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BH412EP Training Manual Vol.1-Rev.1
BH412EP Training Manual Vol.1-Rev.1
COURSEWARE SUPPORT—HURST 8900 Trinity Blvd. Hurst, Texas 76053 (817) 276-7500 Fax (817) 276-7501
BELL 412
PILOT
TRAINING
MANUAL
VOLUME 1 — Operational Information
NOTICE
iii
VOLUME 1—OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
CONTENTS
EXPANDED CHECKLIST
Normal Procedures
Emergency/Malfunction Procedures
LIMITATIONS
MANEUVERS AND PROCEDURES
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
PERFORMANCE
CRM
MASTER WARNING SYSTEM
SYSTEMS REVIEW
Revision 1
The information normally contained in this chapter is
not applicable to this particular aircraft.
FlightSafety
International
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EXPANDED CHECKLISTS
CONTENTS
Page
GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................ EC-1
Introduction.............................................................................. EC-1
Operating Limitations .............................................................. EC-1
Flight Planning......................................................................... EC-1
Preflight Check ........................................................................ EC-2
PREFLIGHT GENERAL—
NORMAL PROCEDURES ............................................................... EC-4
Before Exterior Check ............................................................. EC-4
Exterior Check ......................................................................... EC-7
Interior Check ........................................................................ EC-23
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATION
Figure Title Page
EC-1 Preflight Check Sequence ............................................... EC-3
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EXPANDED CHECKLISTS
GENERAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
This section contains instructions and procedures for operating the helicopter
from the planning stage, through actual flight conditions, to securing the he-
licopter after landing.
The instructions and procedures contained herein are written for the purpose
of standardization and are not applicable to all situations.
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
The minimum and maximum limits, and the normal and cautionary operat-
ing ranges for the helicopter and its subsystems are indicated by instrument
markings and placards.
FLIGHT PLANNING
Each flight should be planned adequately to ensure safe operations and to pro-
vide the pilot with the data to be used during flight.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
PREFLIGHT CHECK
The pilot is responsible for determining whether the helicopter is in condi-
tion for safe flight. Refer to Figure EC-1 for preflight check sequence.
NOTE
The pilot walkaround and interior checks are outlined
in the following procedures. The preflight check is
not intended to be a detailed mechanical inspection, but
simply a guide to help the pilot check the condition of
the helicopter. It may be made as comprehensive as
conditions warrant at the discretion of the pilot.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Refer to the Weight and Balance section in the Rotocraft Flight Manual.
Samples as follows:
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
b. FUEL Switches................................................................................. ON
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EXTERIOR CHECK
WARNING
Fuselage—Front
1. Cabin Nose ............................................................................ CONDITION
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Transmission Chip
Detector Indicators ........................................................................ CHECK
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
UNOBSTRUCTED
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
..2.
Position Lights...............................
CONDITION
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Tailboom
1. Tailboom .............................................................................. CONDITION;
ACCESS COVERS
SECURED
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Do not bend elevator trailing edge tab.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Cabin Top
1. Hub and Sleeve Assembly ............................................................. CHECK
CONDITION
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
d. Elastomeric Bearings,
Lead-Lag Dampers................................................ CHECK GENERAL
CONDITIONS
g. Simple Pendulum
Absorbers (if installed) ............................................. SECURITY AND
CONDITION
CAUTION
IF ANY TEMP-PLATE IS MISSING OR HAS BLACK
DOTS, MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL SHALL AS-
SIST IN DETERMINING AIRWORTHINESS.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
INTERIOR CHECK
1. Cabin Interior.................................................................... CLEANLINESS
AND SECURITY
OF EQUIPMENT
3. Protective Breathing
Equipment (if installed) ............................................... CONDITION AND
PROPERLY SERVICED
NOTE
Opening or removing doors shifts helicopter center
of gravity and reduces V NE . Refer to Weight and
Balance section in the Rotocraft Flight Manual (RFM)
and to Doors Open or Removed in the RFM
Limitations section.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NORMAL PROCEDURES—412EP
CONTENTS
Page
INTERIOR CHECK .................................................................... NP-EP-1
Prestart Check ................................................................... NP-EP-1
Engine Starting .................................................................. NP-EP-5
Engine 1 Start .................................................................... NP-EP-5
Engine 2 Start .................................................................... NP-EP-8
Post Start ........................................................................... NP-EP-9
Engine Fails to Start ........................................................ NP-EP-10
Cold Weather Start .......................................................... NP-EP-11
Systems Checks............................................................... NP-EP-12
BEFORE TAKEOFF ................................................................ NP-EP-21
Power Assurance Check.................................................. NP-EP-23
OPERATION IN OR NEAR
MAGNETIC DISTURBANCES
(S/N 36248 AND SUBSEQUENT)........................................... NP-EP-24
TAKEOFF.................................................................................. NP-EP-24
IN-FLIGHT OPERATION ........................................................ NP-EP-26
Maneuvering with AFCS in SAS Mode.......................... NP-EP-26
Maneuvering with AFCS in ATT Mode.......................... NP-EP-26
DESCENT AND LANDING .................................................... NP-EP-27
AFTER LANDING ................................................................... NP-EP-27
ENGINE SHUTDOWN............................................................. NP-EP-28
POSTFLIGHT CHECK............................................................. NP-EP-30
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NORMAL PROCEDURES—412EP
INTERIOR CHECK
PRESTART CHECK
1. Seat and Pedals ............................................................................. ADJUST
Friction as desired.
Reset if required.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Check standby attitude indicator light illuminates and OFF flag retracts
momentarily, then switch OFF.
NOTE
If external power is used—connect (1,000 amps max-
imum). Check 27 ± 1 VDC; adjust power source if
required.
NOTE
Test operate all lights when night flights are planned
or anticipated. Accomplish light tests with external
power connected or during engine runup. If Anti-
collision light is desired, NON-ESNTL
BUS—MANUAL.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Pull brake ON and check that both caution lights illuminate; return
to OFF and check lights extinguish.
NOTE
Rotor brake shall be off at all times when the engines
are running.
Check light illuminates and MAST TORQUE indicator reads 105 ± 1%.
CAUTION
If MAST TORQUE indicator indicates an error greater
than ± 1% from the 105% position, the mast torque
system is unreliable. Maintenance action is required.
60. FUEL SYS Test Switch ............................. FWD TANK, then MID TANK
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ENGINE STARTING
NOTE
If the helicopter has been cold soaked in ambient
temperatures of –18°C (0°F) or less, both throttles will
be difficult to move and follow-through
coupling may be increased .
Actuate ENG 1 IDLE STOP release, roll engine 1 throttle to full closed,
then apply friction as desired. Repeat procedure using engine 2 throttle
and ENG 2 IDLE STOP release.
NOTE
When either IDLE STOP release is activated, the ap-
propriate idle stop plunger will not release if pres-
sure is applied toward the closed position of the
throttle.
ENGINE 1 START
NOTE
Either engine may be started first; however, the fol-
lowing procedure is provided for starting engine 1 first.
At ambient temperatures 5°C (41°F) and below, refer
to Cold Weather Start procedures this section.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Prolonged exposure to ambient temperatures of 0°C
(32°F) or less may freeze moisture in the engine fuel
control system. Monitor ENG RPM (N 2 ) during cold
weather starting for overspeed. If an overspeed ap-
pears imminent, abort start and close throttle to the
OFF position.
Maximum ITT during start is 1090°C, not to exceed two seconds above
960°C. If ITT continues to rise, abort start by activating idle stop release
and rolling throttle to fully closed. Starter should remain engaged until
ITT decreases. Do not attempt restart until corrective maintenance has
been accomplished.
NOTE
If engine fails to start, refer to False Start proce-
dures this section.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
If stick centering indicator system is inoperative,
ground operation shall be conducted at 97% ROTOR
RPM or above.
NOTE
On side slopes greater than five degrees, disregard
CYC CTR caution lights and position cyclic as desired.
NOTE
CYC CTR caution lights are inhibited between 95 and
105% ROTOR RPM.
NOTE
Do not increase ROTOR above 85% rpm until XMSN
OIL temperature is above 15˚C.
NOTE
During extremely cold ambient temperatures, idle
rpm will be high and the ENGINE, XMSN, and GEAR-
BOX OIL pressures may exceed maximum limits for
up to two minutes after starting. Warm up shall be con-
ducted at 78 to 80% ROTOR RPM at flat pitch.
CAUTION
During rpm increase, any abnormal increase in one-
per-rev vibration may indicate one or more main
rotor droop restrainers failed to disengage from static
position. Verify proper operation prior to flight.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Friction as desired
NOTE
Minimize blade flapping by maintaining highest rotor
rpm (N R ) within allowable range.
NOTE
If external power is used, proceed to Engine 2 Start.
If battery was used, proceed as follows.
NOTE
Before attempting generator assisted start on second
engine, it is recommended that the battery be charged
until the ammeter load drops below 150 amps.
ENGINE 2 START
NOTE
At ambient temperatures of 5°C (41°F) and below,
refer to Cold Weather Start procedures this section.
Check No. 2 FUEL BOOST light out (FUEL XFEED caution light will
illuminate momentarily).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Ensure second engine engages as throttle is increased.
A nonengaged engine indicates 10 to 15% higher N 2
rpm than the engaged engine and near zero torque.
If a nonengagement occurs, close the throttle of the
nonengaged engine. When the nonengaged engine has
stopped, shut down the engaged engine. If a sudden
(hard) engagement occurs, shut down both engines.
Maintenance action is required.
POST START
1. ROTOR RPM (NR) .............................................. 77 TO 85% OR ABOVE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
If external power was used—disconnect. GEN 1
Switch—ON.
CAUTION
Only BATTERY BUS 2 switch should remain on with
both generators operating.
NOTE
During rpm increase, any abnormal increase in one-
per-rev vibration may indicate one or more main
rotor droop restrainers failed to disengage from static
position. Verify proper operation prior to flight.
NOTE
AMPS 2 will indicate a higher load than AMPS 1 until
battery is fully charged.
6. Radios......................................................................... ON AS REQUIRED
3. Starter ....................................................................................DISENGAGE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
After GAS PROD RPM (N 1 ) has decreased to zero, allow 30 seconds for fuel
to drain from engine.
Allow the required cooling period for the starter before proceeding. Follow
normal start sequence as described on preceding pages.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
After warm-up:
CAUTION
Do not allow gas producer to decrease below 50% rpm
(N 1 ).
NOTE
During extremely cold ambient temperatures, idle
rpm will be high and the ENGINE, XMSN, and GEAR
BOX OIL pressure may exceed limits for up to two
minutes after starting. Warm up shall be conducted
at 77 to 85% N R at flat pitch.
SYSTEMS CHECKS
Stick Centering Indicator Check
CAUTION
During extreme cold ambient temperatures limit
cyclic movements until XMSN OIL temperature
reaches 15°C.
