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    © All Rights Reserved
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    13 views34 pages

    IT Chapter 1 & 2

    Uploaded by

    HALOLLOL

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 34
    ke dec is itself. Cor 1. Zero 1Q: Computer has lack of decision-making ability, Computer cannot take decisions itself. PUTS ead ‘cach and every step. They are dumb machine with zero IQ. 2. Computerdoes notlearn anything from its past experience. 3. NoFeeling: Computer does not have feelings, emotion, taste, knowledge or experience. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER Seren A computer (system) consists of mainly four units: input unit, System Unit memory unit, processing unit (CPU) and output unit Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Monitor Hardewsererefers to the parts of computer that you can see and touch (including the computer case (cabinet) and everything inside i). Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, ‘mouse, printer, memory and other components are often called hardware devices, or devices, Ve Shall study about hardware devices in: ail in chapter Softsmare refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the Rardware what to do. A word-processing program that you can Use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The Sperating system (OS) is software that manages your computer Themostimportant unit device of a computer is known as CPU (Central Proces ing Unit). Iris ito known as microprocessor or processor. A CPU isthe brain of a computer It is responsible forall the functions and processes. r The CPUs consisted of thin layers of thousands of transistors, inputs and produces output. Transistors hold a key role in fun ‘computer able to count and perform logical operations whi theinstructions thatitcollets by decoding the code in progr and the devices connected to it. Windows is a well known ited Naot Microphone operating system. ; Weshallstudy about softwares in detail in chapter3 Components of Computer ( Input Unit c ‘Theinpatdatainstructions are given through this unit to the computer. Keyboard and mouse remostcommoninputdevices. | § § ; yp & R Mouse ke } Processing Unit | 1 Each transistor receives a set of \ctioning of CPU as they make ich is called processing, It processes ams, le tists the different generations of CPU (Inte AMD and Via), “The following #l world are Intel, AMD ang pUmannfacturers( essingis done by processor in cor essingis d P mputer. It eo De PCs)in d Via Technologies. Theleadi “The askot POP produces our re are four iP ts data form iny it Put Unit, stores in memory unit, processes and. jortant functions of CPU, The the instructions from memory, etch To fet «To decode the instructions and organize them, To cxecute the instructions. 3) Bsecute rip: In November, 1971, Intel publicly introduced the work Cire ies eter yy: There are more than 10 CPU manufacturers (for PC, mobiles and oth CCCs einen sxe er na aaa Penne? ack: To write- back the result (after execution) to regi 4) Wie menor ALU. Control A cpa: of one or more electronic components fabricated on a silicon chip. || Does all the Unit Thee are Arithmetic and Logic local storage for intermediate results || computing || Comuole and ordinates the component TI s of a computer system, The Control Unit (CL): It contol unit, as its name s hardware components to execute pr ny eode itself rather, it just manages the execution fetcnginstructons from memory, parsing those instruct scheduling the appropriate hardware components to act on ‘waytiecontrofunitmanages the operation of the entire computer Arithmetic Logic Unit (AI.U):’The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, tmilietion, and division) and logic operations. Logic operations test various logical conditions encountered during } pessiagand allow for different actions to be taken based on the results. The data required to peeform theaaiimetic aad Jogadlfanctions are inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands Registers: Registers are small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly than oitietipes of storage. Processor registers are at the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way fora CPU to aesdat, Functions of CPU G)MeCPU accesses and stores the relevant data an agests, is the circuitry try that issues commands to other ‘n't actually execute ams, The control unit program instructions by ins as necessary and then nose instructions. In this .d instructions during processing. 