Arnica rer JOURNAL OF THE TECHNICAL COUNCILS OF ASCE Seismic DesiGn oF Liqui StoRAGE TANKS" By Medhat A. Haroun,’ A. M, ASCE and George W. Howser? M, ASCE. (eviened by the Teckaesl Counc on Lifeline Earthquake Enginerag) laresueron Many different configurations of figaid storage tanks can be found ia est tnsineringapplicntions. However, ground supported, circular eylndnal tanks Me more numerous than any other type becuse they are simple in design, ficient in essing primary hydrostatic pessue, and ean be eat constrcte. ‘As the numbers and the sizes of these tanks increased, their behavier under sesmie loading became a matter of concem até led to investigation of thet vibrational characterises. The performance of gud storage tanks daring fecent ‘earthquakes has revealed more complex behavior than was implied by Jesen assumptions Theoretical and experimental vestigations of the dynamic behavior of tanks snchored a their foundations were therefore concted Yo seck possible improve ‘mens in design to resist earthquakes, The results ofa finite clement analyai of te Hiquid-hel system (12,5) and ofthe vibration tests of fll-eale tanks (24 indicated that wall leubilty may havea significant effect onthe hydrodyaa fie pressure induced in these containers. The principal aim of the inl phase of the research presented herein i to devine 9 practical approach which wold Alow-—from the engineering point of view-—a simple, fast, and afficontly Accurate, estimate ofthe een responwe of storage asks, ‘A common seismic design procedure for tanks is based on the mechanical Iodel derived by Housner () for righ! tahs, A similar mechanic analog, hich takes into account the deformability of the tank wally is developed ap Bente athe Api TE 18, ASCE Convention ad Exprion, bed at Prd catgngh eliow and Let, iv. Eng. ept Calfoia Ist. of Teck, Paadens, “C.F Braun Prot of Engrg. Caloris Ine of Tech, Pasadena Cae 9115, Deora set Foe ecg oe eh ASCE" Manse wan aes fr reves er pose pence a Ne soo ean Ea ie feat of ee Cnt ASC ro ‘a0 (81 01 0191/01.) si aeww ‘apni 1981 is based on the results of finite element analysis of the liquid-shel system, The parameters of such 2 model are displayed in charls that faciltate he ‘alealatons of the effective mastes thei centers of gravity andthe periods of vibrations. Once the parameters of the mechanical model of the particu {ank under consideration are found, the maximum seismic loading cane pedicle bby means of response spectrum characterizing the design earthquake ioe Crone Tas Early developments of seismic response theories of quid storage tanks ‘considered container to eid and focused atetion onthe dynam response fof the contained liquid Houser (7) formulated an idealization for estimating liquid response in seismically excited rigid, rectangular, and cylindrical tanks. He divided De hydrodynamic pressure of the contained liquid ito two components: (1) The “impulsive™ pressre caused by the portion of the liquid accelerating with De tank: and Q2) the “convective” presture eaused by the portion of the lg sloshing in the tank. The convective component was then modeted by sing degree-oFTreedom oscillator. The study presented vslues for equivalent mass and ther locations that would duplicate the forces and the moments exec by the liquid o the tank. The propevies of this mechanial analog ean be computed fom the geometry ofthe tank and the chartteisties of he contained Tigi. Fens Gnomes Tames The 1964 Alaska earthquake caused the fist large scale damage to nls of modern design and mated many investigtionsinto he dynamic characters ‘of exile containers, In addition, the evolution of bob the digital compe Sod various astcised sumerical lechniqus has sigifcstnly enfianced sate capability. ‘Several studies were caried ou to investigate the dynamic interaction betwee the deformable wal of the Yank and the uid, and showed that the ssint tespoate ofa flexible tank may be substantially greater than tht of «sili excited igi tank nation, sty by Veletscs (2) concluded thatthe