CAUTION
Do not displace cyclic more than 1.5 inches from
center to check the system. If CYC CTR caution
lights do not illuminate within the 1.5 inch dis-
placement, the system is inoperative.
NOTE
CYC CTR caution lights are inhibited between 95 and
105% ROTOR RPM.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Check CYC CTR caution light illuminates each time when displaced and
extinguishes when centered.
Check that yaw trim only releases and then reengages with switch released.
Check trim releases with button depressed; reengages when button is released.
NOTE
Uncommanded control movement or motoring with
either hydraulic system off may indicate hydraulic
system malfunction.
CAUTION
Do not allow GAS PROD to decrease below 50%
rpm (N 1 ).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
In the vicinity of 8,000 feet pressure altitude, GAS
PROD RPM (N 1 ) may not change significantly when
manual fuel control is selected.
Observe a change in the GAS PROD RPM (N1) and GOV MANUAL
caution light illuminates. Open respective throttle carefully to ensure GAS
PROD RPM (N1) responds upward, then return to flight idle position.
Return GOV switch to AUTO. Check for a return to original GAS PROD
RPM (N1) and GOV MANUAL caution light extinguishes. Check second
governor in like manner.
Governor Check
CAUTION
If helicopter is sitting on ice or other slippery or
loose surface, advance throttles slowly to prevent
rotation of helicopter.
Check ENG does not exceed 101.5% rpm (N2). Set at 100% ENG RPM
(N2).
NOTE
After turning either boost pump off, FUEL BOOST
caution light should illuminate on failed side only.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
• AP 2 • Pilot ICS
• VHF #1 • STBY ATT Indicator
• Pilot Map Light • Essential Engine Instruments
Check all emergency lights illuminate. Switch to ARM; check lights dim
to faint glow.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Move cyclic forward, aft, left, and right approximately one inch.
Center cyclic.
NOTE
An electrical interlock prevents both hydraulic sys-
tems from being switched off at the same time. If one
system is off and the second system is switched off,
the second system will remain on.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
WARNING
NOTE
System 1 will normally operate 10 to 20°C cooler than
system 2.
AFCS Check
NOTE
Verification of AFCS actuator centering is neces-
sary. Failure of the actuators to center could result
in reduced control margins (pitch and roll) and ab-
normal control positions (pitch, roll, and yaw).
NOTE
For S/N 36087–36247, if fast slaving is desired,
center ADI roll trim knob, then push and hold VG
FAST ERECT button until attitude indicator displays
zero degrees bank angle. Use of VG FAST ERECT
button will disengage the respective autopilot.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
For helicopters not equipped with Flight Director Kit: Press and hold the
CPL switch on autopilot control panel. While holding CPL switch, press
the TEST switch. Release both switches—verify TEST ON.
NOTE
AUTO TRIM light will remain illuminated during
AFCS test.
NOTE
Pilot shall closely monitor controls during test,
taking care not to restrict control movements. To
prevent nuisance failures, hands must remain off
controls.
Upon completion of test, verify that the AP 1 and AP 2 lights extinguish and
AL-300 reads END 1.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
If error codes are present, press SBY (or cyclic NAV STBY switch) once to
view each code until END 1 is displayed.
Press cyclic grip NAV STBY to continue with level 2 test if desired, or press
TEST switch to exit AFCS test.
Confirm AFCS TEST flashing, ADI Pitch and Roll adjustment indicates
aligned.
NOTE
Test may be performed in MAG or DG mode. If TEST
accomplished in DG mode, heading must be manu-
ally aligned.
CAUTION
Do not operate heater above 21°C OAT.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
HEATER switch shall be turned OFF when heated air-
flow does not shut off after thermostat is turned to
full COLD, HEATER AIR LINE light illuminates, or
CABIN HTR circuit breaker trips.
3. HEATER Switch.................................................................................... ON
6. DEFOG Lever........................................................................................ ON
Check airflow distributed equally between pedestal outlets and aft outlets.
Return switch to OFF.
NOTE
Heater operation affects performance. Refer to Hover
Ceiling and Rate of Climb charts for HEATER ON
in the Performance chapter.
BEFORE TAKEOFF
1. Engine, Gearbox,
Transmission, Hydraulic and
Electrical Instruments ........................... WITHIN OPERATING RANGES
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
• ADI ......................................................................................CHECK
• Radio Altimeter ....................................ZERO ALTITUDE; OFF
FLAG RETRACTED;
DH SET AS DESIRED
WARNING
ATT mode shall be used during IFR flight; SAS mode is recommended for
ground operations, hover, and takeoff.
WARNING
Adjust frictions.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Minimum rotor—97% rpm for ground operation with
stick centering indicator system inoperative.
NOTE
For ground operation, maintain rotor rpm (N R) within
allowable range. Higher minimum rotor rpm reduces
blade flapping.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
On side slopes greater than five degrees, maintain 100%
ROTOR RPM. CYC CTR caution lights are inhibited.
CAUTION
To avoid heading error, accomplish inflight AHRS
heading syncronization only in level flight and, if
flight director installed, uncoupled (STBY).
TAKEOFF
CAUTION
During lift-off to hover, any abnormal increase in one-
per-rev vibration may indicate one or more main
rotor droop restrainers failed to disengage from static
position. Verify proper operation prior to flight.
NOTE
When AFCS is in ATT mode, the FORCE TRIM re-
lease button and the CLTV/YAW TRIM REL switch
should be depressed before lift-off (to trim actuators
to center positions )and should be held until desired
climbout attitude is attained.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Note HSI heading prior to liftoff. To ensure no mag-
netic disturbance exists, crosscheck heading in hover.
If discrepancy exists operate in DG mode (refer to
operations in or near magnetic disturbances).
NOTE
As collective is increased, it may be necessary to re-
match engine torques prior to reaching hover.
NOTE
Downwind takeoffs are not recommended since
the published takeoff distance performance will not
be achieved.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
IN-FLIGHT OPERATION
CAUTION
When operating near the maximum MAST TORQUE
limit, inadvertent overtorque may occur during ma-
neuvering flight conditions involving turns and/or
nose down attitude changes. Decrease power to 90%
MAST TORQUE prior to maneuvering helicopter.
NOTE
Maximum pitch attitude capability of standby atti-
tude indicator is ±60°.
CAUTION
When AHRS is switched from DG to MAG mode, it
will instantaneously synchronize to detect magnetic
heading. Make switch selection only in level flight
to avoid invalid heading synchronization due to flux
valve sensing errors during turns.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
For momentary yaw changes, due to power change, press forward on YAW
TRIM REL switch (if installed), which releases pedal force trim only. Adjust
yaw with pedals, then release switch.
NOTE
In-flight use of VG FAST ERECT button (S/N
36087–36247) will disengage the respective autopilot.
CAUTION
Run-on landings may result in roll oscillations while
on the ground. If this occurs, lowering collective
fully down or disengaging AP 1 and AP 2 will stop
the oscillations.
AFTER LANDING
1. Collective Pitch .................................................................... FULL DOWN
2. Pedals...................................................................................... CENTERED
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ENGINE SHUTDOWN
1. AP 1 and AP 2 ...................................................................... DISENGAGE
NOTE
For ground operation, maintain rotor RPM (NR) within
allowable range. Higher minimum rotor rpm reduces
blade flapping.
CAUTION
If stick centering indicator system is inoperative, N R
for ground operation shall be 97% or above.
Center cyclic and friction as necessary to extinguish CYC CTR caution lights.
NOTE
On side slopes greater than five degrees, disregard
CYC CTR caution lights and position cyclic as re-
quired.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
WARNING
CAUTION
Avoid rapid engagement of rotor brake if helicopter
is on ice or other slippery or loose surface to prevent
rotation of helicopter.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
POSTFLIGHT CHECK
If conditions require, perform the following (refer to Manufacturer’s Data
BHT-412-MD-4, Section 4, for additional information):
Verify that the droop restraint arms are engaged in the lower detent of the
cam window.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EMERGENCY/MALFUNCTION
PROCEDURES—412EP
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... EM-EP-1
DEFINITIONS ........................................................................... EM-EP-1
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ................................................ EM-EP-8
Engine Fires ...................................................................... EM-EP-8
Smoke Or Fumes in Cabin.............................................. EM-EP-10
Baggage Compartment Fire ............................................ EM-EP-11
Engine Failures ............................................................... EM-EP-11
Tail Rotor Failures.......................................................... EM-EP-15
Main Driveshaft Failure.................................................. EM-EP-20
MALFUNCTION PROCEDURES .......................................... EM-EP-21
Engine Hot Start and Shutdown ..................................... EM-EP-21
Engine Restart In Flight.................................................. EM-EP-22
Engine Fuel Control Malfunctions ................................. EM-EP-24
Electrical Power Failures ................................................ EM-EP-28
Hydraulic System Failure ............................................... EM-EP-31
Landing Gear .................................................................. EM-EP-32
Communication System.................................................. EM-EP-32
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM ...................... EM-EP-33
AFCS Malfunctions ........................................................ EM-EP-33
AHRS ...................................................................................... EM-EP-40
Alignment In Flight (S/N 36248 and Subsequent) ......... EM-EP-40
Automatic AHRS Realignment ...................................... EM-EP-41
Manual AHRS Heading Synchronization....................... EM-EP-41
AHRS Fail to Realign..................................................... EM-EP-41
Stick Centering Indicator Failure.................................... EM-EP-42
Cabin Heater Malfunction .............................................. EM-EP-42
Fuel System Failures....................................................... EM-EP-43
Static Port Obstruction.................................................... EM-EP-44
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
TABLES
Tables Title Page
EM-EP-1 Warning Lights .......................................... EM-EP-2
EM-EP-2 Caution Lights ........................................... EM-EP-3
EM-EP-3 Digital AFCS Error Codes .................... EM-EP-34
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EMERGENCY/MALFUNCTION
PROCEDURES—412EP
INTRODUCTION
The following procedures contain the indications of equipment or system fail-
ure or malfunction, the use of emergency features of primary and back-up sys-
tems, and appropriate warnings, cautions, and explanatory notes. Table
EM-EP-1 lists fault conditions and corrective actions required for illumina-
tion of red warning lights. Table EM-EP-2 addresses malfunction procedures
associated with yellow caution lights.
All corrective action procedures listed herein assume the pilot gives first pri-
ority to aircraft control and a safe flight path.
DEFINITIONS
The following terms indicate the degree of urgency in landing the helicopter:
The following terms are used to describe the operating condition of a system,
subsystem, assembly, or component:
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
WARNING
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Do not select EMER LOAD at pressure
altitudes above 5,000 feet. Both FUEL
BOOST PUMPS will become inoperative,
resulting in possible fuel starvation.
NO. 1 PART Particle separator by- Check ENG 1 (or 2) RPM and PART SEP
pass door closed or cir- circuit breakers in.
SEP OFF cuit breaker out. Ice
NO. 2 PART and dust protection Move PART SEP switch to OVRD ON.
system inoperative.