9 a TeCPU controls the sequence of operations. TIECPU gives the commands and coordinates the actions of all parts of the computer system OMe aa “CPU carries out the processing. Binge iis 68 types of storage: Primary ‘or main memory, referring to it for bot storage and secondary th instructions and data. Linear/physical addres space Hé-bit / 20-bit segmented) fe bit Gobi vinwal) Y/ 24-bit segmented) 32-bit (46-bit viral in-onde, integrated FPU, some models with on-chip Lg ued /VIAC¥zn @o01),ViA.cT B2bi SS fans) enum, Pentium MNIN, Gyrx Selo, Rae} nP6 pop wansation, [op taslaton, conditional move innactions, ‘Our-of ont renaming, speculative exeeuion, PAF: (Pentium Pe) i fache Pentium Pro} (i nt Pro, Cys 6386, Cyrix MI, PU Josh (2000) [(5hesoppon,1DNowl SSE Oe ou Arde / 36. Pyne one)" pamelor low power Pupsrclar FPU, wide desig (op to tee a8 tee igh Fequcncy SSE2, Iyperthteading sen with x8 emulator on aie memOpy commas |$co ast ppsiocd sey igh Requeny, SSE, CORE Spabae [seer CPU) is avalable only in LGA TPS sockon [one Geer CPU Tow lerbie/ soni (Ses Pen, physic in fs AMD o>” Pmplemenaion [Oucof order, sperseian GF Garage CPU) ads BS 2eion, very ow power, adaptive power mansgenene | nstuction set (CPU main integer con) one emg ontroler, hypertanspor. Promont ad core SSE‘a,HyperTranspor 3 or Qual Phd aes y controller, on-dic L3 each, molar, ih pipeline, very low powe, on SU it (integer CPU), on-die GPU. a [Cu oF ores, Fie Gateger CPU), omic GPU, low pa intel Sandy Badge/Ivy Bridge, AND TAX Oe lS Bey Be, ‘SS/AVX (GE), highly modular dengan ——aEE”=S ‘The computer can only read information f Types of ROM © PROM (Programmable Read Onl; *® EPROM (Erasable Programmabl ROM Read Only Memory) Hs aPermanent/non-volatle memory located inside the system unit. ereta Htcontains a set of start-up instructions called structions help the computerto startup ‘Technology and is the fastest type of eg Fane ee, wie gandard RDRAM can crane Js up to 133 MHz, , made RD RAM (Ram bus Data RAM): It is a type of eet oo Memory available. Typical SDRAM can transfer data ae meted {on SDRAM architecture, butt ulizes «lock is based on SDR/ andwidth than the preceding g FBR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM: DDR Pparor time Ieachieves greater band ies pumped s ene differently to transfer twice the data in the same amount ha iges of the clock signal (Joub ) ‘data-rate SDRAM by transferring data on the rising and falling ed ory tha i built ita compte’ Co Cache Memors: |: of RAM i.e, SRAM. Cache memory is fast mem tht ee repeatedly reid feet tee cs CPU uses cache memory to store instructions haar Tocated next tot on 2 separate chip. The CPU uses CPU tenor wsete motherboard’ ste Programs, which improves overall system speed (because CPU a Phe CU cess te repre dats roy el Branfer. When the required data is not available in cache Bee Peete hice bis capabilin ibe" Siorage thedata transfer speed slows due to Disc reading and the mi 2 ins the data even if the computers switched OF “bootstrap loaders” (that are stored in itat the time of manufacturing). Thal or bootup itself, when you switch it ON. fom the ROM, Memory): Once the information or data is recorded on this memory, it cannot! jorerased, le Read Only Memory): The information or data Sosinikcanbectased by exposingitto Ultra Violet (UV) lh EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read On user-modifiable read-only memory (ROM) (zitten to) repeatedly using electrical charge. Secondary Memory: This type of memory is used forp. memoryis used to store large amount Memory): EEPROM is that can be erased and reprogrammed of data. For example, Ha nent storage of data so th; at we can uscit later ard Dise, DVD, Bluray This typed sc, Pen drive ccep track of all the medical history of the Patients, drug action, ga mp) ing 6, where comp purposes. Various en asting, automobile designing, nuclear weapon desig and much more scientific research areas are computers, Weather Aided Engin, timization of a 2D and 3D ¢ and to analyze Communication Science, Research and Engineering Be someoftheapplications of computer Banks: Computers are used 0 handle the accounts of customers. These days, we can see number of (Automatie Teller Machine) ATMsaround us to withdraw cash from our bank account without going to bank. Now-a-days e-banking orinternet bankingistsed widely by masses, and has numerous benefits to offer. Now-a-days, all banks provide online banking facility to theireestomers Internet banking enables people to carry out most of their banking transactions using a safe website, which is opensedbytheirrespective banks. Recreation and Entertainment: Computers are one of the major sources of entertainment. We ean play games, watch videos