfoll
ows.

 Planni
ngStage-t hroughlandusecont
rolpol
i
cies;pr
ovi
dingby-
passesforcongest
ed
townsandli
nki
ngt hem byspurs;
andcr
eati
ngSel
fContai
nedzonestoavoi
dnonessent
ial
traf
fi
cint
heneighborhood

 Desi
gnSt
age-designi
ng“
SelfExpl
aini
ngRoads”and“
For
givi
ngRoadSide”byselect
ing
t
hemostdesi
rabl
edesi
gnst
andards(andNOTthemini
mum st
andar
ds)i
nvolv
ing:
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

i
. Designspeed
ii
. Horizontalandverti
calgeomet r
y
i
ii
. Cross-secti
onalelements
i
v. Designofat -
gradeandgr adeseparatedjuncti
ons
v. Provisi
onofser vi
ceroadsf orsegr
egat i
onofslowandfasttr
aff
ic
v
i. Designingeffect
iveroadfurnit
ure,
vis-à-
visguardr
ail
s,t
raf
fi
csignage,
road-
si
dei ll
uminati
onpr ovi
si
ons, et
c.

 Constr
ucti
on Stage -Properseparat
ion ofthe construct
ion zone t
hrough ef
fect
ive
bar
ri
cading;constr
ucti
on of proper tr
affi
c diver
sions;provi
sion of road si
gnage;
envi
ronmental
control
sforreduci
ngnoi
se,dust,
etc.

 Maint
enanceandOper at
ionStage-provi
dinganAutomatedTraffi
cManagementSy stem
(ATMS)forsaf
eoper ati
onofTr af
fi
candI nci
dentManagement .Thisi
ncludesprov
iding
Mobil
eCommuni cat
ionSy st
ems,Variabl
eMessageSi gns,Weigh-i
n-Mot
ionSy st
em,and
Centr
alCont
rolRoom.

ThekeytoSaf eRoadInfr
astr
uctureDesigni sconsist
encyofst andardssot
hatroaduser
sdo
notencount erunexpect
ed sit
uati
ons.Whi leroad crashesar eov erwhelmingl
ycaused byhuman
fai
li
ngs,thegreatestunt
appedpotenti
altopr ev
entdeat handinjur
yi sthroughther
oadsthemsel
v es.
Forexampl e,t
herehastobeacl eardist
incti
onbet weeninter
-ur
banr oadsf orhi
ghspeedsandurban
roadsforlowervehicl
espeedsandpriori
tyforvulner
ableroadusers.

Bymakingtheroadsmor epr edi

ctable,consist
entandforgivi
ng,wecanproduceal ong-
term
sol
utionthathel
pssav elivesandreducei nj
uries.Forexample,between1980and2000,i nSweden,
the Netherl
ands and t he Unit
ed Ki ngdom,i nfr
astr
uctur
et r
eatments combined with speed
managementmeasur esr educedthenumberofdeat hsofv ul
nerableroaduser
sbyar oundat hi
rd.In
thi
sr egar
d,itisimportantforallroadengi neerst oacknowledget hekeyelementsofsaf er oad
i
nfrastr
uctur
edesign.

I
I. KEYELEMENTSOFSAFEROADI
NFRASTRUCTUREDESI
GN

SomeofthekeyelementsofSaf
eRoadI
nfr
ast
ruct
ureDesi
gnar
egi
veni
nTabl
e1bel
owand
ar
efur
theri
ll
ust
rat
edinthetabl
ebelow.