SEP OFF
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NO. 2 FUEL
FILTER
NO. 2 GOV
MANUAL
NO. 1 ENGINE Metal particles in Reduce power and shut down engine as
CHIP engine oil soon as practical to minimize engine
damage. Land as soon as practical.
NO. 2 ENGINE
CHIP
NO. 1 FUEL Fuel valve not Check FUEL VALVE circuit breaker is in.
VALVE properly seated or Land as soon as practical. If on ground,
circuit breaker out. cycle FUEL switch.
NO. 2 FUEL
VALVE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NO. 2 GEN
OVHT
NO. 1 Hydraulic pressure Verify fault and affect system from gage
HYDRAULIC below limit or readings. Turn off affected system. Land
temperature above as soon as possible.
NO. 2 limit.
HYDRAULIC
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
ENGINE FIRES
Indications
FIRE 1 PULL or FIRE 2 PULL handle illuminated
1. Throttle......................................................................................... CLOSED
5. Appropriate FIRE
PULL Handle..................................................................................... PULL
9. Exit Helicopter.
Indications
FIRE 1 PULL or FIRE 2 PULL handle illuminated
2. Collective..................................................................................... REDUCE
(ALTITUDE
PERMITTING)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
3. Appropriate FIRE
PULL Handle..................................................................................... PULL
4. FIRE EXT Switch............................................................................. MAIN
5. If FIRE warning light remains on more than 10 seconds:
FIRE EXT Switch ...................................................................... RESERVE
6. ENG .................................................................... SET AT 100% RPM (N2)
IF POSSIBLE
7. Land as soon as possible.
8. Complete engine shutdown.
9. Exit helicopter.
1. Appropriate FIRE
PULL Handle .................................................................................... PULL
2. Throttle ........................................................................................ CLOSED
3. FIRE EXT Switch ............................................................................ MAIN
4. FUEL XFEED Switch ....................................................... OVRD CLOSE
5. BOOST PUMP Switch
(affected engine)................................................................................... OFF
6. FUEL Switch (affected engine)............................................................ OFF
7. Fuel INTCON Switch ....................................................................... OPEN
8. If FIRE warning light remains on more than 10 seconds:
FIRE EXT Switch ...................................................................... RESERVE
9. ENG (unaffected engine) ..................................................... SET AT 100%
RPM (N2)
10. Land as soon as possible.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
If reserve bottle has not been discharged.
12. FIRE PULL Handle ................................................................................ IN
Procedure
1. VENT BLOWER Switch....................................................................... ON
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Reduce power to minimum required.
ENGINE FAILURES
Single Engine Failure
ENG RPM (N 2 ) of the normally operating engine is allowed to droop to 97%
during transition from twin-engine operation to single engine operation. The
N 2 RPM should be increased to 100% if possible.
Flight can be continued on the remaining engine until a desirable landing site
is available. There are certain combinations of gross weight, altitude, and cold
ambient temperatures at which a single engine approach will result in the OEI
torque limit being exceeded. A run-on landing at 20 to 30 KIAS is recommended.
CAUTION
Run-on landings may result in roll oscillations while
on the ground. If this occurs, lowering collective
fully down or disengaging AP1 and AP2 will stop the
oscillations.
Loss of an engine while hovering at high gross weight and extremely cold
conditions will most likely result in exceeding the OEI torque limit. If an over-
torque is observed or suspected, an appropriate log book entry shall be made.
(See Performance charts in the Performance chapter.)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
If an engine restart is to be attempted, refer to
ENGINE RESTART in the this section.
Indications
• ENG 1 OUT or ENG 2 OUT Warning Light illuminated
Procedure
WARNING
CAUTION
During cold weather operations, carefully monitor
TORQUE of the normal engine when one engine fails
or is shut down in flight.
1. Collective..................................................................................... REDUCE
Reduce as required to maintain rotor rpm and power within OEI limits.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
WARNING
NOTE
Airspeed for best angle of glide in autorotation is 90
KIAS, and airspeed for minimum rate of descent is
65 KIAS. Autorotational rate of descent is a function
of airspeed and ROTOR RPM and is virtually unaf-
fected by gross weight and density altitude.
If time permits before landing, and a restart will not be attempted, proceed
as follows:
• Torque oscillations
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Collective ............................................................... REDUCE, MAINTAIN
SLOW FLIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
Close throttles and lower collective pitch immediately. Establish a glide
speed slightly above normal autorotation approach speed.
Once aligned for landing, yaw can be controlled in the following manner.
Right Yaw
If the nose yaws right with power off, a pulse of up-collective will produce
more friction in the mast thrust bearings, creating a left moment. The greater
the input of the pulse, the more the response will be.
WARNING
Moving the collective upward abruptly increases rotor loading. Do not hold
the collective up, as rotor rpm will decrease lower than desirable. It is essential
that the collective be returned to the down position for autorotation. This cycle
is one pulse. The pulse should be rapid (up and down) but should not be used
at low altitudes.
Left Yaw
If the nose yaws left with the power off, a slight addition of power should ar-
rest it. Further increase in power results in more right yaw response.
Landing
CAUTION
Run-on landings may result in roll oscillations while
on the ground. If this occurs, lowering the collective
fully down or disengaging AP1 and AP2 will stop the
oscillations.
During the final stages of the approach, a mild flare should be executed and
all power to the rotor should be off. Maintain helicopter in a slight flare and
use the collective smoothly to execute a soft, slightly nose-high landing.
Landing on the aft portion of the skids will tend to correct side drift. This tech-
nique will, in most cases, result in a run-on type landing.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
The flare and the abrupt use of collective will cause
the nose to rotate left, but do not correct with
throttle. Although application of throttle will result in
rotation to the right, addition of power is a very strong
response measure and is too sensitive for the pilot to
manage properly at this time. Do not add power at this
time. Slight rotation upon touchdown at zero ground
speed should not cause any real problem.
If altitude permits with airspeed above 60 KIAS, throttle and pitch may be
gently applied to determine if some degree of powered flight can be resumed.
If unacceptable yawing is experienced, reenter autorotation and continue de-
scent to a landing.
The landing technique is the same as prescribed for the climb condition above.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
If the helicopter is in a trimmed condition when the malfunction is discov-
ered, engine power and airspeed should be noted and the aircraft flown to a
suitable landing area.
Combinations of engine torque, rotor rpm, and airspeed will correct or ag-
gravate yaw attitude and these should be adjusted as required to control yaw
during landing.
At 60 to 75 feet AGL and when the landing area can be made, start a slow de-
celeration to arrive at the intended landing point with about 25 knots
indicated airspeed.
At 2 to 5 feet AGL, slowly reduce throttle to overcome yaw effect and allow
the helicopter to settle. When aligned with the landing area, allow helicopter
to touch down.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
Run-on landings may result in roll oscillations while
on the ground. If this occurs, lowering the collective
fully down or disengaging AP1 and AP2 will stop the
oscillations.
After ground contact, use the collective and throttle as necessary to maintain
alignment with landing strip, and to minimize forward speed. If the helicopter
starts to turn, move the cyclic as necessary to follow the turn until the heli-
copter comes to a complete stop.
Apply collective pitch (maintaining minimum operating rpm) to stop the rate
of descent and forward speed, and to align the helicopter with the intended
landing path. If not aligned after pitch application, increase throttle to further
help with alignment. Allow helicopter to touch down at near-zero ground speed,
maintaining alignment with the throttle.
At 50 to 75 feet AGL and when the landing area can be made, start a slow
deceleration to arrive at the intended landing point with airspeed at 25 KIAS.
CAUTION
Run-on landings may result in roll oscillations while
on the ground. If this occurs, lowering the collective
fully down or disengaging AP1 and AP2 will stop the
oscillations.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
After ground contact, use collective and throttle as necessary to minimize for-
ward speed and to maintain alignment. Move the cyclic as necessary to fol-
low the turn until the helicopter has come to a complete stop.
Procedure
The corrective action procedures are described in Fixed Pitch Failures on
the previous page. The specific procedure to be used depends on the yaw
change experienced.
Indication
• Left yaw
• Rapid decrease in NR
• Rapid increase in N2
• Driveshaft breakage
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Collective .......................................................................... AS REQUIRED
MALFUNCTION PROCEDURES
ENGINE HOT START AND SHUTDOWN
Indications
A hot start is caused by a combination of excessive fuel in the combustion
chamber and delayed fuel ignition. Internal and external damage can result.
Procedure
1. Throttles.............................................................................. CLOSE; KEEP
STARTER ENGAGED
5. Complete shutdown.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
If ITT limits for starting were exceeded, an appropriate entry shall be made
in the helicopter log book. The entry shall state which limit was exceeded,
the duration of time, the extreme value attained, and any additional information
essential in determining the maintenance action required. Refer to the Engine
Maintenance Manual for inspection requirements.
Procedure
CAUTION
If the cause of engine failure is obviously mechani-
cal, as evidenced by abnormal sounds, do not at-
tempt a restart.
CAUTION
OEI performance can be affected during generator as-
sisted start (with both battery switches on).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
When restarting engine in manual fuel control mode,
carefully monitor ITT.
Open Slowly until ITT begins to rise. Do not open throttle further until
ITT and N1 rpm stabilize.
CAUTION
When operating in manual fuel control mode, make
slow, smooth throttle movements to avoid compres-
sor stall, overtemp, overspeed, and possible drive
train damage. Coordinate throttle and collective pitch
changes to avoid overloading the normal engine.
NOTE
If torque of affected engine is controlled slightly
(approximately 4%) below torque of normal engine,
rotor rpm will be governed within limits automati-
cally by normal engine.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
Normal deviations of ROTOR RPM from the governed
setting may occur when large collective changes are
made but should not be confused with fuel control fail-
ure, unless a large steady-state TORQUE split occurs.
The indications of a high side or a low side fuel control failure will vary in
accordance with the specific cause of failure and the total power demand at
the time of failure.
Engine Underspeed
NOTE
Normal deviations of ROTOR RPM from the governed
setting may occur when large collective changes are
made but should not be confused with fuel control fail-
ure, unless a large steady-state TORQUE split occurs.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
If there is a low power demand (less than single engine power available) at
the time of low side failure, ROTOR RPM and N 2 of the affected engine will
decrease and stabilize at or slightly below the governed value. TORQUE, ITT
and N 1 of the affected engine will also decrease. As ROTOR RPM decreases,
the normal engine will increase TORQUE output to assume the load. If power
demand is near zero, there may not be a significant TORQUE split.
If there is a high power demand (greater than single engine power available)
at the time of low side failure, ROTOR RPM will decrease along with N 2 ,
TORQUE, ITT, and N 1 of the affected engine. As ROTOR RPM decreases,
the normal engine will increase to maximum power to assume the load,
causing significant increases in TORQUE, ITT and N 1 , while N 2 will remain
below the governed value.