listen o music etc. on computer. In movies, computer helps to generate graphics and special effects, We can create ccartoonmovies using computer. Military: Many military and defence related applications are now based on computers. Computer are used for many eruciall fastsichascontroliing unmanned ait-crafts (UAV), Ballistic Missiles, Submarines, Tanks, War ships, ete Offces in offices, computers are used to keep records like salaries, particulars of employees, etc These days, computers are dnnausedin every office for speedy disposal of work Manilatoring: Computers are effectively used in manufacturing purpose in the companies. The design oF produety ‘manslieuting and packing are done using computer La@iforeement: Computers are used by police 1o monitor Spesingyehicles as well as to monitor people violating law: Advance Try: Find out other applications of computer. oe techniques like DNA and finger print matching —— ‘edieiuscan be used toidentify the criminals. CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGIES began of technology fact which can hardly be denied that computers have ae oo i Ee hein geey pnt OF us cannot imagine life without them. Computers have changed the way we work, They playa vit tan fel of out work, This century has witnessed the convergence of techaology in various fields as the intelinking, thee 84 other information technologies, media content, and communication networks thathave arisen as result of of ition and] se sducts and services that have emerged in the digital i Populatization of the Internet as well as the activities, products : c Cag Theinformation technology and communication technology have already converged leading to Information and Mon Technology (CT). Glossary i IPO process ¢ Input Process Output process i cpu Central Processing Unit . ALU : Arithmetic Logie Unit ; cu Control Unit RAM t Random Access Memory 4 ROM + Read Only Memory ieee : Information and Communication Technology ¥ A computer is an automatic electronic, calculating device which can process a given input ing reseaiy © mannertoproduceadesired output A ea Pe Sere characicsitics such 25 speed, storage, accuracy, versa ity, diligence, autgg obedience et. ~ Computerhas omelimitations such slack of decision-mak ing, intelligence, feelings and emotions, timed” indevelopmentetc 7 Theparts of computer arc hardware and sofware, %_Thephysiealcomponents or devices tached tothe computersare called hardware ¥ Softwareisacomputer program whichis usedo do works of computer ¥ Aprocessincomputer goes through IPO process Y Theinpur/ Stl fnitins atc yven through inp dvicesto the computes 7 Processing unitdoesallthe processing workinacomputer. ! 7 Memory unitholdsall the data and instructions. Ee Siege tees to operon pectoomedby te computr v Convesgcace of technology. fact which can hardly be denied that computers have consid ‘ably changed lives of human beings, wees Whatis computer? Ans. (Speed Gi) Storage Ans A computer is an automatic electronic. calculating (ii) Accuraey iv) Versa c S il) Accura satis device which can process a given input in a Oey Prescribed manner to produce a desired output, (Diligence (~i) Automatic operation Whatare characteristics of computer? (i) Obedience Work Out Time Boe es Fill in the blanks, 1 A computer can perform all and tions 2 GCompurerean perform millions of calculations per ae components attached to the computerare called, mputer goes through yee 7 A computerisadumb machine with __ 1Q Cachememoryisatypeof RAMie._——___ Statetruc or false. c ck of decision-making ability nd Discis used to store the data permanently. 4 provides the result of the operation performed by computer computeris basically made up of two parts live ware and software 2 A rolsall the hardware parts of the computer. 1 find the applications of computer (with the areas where computers are being used, roups, Name each group on a hardware unit eg, Input Unit, Processing Unit, pup to carefully study the properties of their related hardware Unit. Ask each of useand make scrap book. According to key layout there are two types of keyboard. (a) QWERTY Keyboard: - I is th dard keyt t | rn he standard keyboard which comes in English language, Its top row of alphabets consis Q.W.E,R,Tand Y keys from the left that's why itis called the QWERTY keyboard, ae (b) DVORAK Keyboard. when compared with other keyboards This keyboard has the key layout which is created to make the typing work easier and faster on. Tip: Christopher Latham Sholes invented the QWERTY keyboard in 1875. Ele ease Ie Te = Se = 1 3 |4 [5 je 8 PE VEPE TT UE Pr Ve? dered al

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