a) Majorarter
ial
sandexpresswaysshoul
dbypassmaj
ortownswhichshoul
dbeconnect
ed
byspurs.Thereshoul
dbeclearzonesi
dent
if
iedf
orl
i
nearlandusecont
rol
.
b) Consist
encyofhor
izont
algeomet
ryav
oidi
ngmonot
onousst
rai
ghtl
i
nesorabr
uptchange
ofspeed.
c) Adequat
eof
f-
setdi
stancef
rom nat
ural
roadsi
def
eat
ures.
d) Undi
vi
dedcar
ri
ageway
sdesi
gnedf
orOv
ert
aki
ngSi
ghtDi
stance.
e) Wi
derl
anewi
dthsandshoul
der
sforHi
ghSpeedRoads.
f
) I
nsi
dewi
deni
ngf
orshar
pcur
ves.
g) Recov
erabl
esl
opesf
orout
-of
-cont
rol
vehi
cles.
h) Segr
egat
ionoft
hesl
owmov
ingnon-
mot
ori
zedt
raf
fi
cfr
om f
astmov
ingt
raf
fi
c.
i
) Pr
ovi
sionofr
aisedf
oot
pat
hforpedest
ri
ansi
nUr
banAr
eas.
j
) Bar
ri
ersshoul
dbedesi
gnedt
odef
lectt
hev
ehi
cleandnotcr
ashi
t.
k) RoadSi
gnsshoul
dbest
andar
dizedt
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.
l
) Properl
ydesignedtr
aff
iccal
mingmeasur
esl
i
ket
hespeedhumps,r
umbl
est
ri
ps,smal
l
roundabout
s,etc.
m)Ent
ry/Exi
tonl
ythr
oughSl
i
pLaneswi
thpr
operAccel
erat
ionandDecel
erat
ionLanes.
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

Tabl
e1.KeyEl
ement
sofSaf
eRoadI
nfr
ast
ruct
ureDesi
gn

Desi
gn/
Princi
ple
Pl
anning Undesi
rabl
e Desi
rabl
e
appli
ed
El
ement

Major
art
erial
sand
expressway s
shouldby pass
majortowns
whichshoul d
Ali
gnment
beconnect ed
Sel
ecti
on
byspur s.
andLand
Use Thereshoul d
beclear
zones
i
dent i
fi
edf or
l
inearland
usecont r
ol

Consistency
ofhorizontal
geomet ry
avoi
ding
Hori
zont
al
monot onous
Geometr
y
str
aightli
nes
orabrupt
changeof
speed.

Adequat eoff-
setdistance
Hori
zont
al
from natural
Geometr
y
roadside
feat
ures.

Undiv i
ded
Car r
iageways
designedf or
Vert
ical desirable
Geometry Ov ert
aking
Sight
Distance
(OSD)

Wi derl
ane
Cross- widthsand
secti
onal shouldersf
or
Elements highspeed
roads
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

Desi
gn/
Princi
ple
Pl
anning Undesi
rabl
e Desi
rabl
e
appli
ed
El
ement

Cross- Insi
de
secti
onal wideni
ngfor
Elements sharpcur
ves

Wi der
depr essed
medi anf or
Cross-
highspeed
secti
onal
roadst o
Elements
preventgl ar
e
andj umpi ng
ofv ehicl
es

Recoverabl
e
Cross-
slopesforout
secti
onal
ofcontrol
Elements
vehicl
es

Separateslow
mov i
ngnon–
Cross- motorized
secti
onal tr
affi
c( cy
cles,
Elements ri
ckshaws,
etc.
)from fast
mov i
ngt r
affi
c

EntryExi
tonly
throughsli
p
l
aneswi th
proper
Ent
ry/Exi
t
acceler
ati
on
and
deceler
ati
on
l
anes

Separ at
eLay
by eforbuses
andt axi
st o
Passenger
facili
tate
Transi
t
segr egation
andi mpr ove
visibili
ty
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

Desi
gn/
Princi
ple
Pl
anning Undesi
rabl
e Desi
rabl
e
appli
ed
El
ement

Channeli
zat
io
n,provi
si
onof
Juncti
on stacki
ng
Design l
anes,
adequate
turni
ngradi
i

Provisi
onof
Pedestri
an
rai
sed
Facil
i
tiesin
footpat
hf or
Urban
pedestri
ansin
Areas
UrbanAr eas

Footpath
mer gi
ngina
Facil
i
ties slopewitha
for crossstr
eet,
dif
fer
ently busbay s
abled fl
ushedwi t
h
footboards
etc.