Indications
• Low N2 and rotor rpm (possibly with RPM caution light and audio if
power demand is in excess of single engine power available)
Procedure
WARNING
1. Collective................................................................................ ADJUST AS
NECESSARY
Adjust to maintain ROTOR RPM.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
When operating in manual fuel control mode, make
slow, smooth, coordinated throttle and collective
movements to avoid compressor stall, overtemp, un-
derspeed/overspeed, and possible drive train damage.
Coordinate throttle and collective pitch changes to
avoid overloading the normal engine.
If there is a low power demand (less than single engine power available) at
the time of high side failure, ROTOR RPM and N 2 of the affected engine will
increase considerably above the governed value. TORQUE, ITT and N 1 of the
affected engine will also increase. As N 2 and ROTOR RPM increase above
the governed value, the normal engine will reduce power to keep itself from
overspeeding, and will indicate significantly lower TORQUE, ITT and N 1 than
the affected engine.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Indications
• High N2 and ROTOR RPM (NR), possibly with RPM caution light.
Procedure
CAUTION
If corrective action is not initiated immediately,
ROTOR RPM could overspeed excessively.
1. Collective................................................................................ ADJUST AS
NECESSARY
CAUTION
When operating in manual fuel control mode, make
slow, smooth, coordinated throttle and collective
movements to avoid compressor stall, overtemp, un-
derspeed/overspeed, and possible drive train damage.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
If N R or MAST TORQUE exceeds 110% or overspeed
values are unknown, land as soon as possible.
Procedure
If this failure occurs during takeoff or landing, no immediate corrective ac-
tion is necessary to complete either maneuver.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. GEN FIELD
and GEN RESET
circuit breakers.......................................................................... CHECK IN
2. GEN Switch
(affected generator)......................................................................... RESET,
THEN ON
CAUTION
Do not select EMERG LOAD at pressure altitudes
above 5,000 feet. Both fuel boost pumps will become
inoperative, resulting in possible fuel starvation.
NOTE
A fully charged battery will provide sufficient elec-
trical power for approximately 30 minutes with
essential equipment operating normally except for
limitations as follows:
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
AC Power Failure
Indications
• INVERTER 1 or 2 caution light illuminates
Procedure
If either INVERTER caution light illuminates, proceed as follows:
1. AC VOLTS..................................................................................... CHECK
1. AC FEEDERS Circuit
Breakers (8 each) ...................................................................... CHECK IN
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
During IFR flight, if both inverters fail, land as soon as practical, or continue
flight under VFR, if desired.
If a hydraulic system failure occurs shortly after the helicopter has been cold
soaked at or below –25°C (–13°F) and the center of gravity of the helicopter
is near the forward or aft limit, some resistance may occur when the cyclic
is near control position extremes. This resistance can be overcome by increased
pilot effort.
Indications
• NO. 1 or NO. 2 HYDRAULIC caution light illuminates
Procedure
If either hydraulic systems fails, or if system temperature or pressure exceeds
limits, proceed as follows:
WARNING
WARNING
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Check headset connection.
For single pilot operations only with Emergency Communications Panel in-
stalled:
4. Plug headset into EMERGENCY COMM jack (above and behind pilot
position).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Indication
Weak or no reception in headsets
Procedure
1. Verify proper radio selected.
Digital AFCS fault codes will be displayed on the AL-300 Air Data Display.
Table EM-EP-3 lists error codes and descriptions.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
If both autopilots are disengaged, the following pro-
cedures do not apply.
Error code(s) displayed on AL-300. If more than one error exists, the AL-
300 will continuously scroll through all error codes.
NOTE
If inverter 1 or 2 fails, AP1 or AP2 will disengage,
but can be reengaged by pressing the respective but-
ton on the AFCS control panel.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Airspeed ......................................................................... REDUCE TO 115
KIAS OR LESS
Check that ATT FAIL flags are retracted and indicators are functioning
properly.
CAUTION
Do not attempt to reset any circuit breaker more
than once.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
10. If IFR, land as soon as practical; or continue flight under VFR, if desired.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Autotrim Failure
Indication
AUTOTRIM caution light illuminates
Error code(s) displayed on AL-300 (ADC). If more than one error exists,
the AL-300 will continuously scroll through all error codes
Procedure
1. Ensure cyclic friction set at minimum.
NOTE
If AUTOTRIM caution light illuminates and no error
codes are displayed on the AL-300 (ADD), then either
or both autopilot computers may be in AOG mode.
AOG mode inhibits the autotrim and attitude hold
junctions. This note does not apply to Flight Director
equipped helicopters.
Autotrim Runaway
An autotrim runaway can occur only when both AP1 and AP2 are on in ATT mode.
Indications
An autotrim runaway in flight will be evidenced by the cyclic stick being driven
in a direction opposite to the actuator position indications (AP1 or AP2). This
condition occurs because the series actuators will be driven to limit author-
ity to compensate for the autotrim runaway. When the actuators are saturated
(on stops), the helicopter will respond to the runaway trim command; how-
ever, with both AP1 and AP2 operative, the autotrim will be cut off auto-
matically two seconds after actuator saturation.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Cyclic FORCE TRIM Release Button.............. DEPRESS AND RETRIM
AHRS
NOTE
During in-flight realignment in turbulent conditions,
prolonged invalid heading data may result despite
valid attitude data. Refer to Manual AHRS Heading
Synchronization.
Indications
ATT, RT, or HDG fail flag displayed on pilot or copilot ADI/HSI
Error Code(s) displayed on AL-300. If more than one error exists, the AL-
300 will continuously scroll through all error codes.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
1. Airspeed........................................................... AT OR BELOW 115 KIAS
NOTE
If fault condition cannot be cleared, use error code
display on AL-300 to determine failed axis. Refer to
Table 3-3 for a list of error codes.
Procedure
1. Maintain ROTOR between 97 and 100% RPM for ground operation
before beginning ENGINE shutdown procedures.
Indications
HEATER AIR LINE caution light illuminates
Heated air flow does not shut off when thermostat knob is turned to full
cold position
Procedure
1. HEATER Switch ...................................................... OFF IMMEDIATELY
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Procedure
CAUTION
If either BOOST PUMP fails, usable fuel will be ap-
proximately 60 pounds less than indicated.
NOTE
If FUEL XFEED switch is in NORM position, cross-
feed valve will be automatically opened allowing the
remaining pump to supply fuel to both engines.
Power loss to both signal conditioners will give a zero quantity indication.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
A power failure to the signal conditioner will disable
the FUEL LOW caution panel indication and alter the
FUEL TRANS caution indication for affected fuel sys-
tem. Refer to Table EM-EP-2.
Procedure
1. FUEL QTY circuit breaker ....................................................... RECYCLE
AFFECTED SIDE
NOTE
Allow sufficient time for fuel levels to equalize.
Approximate fuel loads may be obtained by
doubling remaining fuel quantity indicated.
Procedure
1. Windows and vents ...........................................................................CLOSE
NOTE
This procedure selects an alternate static source
(cabin air) for pilot side instruments only.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BASIS OF CERTIFICATION
This helicopter is certified under FAR Part 29, Category “A” and “B.”
TYPE OF OPERATION
The basic configured helicopter is approved as a fifteen-place helicopter and
is certified for operation under day or night VFR and IFR non-icing conditions.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT—AFCS
AFCS shall be disengaged or operated in SAS mode during prolonged ground
operation, except as required for AFCS check.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT—IFR
In addition to the basic equipment required for certification, the 412-705-006
IFR Kit shall be installed and the following equipment shall be operational
for IFR flight:
• DME equipment
• ATC transponder
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
• Pilot IVSI
• Force trim
OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT
Refer to appropriate Flight Manual supplement(s) for additional limitations,
procedures, and performance data with optional equipment installed.
The left crew seat may be used for an additional pilot when the approved dual
controls and copilot instrument kits are installed.
Symmetrical configurations:
• Both sliding doors locked open or removed with both hinged panels
installed or removed.
Asymmetrical configurations:
NOTE
Opening or removing doors shifts helicopter center-
of-gravity and reduces V NE . Refer to the RFM,
Manufacturer’s Data, and to Airspeed Limitations.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The minimum gross weight for flight is 6,400 pounds (2,903 kilograms).
LOADING LIMITATIONS
NOTE
Refer to the Weight and Balance section of the
Manufacturer’s Data for loading tables to be used in
weight/CG computations.
PASSENGER LOADING
The outboard facing seats should not be occupied unless at least four of the
forward or aft facing passenger seats are occupied.
The above loading procedure does not apply if cargo or a combination of cargo
and passengers are being transported. It shall then be the pilot’s responsibility
to ensure that the helicopter is properly loaded so that the entire flight is
conducted within the limits of the Gross Weight Center-of-Gravity Charts
(Figure LIM-1).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
13,000
135.1 141.4
12,000 11,900
11,000
GROSS WEIGHT—LB
10,000
9,000
8,800 FORWARD LIMIT AFT LIMIT
8,000
7,000
6,400
130.4 MINIMUM WEIGHT
6,000
130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144
LONGITUDINAL C.G. FUSELAGE STA.—IN.
ENGLISH UNITS
5,800
5,600
3,432 3,592
5,400 5,398
5,200
GROSS WEIGHT—KILOGRAMS
5,000
4,800
4,600
4,400
4,200
3,992 FORWARD LIMIT AFT LIMIT
3,800
3,600
3,400
3,200
3,000 2,948
2,800 2,903
3,312 MINIMUM WEIGHT 3,658
2,600
3,250 3,300 3,350 3,400 3,450 3,500 3,550 3,600 3,650
LONGITUDINAL C.G.~FUSELAGE STA.—MM.
METRIC UNITS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Baggage compartment has a load limit of 400 pounds (181 kilograms), not to
exceed 100 pounds per square foot (4.9 kg/100sq cm).
ALTITUDE LIMITATIONS
The maximum operating pressure altitude is 20,000 feet (6,096 meters).
The maximum density altitude for takeoff, landing, and in-ground-effect ma-
neuvers is 14,000 feet (4,267 meters). Refer to the Weight-Altitude-Temperature
Limitations Chart (Figure LIM-2).
Above 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) pressure altitude, restart shall be attempted
in manual fuel control mode only.
Below 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) pressure altitude, restart may be attempted
in either manual or automatic fuel control mode.
NOTE
Refer to applicable operating rules for high altitude
oxygen requirements.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
WEIGHT—ALTITUDE—TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS
FOR TAKEOFF, LANDING AND IN-GROUND EFFECT MANEUVERS
NOTE: ALLOWABLE GROSS WEIGHTS OBTAINED
FROM THIS CHART MAY EXCEED CONTINUOUS
HOVER CAPABILITY UNDER CERTAIN AMBIENT
CONDITIONS. REFER TO HOVER CEILING CHARTS
IN SECTION 4.
14,000 FT.
DEN. ALT. LIMIT
000
14,
000
12,
MAXIMUM
GROSS WEIGHT
000
LIMIT
10,
MAX OAT
00
8,0
00
6,0
MIN
OAT
00
4,0
T.