impasse forces in'a deformable tank can be retsonably estimated rom the soa ‘ofa similarly excited rigid tank by replacing the maximum around acceleration withthe spectral acceleration, corresponding othe fundamental astral regen) OF the guid tank syser. Despite thes efforts, recent developments have not found widespread appli: tion in current seismic design codes due 10 the complexity of computing be dynamic characterises of asks I aio, the lack of experimental confirm tion of the theoretical concepts has raised some doubt aout the apical ofthese methods in the design stage. It should be noted, however, That Smt odes have recognized the importance of the effects of wall Hexibkty ae ‘opted an increase im the maximum ground acceleration to an “ad hoc” sat fepresenting the short period amplified acceleration due to shell deformation, , Luau sroRAGE TANKS a “Tun Gtowerny ano Coononare Saran The nk under consideration is shown i Fg. 1 His 2 ground soporte ciel einai, thn-wad iad contin of tis, legis aod thes, A with ihe wal comeced to gl base, The tank ary filed iid to 3 eg ’ ein! coordinate sytem i wed wih the center of the base being ‘beng. The rad, cconterntay and anil cooylate, are dented 8 ‘ands, respectively. andthe comesponing dxlaement components of & FG, Tank Guomety, Coordinate Sytem, and Earthguake Excitation rin on the shell mide surface are denoted by wv. and a respectively The tank is subjected to 2 ground motion, G() in the constant diction OF 0. ‘To describe the location of a point an the free surface during vibration, cf mesure the soperlevatin GF th point om the escent ld fee Ouran oF Meria0 oF Anais Hydrodynnonic Pressure.—The hydrodynamic fluid pressure exerted on thea ai. t2t re wl deformable nk detox rund motion.) anes by superposition SPA ip seman cel yh emt, et sig the “mule” hgo presre congenen whch vane Sfecrcelam wit the heat grand sccelainn, and ofthe sho pes iinet come y the ions she ek wal Tn ii ako thetan im components ne comer i as Seen tw) ta the coping between gud sshing modes ant sie vaio modes i wen; sad cntequnty he omvectve dynam ease on becahted resale nrc by omega Eat te upd, Theres, the minum comectve prs defo Tondamentl selng sds caly seo by (#2) cosh z 0837p, Rees) ( Ls a) (oe) x 0 (R02 a in which p= the mass density of the liquid; and ,, = the spectral vale ofthe psendo-acceleaton corresponding to the Fundamental sloshing frequency ‘which given by eat (! sn) o oR ® celeron of gravity. Ht shold noted thatthe main eine Pt RO = 0, and 2 = in which Yerical dspltcement of the Tree surface occurs a1 Hits given by Saas 0.837 R 7 8 “The remaining pressure components canbe evaluated (rom the exresin cunt ofthe veloc) potential fonction which sais the Laplace the appropitehoundary condos athe ce surface anda the lige inert After Some algebae manipulations, the hyarodsnanic pressure ee ‘ung the convective component cx be expesed at paeste.) = i [8.0 + G0 e080@,2)47 faa ape Jet acces SeECSECSIERHy Cy aee ay ct WS etek) eration at 8 = 05h in which (2,0) = the eaial component of shell acct ea 0) 1 fhe modified Bessel fonction of the Fist kind of order one: and 0, = th constants given by @i- be al v7 1 QUID STORAGE TANKS 188 The hyodynamie pressure exerted om the all of the tank can therefore be xpd 98 Pat.n1)= 2S (aea[f’ 5.1 cosa, 2)47 WP Lat co.R) AB. PAROLE) 6 ‘in which p= the hydrodynamic pressure due tothe Aexbility of the tank all and p, = che hydrodynamic presire exerted on the wall of rigid lank ‘eany the deformation of the sell must he frst determined fo evaluate the Iydrodymamic pressure, p,,andshisrequtestnanaysiso he coupedtiideshel system Fite Flment Analysis of Liquld-Shll System.