Barr
iers
shouldbe
desi
gnedto
Bar
ri
ers
defl
ectthe
vehi
cleand
notcrashi
t.

Ther oad
signsshould
Road be
Si
gns standardi
zed
throughout
thecountry
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

Desi
gn/
Princi
ple
Pl
anning Undesi
rabl
e Desi
rabl
e
appli
ed
El
ement

Pr oper l
y
desi gned
trafficcalming
Traf
fi
c dev i
cesl ike
Calming speedhumps,
rumbl estri
ps,
smal l
Non-
standar
dHump St
andar
dHump roundabout s

I
II
. EXAMPLESOFGOODPRACTI
CESI
NSAFEROADI
NFRASTRUCTUREDESI
GN

Aroundt
heworld,t
her
earemanyexamplesofgoodpr
act
icesi
nSaf
eRoadI
nfr
ast
ruct
ureDesi
gn.
Someoft
heseareel
aborat
edbel
owandil
lust
rat
edinFigur
e3.
a) Mil
dSlopeTr
eat
ment(
For
giv
ingRoadSi
deTr
eat
ment
)toabsor
bimpact
sofv
ehi
cle
t
urnov
er
b) Recov
eryZone(
Har
dShoul
der
)toal
l
owSaf
eRecov
ery
c) RoadSi
deFeat
ure(
Prot
ect
edwi
thguar
drai
l
s)
d) Recov
erabl
eFi
l
lSl
ope(
foradequat
epr
otect
ion)
e) Rockf
aceCut
ti
ng(
Shi
eldedwi
thsaf
etybar
ri
er)
f
) Roundabout(
Atgr
adewi
thNon-
Mot
ori
zedModeofSegr
egat
ion)
g) Gradesepar
ati
onatbusyi
nter
sect
ion(
wit
hsegr
egat
edpassagef
orpedest
ri
ansandl
ocal
t
raffi
c)
h) Depr
essedMedi
an(
Prev
entr
un-
offacci
dent
s)
i
) SpeedCamer
a/RadarPhot
o(Speedcont
rol
)
j
) SpeedLi
mitont
heAsphal
t(t
oli
mitt
hespeed)
k) SpeedCal
mingMeasur
es(
tol
i
mitt
hespeed)
l
) Adequat
eDesi
gnf
orNon-
Mot
ori
zedTr
aff
ic
m)Adequat
eRef
ugef
orPedest
ri
ans

Fi
gur
e3:
Exampl
esofGoodPr
act
icesofSaf
eRoadI
nfr
ast
ruct
ureDesi
gn

For
giv
ingRoadSi
deTr
eat
ment Recov
eryZone(
Har
dShoul
der
)
 DESI
GNCONSI
DERATI
ONSFORROADSAFETY

Recov
erabl
eFi
l
lSl
ope RockFaceCut
ti
ng(Shi
eldedwi
thSaf
ety
Bar
ri
er)

Roundabout SpeedHumps:SpeedCal
mingMeasur
es
(
AtGr
adewi
thNon-Motor
izedModeSegr
egat
ion)

Gr
adeSepar
ati
onatBustI
nter
sect
ion SpeedCamer
a/Radar(
SpeedCont
rol
)

I
V. CONCLUSI
ONS

Theroadfatali
tytr
aject
oryisgoingupal armingl
yaroundtheworl
d.Foll
owingtheexampleof
developedcount ri
es,wherer oadfatal
iti
esthroughi nfr
ast
ructur
esafet
yandot hereducat
ionaland
enforcementpr ogramshav edrasti
call
yreducedt henumberofaccident
s,devel
opingcountr
iesneed
toputi nplaceagoodr egimeofSaf eRoadI nf
rastructur
eDesigntoi
mproveroadsafet
yscenarioand
reducer oadcasualti
es/f
atal
iti
es.

Immediat
ei mplementati
onofsuccessfulroadsaf et
ymodelsi
nsomer egi
onalcountr
iesmay
al
sorequir
einsti
tuti
onalreforms/changei
nl egi
sl
at i
on.However,saf
etyengi
neer
ingcanbecar r
ied
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