—F
00
2,0
DE
ITU
EL
EV
ALT
AL
RE
SE
SU
ES
PR
10,900 LB
11.9
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The minimum ambient temperature for operation at all altitudes with en-
gine oil pressure/temperature indicator 209-070-262-109 installed is
–34°C (–30°F).
NOTE
During extremely cold ambient temperatures, idle
rpm will be high and the ENGINE OIL pressure
may exceed maximum limits for up to two minutes
after starting.
NOTE
Either engine oil pressure/temperature gage shall
be installed in pairs.
HEIGHT-VELOCITY LIMITATIONS
The height-velocity limitations are critical in the event of single engine
failure during takeoff, landing, or other operation near the surface (Figure
LIM-3). The AVOID area of the Height-Velocity diagram defines the
combinations of airspeed and height above ground from which a safe sin-
gle engine landing on a smooth, level, firm surface cannot be assured.
MANEUVERING LIMITATIONS
Aerobatic maneuvers are prohibited.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
HEIGHT-VELOCITY DIAGRAM
FOR SMOOTH, LEVEL, FIRM SURFACES
400 120
AND ABOVE
NOTE HELICOPTER CONFIGURATION AND ABOVE
380 SHALL COMPLY WITH THE WEIGHT-
375 114.3
ALTITUDE-TEMPERATURE LIMITS AS
360 PRESENTED IN FIGURE 5-1 FOR HEIGHT- 110
VELOCITY DIAGRAM TO BE VALID.
340
100
320
300 90
260 80
240
70
220
200 60
180
160 50
140
40
120
100 30
80
20
60
40
10
20 4.9
16
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 VNE
INDICATED AIRSPEED—KNOTS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ELECTRICAL LIMITATIONS
BATTERY LIMITATIONS
The maximum battery case temperature is 54.5° C (130° F), as indicated
by illumination of the BATTERY TEMP warning light.
WARNING
The minimum ambient temperature for battery start when battery and
helicopter have been cold soaked is –25° C (–13° F).
GENERATOR LIMITATIONS
• Continuous operation — 0 to 75 amps
NOTE
During OEI operation electrical loads may have
to be reduced to remain below maximum continu-
ous limits.
NOTE
The ammeter needle may deflect full scale
momentarily during generator-assisted start of the
second engine.
• 30 seconds ON
• 60 seconds OFF
• 30 seconds ON
• 5 minutes OFF
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
• 30 seconds ON
• 15 minutes OFF
HEATER
Heater shall not be operated when OAT is above 21° C (69.8° F).
FUEL
Fuel conforming to ASTM D-1655 Type B, NATO F-40, or MIL-T-5624
Grade JP-4 may be used at all ambient temperatures.
NOTE
DOD-L-85734AS or MIL-L-23699 is recommended.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
HYDRAULIC LIMITATIONS
NOTE
Refer to RFM-Manufacturer’s Data, Section 4 for ap-
proved fluids and vendors.
Hydraulic fluid type MIL-H-5606 (NATO H-515) shall be used at all ambi-
ent temperatures.
WARNING
Below 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) pressure altitude, restart may be attempted
in either manual or automatic fuel control mode.
AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS
The minimum IFR airspeed is 60 KIAS.
Basic V NE is 140 KIAS from sea level to 3,000 feet density altitude at all
gross weights. V NE decreases for ambient conditions in accordance with
airspeed limitations placard (Figure LIM-5).
The airspeed shall not exceed 105 KIAS (or placard V NE , if less) when op-
erating above maximum continuous transmission torque 84% and 81% for
SP, HP and EP.
V NE with only one helipilot/autopilot engaged is 115 KIAS (or placarded V NE,
if less). If both helipilots/autopilots are disengaged, basic V NE applies.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
Asymmetric door configuration is not authorized
with energy attenuating seats installed.
Refer to the Critical Relative Wind Azimuths diagram in Section 4 of the RFM.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
12,000
DENSITY ALTITUDE—FEET
10,000
WIND LIMIT
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
OGE
0°
30°
SEE
NOTE
1
270° 90°
95°
SEE
180°
NOTE
2
NOTES:
1. PEDAL CRITICAL WIND AZIMUTH—HOVERING WITH THE RELATIVE
WIND WITHIN THESE AZIMUTH ANGLES CAN RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING:
A. INABILITY TO MAINTAIN HEADING DUE TO LARGE LEFT PEDAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTAIN WIND VELOCITIES.
B. REDUCTION OF AVAILABLE LEFT PEDAL CONTROL WITH A
DIRECTIONAL AFCS HARDOVER.
2. LONGITUDINAL CYCLIC CRITICAL WIND AZIMUTH—AFT CYCLIC MAY BE
LIMITED WITH LONGITUDINAL AFCS HARDOVER.
0°
IGE 45°
SEE
NOTE
1
270° 90°
105°
SEE 180°
NOTE
2
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
°C
INDICATED VNE KNOTS 412-706-009
2389 LBS
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
FlightSafety
International
LIM-15
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAIN ROTOR
Number of blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ft
Chord (equivalent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ft 2 in
Airfoil section:
At tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%
At root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23%
TAIL ROTOR
Number of blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ft 7 in.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ENGINE
Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pratt and Whitney of Canada, Ltd.
TRANSMISSION RATING
Maximum continuous power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,134 shp
WEIGHTS
Standard configuration (approximate empty weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,425 lb
FUEL
Capacity:
ENGINE OIL
Capacity:
TRANSMISSION OIL
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.75 U.S. gal
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CARGO AREA
USABLE CUBAGE
Main cargo space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 cu ft
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYSTEM MATERIAL
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
WARNING
AHRS ALIGNMENT
To perform in-flight/shipboard AHRS alignment, the following conditions must
be met:
132
(3353)
133
(3378) PENALTY
REGION
134
(3404)
FUSELAGE STATION—INCHES (MILLIMETERS)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
135
(3529)
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
136
(3454)
137
(3480)
138
(3605)
139
(3531)
140
(3556)
VNE FOR HOIST OPERATIONS—60 KIAS
141
(3556)
142
(3607)
FlightSafety
143
(3632)
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(–178) (–152) (–127) (–102) (–76) (–51) (–25) (0) (25) (51) (76) (102) (127) (152) (178)
International
LIM-21
LATERAL—INCHES (MILLIMETERS)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CONTENTS
Page
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT—IFR .............................................. LIM-EP-1
POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS ............................................... LIM-EP-1
ALTITUDE................................................................................. LIM-EP-2
MAST TORQUE ........................................................................ LIM-EP-3
Twin-Engine Operation ..................................................... LIM-EP-3
INSTRUMENT MARKINGS .................................................... LIM-EP-4
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
LIM-EP-1 Placards and Decals ........................................... LIM-EP-3
LIM-EP-2 Instrument Markings ......................................... LIM-EP-4
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
• DME equipment
• ATC transponder
• Pilot IVSI
• Force trim
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS
• Pratt and Whitney Aircraft of Canada, Ltd. PT6T-3D
NOTE
Operation in 2 1/2 -minute or continuous OEI range is
intended for emergency use only, when one engine
becomes inoperative due to an actual malfunction.
Any time an engine is operated in an OEI range, an entry shall be made in the
helicopter logbook detailing the extent of operation in excess of twin-engine
takeoff power limits. This does not apply to approved ITT limits for starting.
ALTITUDE
NOTE
Refer to applicable operating rules for high altitude
oxygen requirements.
Above 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) pressure altitude, restart shall be attempted
in manual fuel control mode only.
Below 15,000 feet (4,572 meters) pressure altitude, restart may be attempted
in either manual or automatic fuel control mode.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAST TORQUE
TWIN-ENGINE OPERATION
Maximum continuous .....................................................................................81%
Takeoff range (5 minutes maximum) ...............................................81 to 100%
Maximum........................................................................................................100%
WARNING
CAUTION
When operating near the maximum mast torque limit,
inadvertant overtorque may occur during maneuver-
ing flight conditions involving turns and/or nose
down attitude changes. Decrease power to 90% mast
torque prior to maneuvering helicopter.
NOTE:
OTHER PLACARDS AND DECALS COMMON
TO ALL BHT MODEL 412's ARE LISTED ON
PAGE LIM-14, GENERAL LIMITATION SECTION.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
AIRSPEED
0 20 0 TO 30 KNOTS INDICATOR UNRELIABLE
140
30 TO 140 KNOTS
CONTINUOUS OPERATION
AIRSPEED
120 40 105 KNOTS MAXIMUM FOR AUTO-
ROTATION AT OR BELOW
KNOTS 10,000 FT (3048M) HP
USE ON
100 BELL 412 ONLY
140 KNOTS VNE
60
80
TRIPLE TACHOMETER
ROTOR RPM (NR)
70 60 97% MINIMUM
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
110°C MAXIMUM
15 10
10 OIL 8
TRANSMISSION OIL PRESSURE
6
5
0
T °C
X 10
PSI
P 2
4 30 PSI MINIMUM FOR FLIGHT IDLE
–5 0 30 TO 40 PSI FLIGHT IDLE RANGE
70 PSI MAXIMUM
FUEL PRESSURE
40 50 4 PSI MINIMUM
30 FUEL 4 TO 35 PSI CONTINUOUS OPERATION
PSI
20 35 PSI MAXIMUM
10 0
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
80 PSI MAXIMUM
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
3 3 AMMETER
AMPS 2 0 TO 75 AMPS CONTINUOUS OPERATION
2
1 2 75 TO 150 AMPS CAUTION
1 1
X100 150 AMPS MAXIMUM
0 0
CAUTION
–5 0
900 TO 1100 PSI CONTINUOUS OPERATION
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
WB-1 CG Reference Datum Lines .............................................. WB-2
WB-2 Helicopter Station Diagram .............................................. WB-4
WB-3 CG Limits ......................................................................... WB-5
WB-4 Actual Weight Record....................................................... WB-7
WB-5 Internal Fuel Tank Station Location ............................... WB-16
TABLES
Table Title Page
WB-1 Door Weights and Moments ............................................ WB-9
WB-2 Pilot and Passenger Table of Moments........................... WB-10
WB-3 Internal Cargo Loading Table ......................................... WB-11
WB-4 Baggage Loading Table ................................................. WB-12
WB-5 Fuel Loading Table ......................................................... WB-14
WB-6 Fuel Loading Table—Lateral.......................................... WB-15
WB-7 Required Equipment List................................................ WB-20
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The longitudinal CG reference line is the reference datum line which is lo-
cated approximately 20 inches aft of the helicopter nose. The lateral CG ref-
erence line is the centerline of the helicopter (Figure WB-1).
Longitudinal and lateral CG of the helicopter must fall within the allowable
CG range listed in the Limitations section of the RFM for all phases of heli-
copter flight.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
34
1 26
23 26
22 19
FS 138.00 BAGGAGE
8 CENTERLINE COMPARTMENT
0
8 84 IN.