—The finite element method provides a convenient and telabl idealization of the shell and is partially fective ina digital computer analysis. The matrix equition that governs the Seismic response of the iuid-shell system can be derived by means of Haaon's Principle tat ean he stated as flows foe er mano o ia which and U ~ the Race enrey and the stain energy of the het ‘apeively. W = the work done by the hydrodynamic pressure and 8 ‘Narationl operator aten daring the nested te er Wi the aid of the fine clement most of the shell and of the exes eft hydrodynamic rear (Eq 6, Hains Prine leads the flowing sic equton ot meion WO) + (CHa) + HKHLa) = (Pad ° fa which [Af], (C], and [Xk] ~ the mass, damping, and stffess matrices, respectively; (g) = the nodal displacement vector of the shell and {P) 2 the effective earthquake load vector Enploying modal analysis procedure, Eq. 8 can he reduced to 8 system of lnkependen linear differential equations forthe unknown moval amplitude, ADest bain= ‘a which w, and g, = the circular natura! frequency and the damping ato, respectively, ofthe" made: and, ~ the” modal partipation factor, Once the time hisory of (1) i chained, the deformation of the shell ean ‘evaluated, and consequently the Bydrodynamic pressure can be estimated 8,60) o Domanon or Mrcuaneas Anatos Consider the mechanical model shown in Fig. 2n which the effetive masses im. and m, correspond Io the forces associated with pound moon, wall, (dforation relaive tothe ground, snd iid sloshing, respecively.108 ‘APRIL 1961 td Git) FIG 2--Machaniea! Mod of Flexible The effective mass, m,, ca be evaluated from the expresion of the hyo: Aynamic preseoe,p, (Ea. 1) BS 5s and its center of gravity is a a distance, H,, from the base tha is given by 9-H came) Fig. 3 presents the vales of the nondimensional parameter (w,V/R7@) fot ferent values of (/R), while Fig 4 dinpays the ratios (7), and (2) for diferent ratios of (1/R) in which m= the total mass ofthe Liquid To evaluate the effective masses, my, and m,. one can conser only de fundamental nator made of siraton of the deformable liquid shel Te nodal displacement vector oft thll can then be writen ae fai) = (2), 0) @ wy Lauro STORAGE TANKS FIG, 4—Convectiva Mass mand ts Elevation,Fa, § —Fraqueney Parameter, #Ve/E FIG. §-—Modal Parteipation Factor. 8, Luauio sroRAGe TANKS 10 FIG, 7—€quivalont Mass, Chat a imap ae| 200 [ FG. 8—Equivalont Mess, FIG. 10-—Equivalont Height, H, ret Pres Luouio sroRAGE TANKS m1 in which 141, = the fundamental mode shape of vibration; and 1, modal amplitide of the fundamental mode. Because the mode shapes we ‘normalized in such a way thatthe maximom amplitude of the radial component fehl displacement i 10, thea one en estimate the maxim radial component of shel displacement by [maa By Su «a inhich = the modal participation facorof the fndamental made of vibration And Sy = the spectral displacement cortesponding to the fundamental natural freqacey With the tid of Eq. 12, one can express the tase shear force (due to the hydrodynamic pressre and the shell neta Tore) ab 20 = (Em, 64H os Lat xbe the solution ofthe differential equation Fy Dyart, buds = 60) as, then Eq, [4 can be expressed more convenienily as ou in which m, = (%,. Sime, the overturning moment due tothe seismic foxes applied tothe bottom of the shel canbe expressed 25, mis + m, GO) as) MQ)= m1 5 KO 4 mH 6) an Since the base force and moment due to sll deformability are propostional, 1a the relive acceleration of the shell. one must rearrange Ege. 16 and 1? before estimating the manimom seismic loads by means of a fesponse spectrum, For example, one can rewrite Ea. 6 as ow sd consequent, the maximum base shear (nlading the convective component) fan be estimated by [Osta = V0, 55 my We AO) + GOL + bm, =m GU) as) (Sa Th, — mV is hich S., and S., = the spectel aeceer frequencies, and, respectively Fg. displays the nondimensional parameter, Vp 7B) for different valves f(H/R) and (h/ Rn which p and E ~ the mass density sed Young's modules, ‘eapectvely, ofthe shell material. These frequencies are for tanks completely fied with water; smile charts for parly filed tanks completely fied with vats; simile charts for partly filled tanks and for diferent iid content ‘ane found in Ret. 3. The remaining parameters.) f/m.) m), nd (H,/11 are displayed in Figs 6.1.8 9, and 10 respectively, ions