2 19
22 23 26 26
LEGEND 34
1 PILOT SEAT
2 COPILOT OR PASSENGER SEAT
SEATS
LATERAL LOCATION (INCHES FROM G) OF HELICOPTER
LONGITUDINAL LOCATION (INCHES AFT OF REF DATUM) OF PERSONNEL
FlightSafety
EXTERNAL CARGO
APRIL 1999
International
Figure WB-1. CG Reference Datum Lines
FlightSafety
International
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
GROSS WEIGHT CG
It shall be the pilot’s responsibility to ensure that the helicopter is properly
loaded so that the entire flight is conducted within the limits of the Gross Weight
Center of Gravity chart in the Limitations section of the Flight Manual. The
gross weight center of gravity may be calculated from the helicopter Actual
Weight Record (historical records) and the Loading Tables shown in this
chapter or in appropriate Flight Manual Supplements to assure safe loading.
Figure WB-2 presents fuselage station and buttock line data to aid in weight
and balance computations.
CG LIMITATIONS
Longitudinal and lateral CG range limits are shown in Figure WB-3. Allowable
longitudinal CG range decreases as helicopter gross weight increases. Lateral
CG range is constant for all gross weights.
FUSELAGE
STATIONS
0 23 166 243
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
34
1 26
23 26
22 19
FS 138.00 BAGGAGE
8
COMPARTMENT
0
8 84 IN.
2 19
22 23 26 26
LEGEND 34
1 PILOT SEAT
2 COPILOT OR PASSENGER SEAT
SEATS
FlightSafety
LATERAL LOCATION (INCHES FROM G) OF HELICOPTER
APRIL 1999
International
EXTERNAL CARGO
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CALCULATING HELICOPTER CG
General
The helicopter’s actual CG is calculated by starting with a known helicopter
empty weight and moment. The empty weight and moment are originally cal-
culated by the manufacturer and are provided in the actual weight record sup-
plied with the helicopter when delivered. When installed items are added or
removed from the helicopter, the actual weight record must be refigured to
provide a new empty weight (Figure WB-4).
CG Formula
The CG of the helicopter, both longitudinal and lateral, is determined by math-
ematical calculations using one of the formulas shown below:
By adding the weights and moments of all fuel, persons, cargo, etc., to the
empty weight and moment of the helicopter, the total weight and total mo-
ment can be obtained. Then, by dividing the total moment by the total weight,
the helicopter CG is easily calculated.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELLHELICOPTER TEXTRON
ACTUAL WEIGHT RECORD
MODEL 412
DATE WEIGHED SERIAL NUMBER
LONGITUDINAL LATERAL* R
E
WEIGHT EMPTY DERIVATION WEIGHT ARM MOMENT ARM MOMENT V
ADD:
WEIGHT EMPTY
+ PILOT + 170.0 47.0 + 7990 + 22.0 + 3740
+ OIL, ENGINE + 24.5 169.1 + 4146 0 0
+ FUEL + 2247.0 151.5 + 340421 –0.4 –854
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE: Equipment listed above was installed when helicopter was weighted except as indicated by (*), or
partially installed as indicated by (Δ).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
After the installation of optional equipment, the empty weight and moment
must be recomputed and any adjustment made to ensure that the empty weight
CG is within allowable limits of the maintenance manuals.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
The two aft outboard facing seats should not be oc-
cupied unless at least four passengers are seated in
the forward or aft facing seats. The cabin deck cargo
loading limit is 100 pounds per square foot (4.9 kg/
100 sq cm).
WARNING
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Refer to Table WB-3 for internal cargo weight and moment data.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BAGGAGE COMPARTMENT
LOADING TABLE
NOTE: LOAD BAGGAGE AS FAR FORWARD AS POSSIBLE.
20 245 4900
40 247 9880
60 249 14940
80 251 20080
100 253 25300
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
This table is invalid with auxiliary fuel tank(s) installed.
(TABLE I.D. 910664)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
*Most critical fuel amount for left side most lateral CG condition.
(TABLE I.D. 910662)
FUSELAGE
STATIONS 177.5
102 127 200 243
0
166.5
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
REF 47 155
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
84.5
DATUM
FS 138.00 BAGGAGE
COMPARTMENT
84 IN.
2
LEGEND
1 PILOT SEAT
178
2 COPILOT OR PASSENGER SEAT
FlightSafety
FUEL TANKS
LONGITUDINAL LOCATION (INCHES AFT OF REF DATUM) OF PERSONNEL
APRIL 1999
International
EXTERNAL CARGO
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
kilograms), not to exceed 100 pounds per square foot (4.9 kg/100 sq cm). These
are structural limitations only and do not infer that CG will remain within ap-
proved limits. When weight is loaded into the baggage compartment, indis-
criminate crew, passenger and fuel loading can no longer be assumed, and the
pilot must compute gross weight CG to assure loading within approved limits.
Loading of the baggage compartment should be from front to rear. The load
shall be secured to tiedown fittings if shifting of the load in flight could re-
sult in structural damage to the baggage compartment or in gross weight cen-
ter of gravity limits being exceeded. The CG shall be computed with the load
in the most adverse position.
FUEL LOADING
Due to the fuel flow sequencing between the tanks, the fuel loading CG will
vary between fuselage station 139.4 and 160.9. The maximum aft CG will occur
at approximately 952 pounds for Jet A, A-1, JP-5, and approximately 910
pounds for Jet B, JP-4. The maximum forward CG will occur at 397 pounds
for Jet A, A-1, JP-5, and at 379 pounds for Jet B, JP-4. With normal crew and
passenger loading, gross weight CG will remain within limits at any fuel quan-
tity. Refer to Tables WB-5 and WB-6 for fuel weights and moments.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
OUTBOUND FLIGHT
LONGITUDINAL LATERAL
+Oil 25 4146 0 0
+Pilot 190 8930 +22.0 +4180
+Passengers, (5 man seat) 850 99450 0 0
+Passengers, (4 man seat) 680 59160 0 0
+Baggage 180 46980 0 0
+Takeoff Fuel (320 U.S. Gallons) 2080 150.7 313456 –0.4 –811
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
RETURN FLIGHT
LONGITUDINAL LATERAL
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Windshield Wiper—
Blade and Arm (2) 1.6/0.7 ea. 34.5/876 0/0
Motor (2) 4.2/1.9 ea. 41.0/1041 0/0
+Oil 25 4146 0 0
+Pilot 190 8930 +22.0 +4180
+Takeoff Fuel (320 U.S. Gallons) 2080 150.7 313456 –0.4 –811
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
PERFORMANCE
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... PER-1
GENERAL...................................................................................... PER-1
LIMITATIONS................................................................................ PER-1
General .................................................................................. PER-1
Basis of Certification............................................................. PER-2
Type of Operation.................................................................. PER-2
Required Equipment.............................................................. PER-2
Optional Equipment .............................................................. PER-2
Flight Crew............................................................................ PER-3
Doors Opened or Removed ................................................... PER-3
Weight/CG............................................................................. PER-3
Airspeed ................................................................................ PER-6
Altitude.................................................................................. PER-8
Ambient Air Temperature ..................................................... PER-8
Height-Velocity ..................................................................... PER-8
Maneuvering.......................................................................... PER-8
Slope Landing ..................................................................... PER-10
Systems ............................................................................... PER-10
Bell 412EP Limitations ....................................................... PER-10
HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE ............................................... PER-12
General ................................................................................ PER-12
Hover Ceiling—In Ground
Effect (IGE)......................................................................... PER-12
Hover Ceiling—Out of Ground
Effect (OGE) ....................................................................... PER-14
Bell 412EP Performance ..................................................... PER-14
PERFORMANCE CHARTS ........................................................ PER-18
POWER ASSURANCE CHECK ................................................. PER-18
DENSITY ALTITUDE CHART .................................................. PER-24
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
PER-1 Weight-Altitude-Temperature
Limitations Chart ...................................................... PER-4
PER-2 Gross Weight
Center-of-Gravity Chart ............................................ PER-5
PER-3 Airspeed Limitations Placard .................................... PER-6
PER-4 Maximum Speed—Sideward and
Rearward Flight, Crosswind
and Tailwind at a Hover ............................................ PER-7
PER-5 Height–Velocity Diagram .......................................... PER-9
PER-6 PT6T-3D ITT Limitations........................................ PER-10
PER-7 PT6T-3D N1 Limitations.......................................... PER-11
PER-8 PT6T-3D Engine Oil
System Limitations .................................................. PER-11
PER-9 Hover Ceiling
IGE—Bell 412SP .................................................... PER-13
PER-10 Hover Ceiling
IGE—Bell 412HP .................................................... PER-13
PER-11 Hover Ceiling
OGE—Bell 412SP .................................................. PER-15
PER-12 Hover Ceiling
OGE—Bell 412HP .................................................. PER-15
PER-13 Hover Ceiling
OGE Comparison .................................................... PER-17
PER-14 Single-Engine
Rate-of-Climb Comparison...................................... PER-19
PER-15 Power Assurance
Check for PT6T-3B
Engine—Hover ........................................................ PER-20
PER-16 Power Assurance
Check for PT6T-3B
Engine—In-Flight .................................................... PER-21
PER-17 Power Assurance
Check for PT6T-3D
Engine—Hover ........................................................ PER-22
PER-18 Power Assurance
Check for PT6T-3D
Engine—In-Flight .................................................... PER-23
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY PER-iii
FlightSafety
International
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
PERFORMANCE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the methods the operator may use to determine the
performance capabilities of the Bell 412 for a particular operation. Some of
the pertinent limitations from the Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM) have been
included for training purposes.
The performance data presented herein are derived from the engine manu-
facturer’s specification power for the engine less installation losses. These
data are applicable to the basic helicopter without any optional equipment which
would appreciably affect lift, drag, or power available.
GENERAL
It is helpful to remember that the performance data in Section 4 of the RFM
is informational data while the limitations in Section I of the RFM require
mandatory compliance. The weight of the loaded helicopter and the result-
ing center of gravity is the variable that the pilot can control most effectively
in order to achieve the performance required for the operation. The weight
and balance of the 412 is a primary factor in many of the requirements of the
Limitations section of the RFM.
Performance charts provide the pilot with information on how the helicopter
performs, provided applicable limitations are followed and the engines are
providing proper power. Since engine performance is somewhat variable,
helicopter performance charts are based on the engine manufacturer's spec-
ification engine power.
LIMITATIONS
GENERAL
The limitations section of the RFM is specifically approved by the Federal
Aviation Administration, and it is the pilot in command's responsibility to en-
sure compliance with all limitations in the RFM.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The pilot should refer to Section 1 of the RFM during the following discussion.
BASIS OF CERTIFICATION
The Bell 412 is certified under FAR Part 29 for Transport Category Helicopters
and is approved for both Category A and Category B operations. For Category
A operations data see Section 6 (412 and SP), and Appendix A (HP and EP
Optional Equipment Supplements) of the RMD.
TYPE OF OPERATION
The helicopter is certified for flight in nonicing conditions, both day and night
VFR/ IFR.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
A list of required equipment is provided in the RFM Weight and Balance sec-
tion. These items are required for both VFR and IFR certified Bell 412s.
Additional required equipment for IFR operation is provided in Section 1,
Limitations, of the RFM.
OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT
Optional equipment supplements are provided in Section 5 (412 and SP) of
the RFM, Appendix A (HP andEP Optional Equipment Supplements) of the
RMD and are listed by a different number for each piece of equipment cov-
ered. Limitations, performance data, and weight and balance information for
optional equipment approved under a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC)
are provided by the holder of the STC.
Some optional equipment may prohibit operation of the helicopter under cer-
tain circumstances.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FLIGHT CREW
The Bell 412 is certified for single-pilot operation for both VFR and IFR.
An additional crewmember is required when internal cargo includes
flammable materials.
WEIGHT/CG
General
Numerous weight and CG limitations apply; the pilot should refer to the
RFM for additional information.
Maximum gross weight for takeoff and landing is 11,900 pounds unless oth-
erwise restricted by the weight-altitude-temperature chart or other factors.
The W-A-T chart is a good general reference chart for flight planning and can
be used to determine helicopter gross weight limits for the most critical por-
tion of a flight. Once the limiting gross weight is determined, the takeoff gross
weight can be calculated.
W-A-T chart gross weight limitations should be computed for both initial take-
off and the hottest and highest conditions expected for IGE hovering.
Conservative rather than optimistic OAT and PA values should be used to avoid
less than expected performance.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
GROSS WEIGHT
000
LIMIT
10,
MAX OAT
0
8,00
00
6,0
MIN OAT
00
4,0
00
2,0
EL
T
—F
EV
AL
DE
ITU
SE
ALT
RE
SU
10,900 LB
ES
PR
11.9
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Center-of-Gravity Limits
CG range is from station 130 to 144, depending on gross weight (Figure PER-2).
Lateral CG limits are 4.5 inches left and right of the fuselage centerline.
Loading Limitations
Passenger Loading—Outboard facing seats should not be occupied until at
least four of the forward or aft facing seats are occupied.
13000
135.1 141.4
12000
11900
11000
GROSS WEIGHT
10000
9000
8800 FORWARD LIMIT AFT LIMIT
8000
7000
6400
130.4 MINIMUM WEIGHT
6000
130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
AIRSPEED
All airspeed limitations are based on installation of the airspeed indicator,
part number 412-075-009-105.
V NE is 140 KIAS from sea level up to 3,000 feet density altitude for all gross
weights. V NE decreases with density altitude in accordance with the cockpit
placard (Figure PER-3).
An airspeed of 105 KIAS maximum with torque above 81% exists for maxi-
mum continuous power.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Climb/Descent Limitations
Maximum IFR rate of climb or descent is 1,000 feet per minute.
45°
PEDAL CRITICAL WIND AZIMUTH—
LEFT PEDAL MAY BE LIMITED
WITH DIRECTIONAL AFCS
HARDOVER. REFER TO SECTION 3
OF THE RFM.
270° 90°
105°
LONGITUDINAL CYCLIC
CRITICAL WIND AZIMUTH—
AFT CYCLIC MAY BE
LIMITED WITH LONGITUDINAL 180°
AFCS HARDOVER. 14,000 FT DENSITY ALTITUDE
LIMITED FOR IGE MANEUVERS
14,000
12,000
10,000
DENSITY ALTITUDE—FEET
WIND LIMIT
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ALTITUDE
Maximum operating altitude is 20,000 feet pressure altitude.
HEIGHT–VELOCITY
The height–velocity diagram indicates airspeed/altitude areas (shaded) from
which a safe single-engine landing to a smooth level surface cannot be as-
sured. The height–velocity diagram is only valid when weight-altitude-tem-
perature limitations are not exceeded (Figure PER-5).
NOTE
When the aircraft is in an approved configuration of
nine passengers or less, the Height–Velocity Diagram
is removed as a limitation, provided that takeoffs
and landings are limited to a maximum of 9,000 feet
density altitude or less (see BHT-412-FMS-3 1).
The height-velocity limitations are critical in the event of single engine fail-
ure during takeoff, landing, or other operation near the surface (Figure PER-
1). The AVOID area of the height velocity diagram defines the combinations
of airspeed and height above ground from which a safe single engine land-
ing on a smooth, level, firm surface cannot be assured.
MANEUVERING
Aerobatic maneuvers are prohibited.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
HEIGHT—VELOCITY DIAGRAM
FOR SMOOTH, LEVEL, FIRM SURFACES
400 120
AND ABOVE NOTE: AND ABOVE
HELICOPTER CONFIGURATION SHALL COM-
375 380 PLY WITH THE WEIGHT ALTITUDE. TEMPER- 114.3
ATURE LIMITS AS PRESENTED IN FIGURE PER-1
360 FOR HEIGHT-VELOCITY DIAGRAM TO BE 110
VALID.
340
100
320
280
260 80
240
70
220
200 60
180
160 50
140
40
120
100 30
AVOID
80
20
60
40
10
20 4.9
16
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 VNE
INDICATED AIRSPEED—KNOTS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SLOPE LANDING
Slope landings are limited to a maximum 10° side slope.
If the slope landing kit 412-704-012 is installed on the 412HP and EP, addi-
tional limitations of the supplement apply.
SYSTEMS
Section 1 of the RFM also provides limitations for operation of the electri-
cal, powerplant, transmission, rotor, fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems. The pilot
should review these limitations and the instrument panel gage markings ap-
plicable to the specific system.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE
GENERAL
The improvement in Bell 412 HP performance can best be defined by com-
parison with 412 SP performance. The following provides comparisons under
certain atmospheric conditions and is for example only. The pilot must refer
to Section 4, Performance, of the RFM for specific performance data.
If we were using the same chart and OAT of +10°C to determine the highest
altitude at which we could hover each aircraft at MGW of 11,900 pounds,
we would find that the 412 could be hovered at 1,400 feet H P while the 412
HP could be hovered at 3,500 feet H P , almost 2,000 feet higher (Example B).
Perhaps a better comparison would be the following: the pilot has to hover and
takeoff an 11,900-pound 412 from an oil platform at sea level on a +30°C day
(Example C). Even though the charts indicate that this is within the capability
of both 412SP and 412HP helicopters, the 412SP will be hovering using sig-
nificantly less than 100% transmission torque while the 412HP will be hover-
ing using significantly less than 100% mast torque. It is evident that the 412HP
will have a significant margin of power and takeoff will be much easier.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CEILING ARE BASED ON
DENSITY ALTITUDE LIMITS FOR 14,000 FT. DEN. ALT. LIMIT
0
0
DENSITY ALTITUDE LIMITS
0
,0
0
14
,0
00
0
,0
0
,0
12
WITH LESS THAN TAKEOFF
10
0
0
MAX
0
00
,0
8,
10
OAT
0
0
00
00
MAX OAT MAXIMUM GROSS
6,
8,
WEIGHT LIMIT
50 °C
0
0
00 ,00
00
6,
4
EXAMPLE A
00 T
F
30
EXAMPLE C
SE 0 FT 2,0
FT
SE RE 2, FT 500 00
EXAMPLE B
00 3 4,0
EXAMPLE B
00 UD VEL
—
EXAMPLE A
—
FE
LE
0
FE
14
L UD
LE LT 0
A
00
EXAMPLE C
VE IT
30
,0 IT
-2 L T
A
A
11.9
E
UR
SU
MAX OAT HEATER ON (21°C)
00
A
S
ES
,0
ES
-2
PR
00
PR
11.9
,0
-4
–40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
FlightSafety
OAT — °C
–40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
OAT — °C GROSS WEIGHT
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
GROSS WEIGHT
International
PER-13
Figure PER-9. Hover Ceiling IGE—Bell 412SP Figure PER-10. Hover Ceiling IGE—Bell 412HP
FlightSafety
International
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The MGW for a 412SP to hover OGE on a standard day (+15) at sea level is
11,500 pounds while the 412HP can easily hover at 11,900 pounds MGW
(Example A).
A +30°C day at sea level would further limit the 412SP to a hovering MGW
of 11,400 pounds while the 412SP can still be hovered at 11,900 pounds and
have a small power reserve available (Example B).
NOTE
Comparison figures are for Bell 412HP vs Bell 412EP.
The only published normal performance area that indicates increased per-
formance as a result of increased engine capability is Hover Ceiling—Out-
of-Ground Effect which is discussed below.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
14,000 FT. DEN. ALT. LIMIT
00
,0
10
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
°C
0
OAT
00
30 OAT
,
AREA B
AR
10
0
00
20
MAX O
EA
8,
10
0
B
0°C
0
AT
00
10°C
MAX
MAX O
8,
0
20°C
00
AREA A
6,
OAT
AT
40
30
0
00
°C
0
6,
00
4,
MAX
40
0
0
OAT
00
00
50
°C
2,
4,
TORQUE
52
LIMIT
T EXAMPLE B
.)
.L
0
FE
(S
00
AREA A
0
2,
TI 000
50
DE
EXAMBLE A
,
°C
TU
-1
ET
0
FE
AL
EXAMPLE
52
—
RE
00 DE
°C
SU
TU
ES
TI
PR
AL
EXAMPLE
,0
RE
A
-2
FlightSafety
SU
ES
PR
+15 0 10 40 10 12
20 30 50 60 8 9 11
International
PER-15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000 LB X 1000
OAT — °C
OAT — °C 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 kg X 1000
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
GROSS WEIGHT GROSS WEIGHT
Figure PER-11. Hover CeilingOGE—Bell 412SP Figure PER-12. Hover Ceiling OGE—Bell 412HP
FlightSafety
International
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Hover Ceiling—OGE
The Hover Ceiling—out-of-ground effect (OGE) shows significant im-
provement due to the PT6T-3D engines (Figure PER-13).
NOTE
Comparison figures are for Bell 412HP vs Bell 412EP.
Using the identical conditions of a 20° C day and a pressure altitude of 10,000
feet, it is evident that the Bell 412HP would be limited to an 8,100 pound gross
weight while the Bell 412EP would be capable of an 9,200 pound gross
weight. The 1,100 pound increase is due primarily to the fact that the 412HP
is limited to maximum continuous power of the engines, most likely N 1 rpm,
while the higher limits of the 412EP engines allow them to provide sufficient
power to reach the airframe limit of maximum continuous XMSN power.
14,000 FT. DEN. ALT. LIMIT 14,000 FT. DEN. ALT. LIMIT
OAT — °C
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
0
00 10
,0
OAT
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
10
00
AR
,0
EA
10
0°C
20
10°C
B
00
20°C
80
0
00
8,
00
60
TORQUE
0
00
LIMIT
6,
00
40
0
00
00
4,
20
AREA A
T.
T. 00 .L.)
-F
T.
0
AL 10 (S
00
AL
2,
.
0
FT
E
R
SU
—
CONT XMSN
5MIN XMSN
–
ES
PR
S.