corresponding tthe nat ‘uusteve Noemie Exons sample Consider an open top tall tank whose dimensions are: R = 24 (1.32 m), L ~ 7211.21.96 m), and A= | in, 25-4 mm). The tank is oosomeda ‘em 983 to be full of mater and to be subjested to the North-South component of the TEI Cento earthguake Peranters of Mecharicel Model—The fundamental satcal freqveney of sloshing eam be determined from Eq. 2 (or alternatively from Fig. 3) i = (OE an (00) eee o = te ae o» ‘The convective mass, my, (Eq. 10 of Fig. 4) and its elevation, H,. (E. I or Fig. are sien by 1m, = 0485p Ranh G4) © 3.188 se0"/in (SSR. Nesec*/omm) 2) and = HU “The fondamental natural frequency of vibration of the higuidlled shell can be determined from Fig, $ for value of (1/R) = 3.0 and a value of (h/R) gar; thus ony 018 en i ey . (ee a ) “ OBEN axis 7 Pe 2s and therefore T,= 2% ~0.189 see 9 0.181 tanh 2.76) = 0.247 ee, “The mass, m, and is location above the base, M Figs. 7 and 8, respectively; they are piven by can be evaluated fram y= 0.785 m= 0.738 mp, REM ~ 15,585 tb-see* in, 2.7251 N- seem) 7) ad 4, Similaty, the rigidly attached mass, m,, andi elevation can be found fo Figs 9 and 10, respectively. Thus 1m, = 0892 m = 185877 thse" fin (307.3 N-see!/eam) e and H,= 042 4 =318200.11m) on Spectra Values—The masimur ground acceleration of the N-S componeat of the 1940 El Centto earthquake ie 0.38 g. The spectral aceleration, 8. ovresponding tothe sloshing frequency, «and for a damping ratio. fe 1056 can be found ftom the response specium, itis given by S.. — 0S fg Lastly, the spectral displacement and acceleration ‘corresponding te Frequency, wy, and for 4 damping ratio of 2% are Sq. ~ 0.298 in (787 ms 0.554 = 39.88 (12.17 m) en rot Pcs luau sromace TANKS 00 Sesmle Respase |. Maximom Wave Height —Using Pq 3, the maximum fre surface dispace- sent i given by fn = 0.87128840.068) = 15.198 (386m) ep 2. Maximum Shell Displacement — Employing Fig, 6, the modal participation facior is 135; and consequently, the maximum radil component of shell Aiplacement is given by Eq. 13 sl = By Sap = (1.85}0.298) = 0.460 in, (11.7 mm) 0 3. Maximum Base Shear.—Using, Eq, 19, the maximum base shear can be ‘etinated by Vert VICTOR EHTS SO KORO) COAT 81.655 10" thea. 98 10 Ny oy 4. Maximum Overturning Moment (sd Maximum Axial Sess) —The maxi- mum overturning moment applied to the hottom ofthe shell given by WM alee = VCR H Sa) + O/H, Sy) + CH, — mH) Cond ($205.35 10" 8-1 278.6% 10" Nea) oo nd consequently, the marimum axial sess a he Bottom of the shell is given & ll Rh 205.3 xa a8) 5, Maximum Hoop Force Resultant Assuming that the hydrodynamic pres seis uniformly distributed along the skel height, the maximum hoop force = 944 Ibn? (S.I3E KPA)... 5) TABLE 1 Impulsive Earthquake es 188 Conta Enthgue) Tank Input: WS Component Variable sotivon a) | sane) GE eeee Ec @ fume Fender pin 7, seconds = inches sims) ann | ay a Mariam tee sea Dancin | stasseto? | ston to? | arse a! rnd oeven) @mciny | Gatsciny | Gane cm es a we | a | Oe? pean persqeureinchitiopm= | estan) | soy | ah Miccmrarirermaines | ass | dis) | diayMlawnreho 1k can be approximately estimated by = 1,903 fn. 888-4 N mm) 69 Comparison with “Exact” Solution Table 1 shows a comparison between tbe manimum response values obtained by the simplified mechanical model busing the response spectrom ofthe rece, and those found by time inegation fof the modal equations of motion snd sperpotion of four modes. also ‘lapis those for a simiasy excited rigid tank (note that, for the particule Tank under consideration, the contibution ofthe convective forces s eelgiy fall as compared tothe effect ofthe impulsive forces). sample 2. -Thedesiga cartsare leo aed toestimateheearthquake response cof an open top Fixed base, road tank whose dimensions are: R= 60 fU (183 my E40 (122 m) and b= 1 in, Q5.4 mm). The tank is assumed io ‘TABLE 2—Selamle Response a “Tn = ai as efi [i a [ow snows [ru = om Tun = WRITING. 0H)T He ow | Eanes Gotarton Gan@aw seas | Oa we Gans De Eerren ss ah ‘ne ful of water and to be subjected to the N-S component of the 1940 E Centra earthquake ‘Following the same procedvre as in example I, one can estimate the maximum responte of the tak; the rests are dipinyed in Table 2. It should be ated {hatin bron tank, the maximom arpitde of the eaial component of shel Socteration oocare near the toto ofthe tank nota the top as nal tanks 1. The foregoing analysis is applicable ony to tanks that ate anchored 4 rigid base. The support of an unanchored tank can resist downward Tore “ntl the pli of tHe tank i prevented only by the dead weight of the tak Sn i conten, As soon a6 any vert! tensile stress, induced by earthquake ‘motion, exceeds the stress due tothe dead load, uplift will occer, and consequent wf Luau STORAGE TANKS 205 Ic one cannot assume the tank 4 he cantilevered from its base. 2. The elect of shell mass on the fundamental naira frequency of fall fanks canbe neglected consequently, one can estimate the naturel frequency 5, ofa tak Gilled with guid of density, p-,by on in which = the natural frequency f the same tank when filled with water: and p= the mass density of water Cove. [A mechancial model, which takes into account the deformabiity of the tank ‘all, developed and its parameters are displayed in chats. The maximum seismic response of an anchoted deformahle tank can therefore be estimated ‘by means of response spectrum. Comparison withthe "enact" solution of the problem conten the validity ofthe method, Aernomowent ‘This investigation was supported in prt by the Nationa Science Foundation (NSF) and by the Earthquake Research Affiliates of the California tstitte ‘of Technology. Any opinions, Findings, and consosions of recommendations ‘expressed in this publication ate those of the writers and do not necesstly feet the views of the NSF ‘Poros L—Rerernces | Hoc, MA ad Hower 6. “fie Lata ibaa of Lid Ste Tua a intern Mecham Spray Cannes SCE Sep D3 Rec MA. “gen tig tng as EER Eth Hert i as Res Eta ean de ‘Sloaue Tats” EFAL mo. Eanhquae Eesoesog Resa Labonte Reg HSI cri te Set ae Al Eanes te Engineering. Aug., 1979, pp. 137-145, ian 2 ae ht allt. “ate Roose erate Lig ‘echnolory Conference, Ameren Society of Mechanical Enpincers: held a See 6 HSS the teem esa Ree” Pr Coen seein nanan tea Se enn Th Ge 1. ‘Mckon Resco: in Eabgeiee® TIDY Used Sees ine ec nO AE DE CEO sso bette tess of es Catenin ofl oso Se Ingratonl Confrence and Exon on LNG, hel at Kyoto, Japan,206 AAPmiL18t Ste Of Sionge Tanks" peseed at tee May HHH Secon an Avance ‘Storage Tank Besgn, Amen Pevolevn Inte, 4d Midvear Nesting held ‘Aven -—Novaron The following symbols are used in his paper: [e] = damping matrix: E = Young's meds of shell materi G0) = ground motion ig = acceleration of eravity: Hf = liquid dept; Hy Hand H, = elevations of effective masses; = Shell thickness: 1, = modified Hessel function of ft! kind of order one: LK} = sitaess mati shel length bvertraing momen; total mass of lg effective masses astocnted with shel deformation, oun motion, and guid sloshing, respecvely {Pagh = effective earthquake fond vector >be = hydrodynamic pressure Prpoandip. = hydrodynamic pressive components (OU) = base shear force: a) = nodal duplacement vector of sel R= tank ads: 7 = radial coordinate: Scand Sy, = Spectal secleration and displacement, respectively So. 5 spectral acceleration of convective motion F = Kinetic eneray of shel TT,andT, = fundamental periods of vibration of liqut-illed shel and of liquid sloshing, respectively fain energy of shell and work done by hydrodynamic ~ Shell displacement components in axial, circumferenth tnd radial directions, respectively sy = solution of Ea. 15 2 axial coordinate; constants, Ea. 5 ‘modal participation factors; damping ratios; res Pres € spr and a, wh Luau sromaae TANKS a0 ‘ireonsferenta enordinae free suetace displacement mass density of shell, iguid, and wate, respectively tal tess fundamental mode shape; fundamental equeney of vibration of tigated shel ‘Stcular natural frequencies; and Fundamental Trequetey of lgui sloshing