ES
0
PR
FlightSafety
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
0 10 20 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
OAT — °C
OAT — °C 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
International
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.26 kg X 1000
PER-17
GROSS WEIGHT
GROSS WEIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Single-Engine Rate-of-Climb
The Single-Engine Rate-of-Climb chart shows significant improvement due
to the PT6T-3D engines ( Figure PER-14).
NOTE
Comparison figures are for Bell 412HP vs Bell 412EP.
Using identical conditions of 11,900 pounds gross weight, a 20° C day and
working from the same level flight, 0 feet/minute bottom index on both charts,
we determine that the Bell 412HP would be limited to an OEI level flight pres-
sure altitude of 3,600 feet while the Bell 412EP would be capable of an OEI
level flight pressure altitude of 4,800 feet. The 1,200 foot increase for the EP
is due primarily to the higher N 1 and ITT limits of the PT6T-3D engines.
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
The example performance charts on the following pages include conditions
listed below each chart which provide necessary data to work the sample prob-
lem shown.
Helicopter performance, provided in the "Performance" section of the RFM,
is based on the powerplant producing the engine manufacturer's specification
power. The power assurance check chart is used to ensure that each engine is
operating property and is capable of producing minimum specification power
as installed in the helicopter.
If the engines pass the power assurance check the helicopter should be ca-
pable of meeting all performance chart capabilities.
If an engine exceeds the power assurance check limits, the helicopter's per-
formance can be expected to be less than performance chart capabilities.
The power assurance check does not require the engine to produce maximum
power, but rather determines that, for the power produced during the check,
N 1 and ITT fall within limits of the manufacturer's specification engine. If
N 1 and ITT limits are not exceeded, the engine's performance can be ex-
pected to provide the power of a specification engine.
20,000 20,000
6,000 6,000
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
18,000 5,500 18,000 5,500
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
OAT
OAT 5,000 –20°C 5,000
16,000 TWIN ENGINE M.C.P. –10°C 16,000 TWIN ENGINE M.C.P.
ABSOLUTE CEILING –30°C
–20°C ABSOLUTE CEILING –40°C
–30°C 4,500 4,500
–40°C
10,000 10,000
–1
3,000 3,000
0°C 0°
8,000 2,500 8,000 2,500
C
0°C
2,000 2,000
10°
6,000 6,000
10° 20°C
C
OAT LIMIT
C
1,500 1,500
20° 30°C
4,000 4,000
C
OAT LIMIT
30° 0°C
1,000 1,000
C
4
2,000 2,000
40° C
500 500
50°C
50°
C
FlightSafety
0 0
–2,000 –1,600 –1,200 –800 –400 0 400 –2,000 –1,600 –1,200 –800 –400 0 400 800
RATE OF CLIMB — FEET/MINUTE RATE OF CLIMB — FEET/MINUTE
(–10.0) (–8.0) (–6.0) (–4.0) (–2.0) (0) (2.0) (–10.0) (–8.0) (–6.0) (–4.0) (–2.0) (0) (2.0) (4.0)
International
PER-19
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
REPEAT CHECK USING OTHER ENGINE.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
OPENS
ES
SU 0 (
40
RE SE
50
40 0
AL A L
30
3
TI EV
TU EL
20
20
10 0°C
OA 10
DE )
10
20 00
T
—
AT
–
00
40 00
–1
FE
–2
0°
60
0
ET
–3 0
0
C
–2
80
–4 0
0
10
0
00
FlightSafety
–5
–3
,00
0
0
–4
0
–5
0
International
40 50 60 70 80 MAXIMUM FOR TAKEOFF MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS
ENGINE TORQUE — PERCENT (INDICATED)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
THROTTLES:
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
TEST ENGINE—FULL OPEN, FRICTIONED ENTER CHART AT INDICATED ENGINE TORQUE, MOVE IF EITHER ENGINE EXCEEDS ALLOWABLE ITT OR N1
UP TO INTERSECT PRESSURE ALTITUDE, PROCEED RPM AFTER STABILIZING FOUR MINUTES,
OTHER ENGINE—DECREASE SLOWLY UNTIL TEST TO THE RIGHT TO INTERSECT OUTSIDE AIR PUBLISHED PERFORMANCE MAY NOT BE
ENGINE TORQUE IS WITHIN TEST RANGE. DO NOT TEMPERATURE, THEN MOVE UP TO READ VALUES ACHIEVABLE. CAUSE SHOULD BE DETERMINED AS
EXCEED 810°C ITT OR 100.8% N1 RPM. FOR MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ITT AND GAS PRODUC- SOON AS PRACTICAL.
ER (N1).
ENGINE—97% RPM (N2). MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ITT — °C MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NI RPM — PERCENT
500 550 600 650 700 750 782° 800 85 90 95 98.9%100 105
BLEED VALVE
OPENS
BLEED
PR
ES
VALVE
SU 0
OPENS
R (SE 20 00
40
E A
50
AL L
30
40
TI EV
30
TU E
20
OA 0
20
D )
10 °C
E
10
T0
AT
–
0
—
L
0
40
1
–2 0
FE
0°
–3 0
60
0
–1
C
E
–2
–4 0
T
00
0
80
–5
–3
00
10
0
,0
FlightSafety
–4
00
0
–5
0
International
PER-21
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MODEL 412
POWER ASSURANCE CHECK — HOVER
PT6T-3D ENGINE
CONDITIONS: PA—O FT
TORQUE—63% OAT—10°C
40
E EA
0
AL L
30
TI EV
TU EL
20
DE )
10
20 00
O
—
AT
00
40
–1
FE
0°
60
0
E
–2
T
00
80
0
00
10
–3
,00
0
–4
0
0
–5
0
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MODEL 412
POWER ASSURANCE CHECK — IN-FLIGHT
PT6T-3D ENGINE
CONDITIONS: PA—O FT
TORQUE—63% OAT—10°C
ESTABLISH LEVEL FLIGHT ABOVE 1,000 FEET ENTER CHART AT INDICATED ENGINE TORQUE,
AGL. MOVE UP TO INTERSECT PRESSURE ALTITUDE,
PROCEED TO THE RIGHT TO INTERSECT
AIRSPEED—100 KIAS (OR VNE, IF LESS). OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE, THEN MOVE UP TO
READ VALUES FOR MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ITT.
HEATER/ECU—OFF.
IF INDICATED ITT EXCEEDS MAX ALLOWABLE,
THROTTLES: REPEAT CHECK STABILIZING POWER FOUR
TEST ENGINE—FULL OPEN, FRICTIONED. MINUTES.
40
RE SE
AL L
30
TI EV
A
TU EL
20
DE )
10
20 00
O
—
AT
00
40
–1
FE
0°
60
0
ET
–2
0
80
0
00
10
–3
,00
0
–4
0
0
–5
0
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
If either engine does not meet the requirements of the hover or the in-flight
power assurance check, published performance may not be achievable. The
cause of engine power loss, or excessive ITT should be determined as soon
as practical. Refer to Engine Maintenance Manual.
Two power assurance charts are provided in the RFM. One, titled "Power
Assurance Check (Hover)," may be used with the helicopter in a hover or rest-
ing lightly on the ground. The other, titled "Power Assurance Check (In-
Flight)," may be used during cruise flight. The hover check is generally
preferred since more stable engine performance can be achieved. Whichever
check is used, it should be performed daily and whenever unusual operating
conditions or engine indications arise.
The engine being checked must be operating at a torque setting that results
in a high enough N 1 rpm to ensure that the compressor air bleed valve is closed.
As a general rule 50 % or higher torque on the engine being checked provides
proper results.
If either engine does not meet the requirements of the hover or the in-flight
power assurance check, published performance may not be achievable. The
cause of engine power loss, excessive ITT, or excessive GAS PROD N 1 should
be determined as soon as practical. Corrective Maintenance action should be
taken.
If either engine exceeds the maximum N 1 or ITT values of the charts, pub-
lished performance capability may not be achieved, and corrective mainte-
nance action should be taken.
The pilot can determine PA from his altimeter by setting 29.92 inches Hg in the
Kollsman window. Ambient temperature/OAT is available from the cockpit OAT
gage. The PA lines in the body of the chart are identified by the pressure alti-
tude numbers above the lines. The heavy black diagonal line is for standard day.
A Density Altitude Chart (Figure PER-19) is provided to aid in calculation
of performance and limitations. Density altitude is an expression of the
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
38
8) 1.80
,66 EXAMPLE: IF AMBIENT TEMP. IS –15°C 1
(11.0) 36 10
00( 1.78
AND PRESSURE ALT. IS 6,000 FEET, ⋅σ
35,0 1.76
34 THE DENSITY ALT IS 4,000 FEET
1.74 AND 1 IS 1.06.
(10.0) 1.72
32 ⋅σ 1.70
1.68
.0) 1.66
30 44 1.64
(9.0)
0 (91 1.62
1.60
,00 1.58
28 30 1.56
.0) 1.54
(8.0) 20 .)
26 ( 76 (m 1.52
,0 00 FT 1.50
25 — 1.48
24 DE
DENSITY ALTITUDE FT. (m) X 1000
1.46
ITU
(7.0) A LT 1.44
) RE 1.42
22 96.0 SU 1.40
60 ES
00( PR 1.38
(6.0) 20 2 0,0 1.36
1.34
18 1.32
.0) 1.30
(5.0) 72
16 45 1.28
0(
,00 1.26
15 1.24
14
(4.0) 1.22
12 .0) 1.20
48
( 30 1.18
10 ,000 1.16
(3.0) 10 00
6,0 1.14
8 1.12
7,500 FT 1.115
.0) 1.10
(2.0) 24
6 15
0 0( 1.08
4,000 FT 4 5,0
1.06
(1.0) EL)
V 1.04
2 A LE
(0.5) 1.02
(SE
0 1.00
4 .0) 0.98
52
(–0.5) –2 (–1
,0 00 0.96
(–1.0) –4 –5
–70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
15°
TEMPERATURE — °C
CONDITIONS:
OAT — 15°C
PA — 6,000 FT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
density of the air in terms of height above sea level; hence, the less dense the
air, the higher the density altitude. For standard conditions of temperature and
pressure, density altitude is the same as pressure altitude. As temperature in-
creases above standard for any altitude, the density altitude will also increase
to values higher than pressure altitude. The chart expresses density altitude
as a function of pressure altitude and temperature.
The chart also includes the inverse of the square root of the density ratio (1/√σ),
which is used to calculate KTAS by the relation:
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
From this point, move horizontally to the left and read a density al-
titude of 4,000 feet and move horizontally to the right and read 1/√σ
equals 1.06.
While not specifically stated in the RFM, winds in excess of those shown in
RFM Figure 1-3 should be avoided to preclude loss of tail rotor effectiveness
or insufficient aft cyclic control.
During all hovering operations, every attempt should be made to hover the
helicopter into the wind whenever possible.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
0°
30° NOTE:
b. Reduction of available
left pedal control with a
directional AFCS
hardover.
see note 2. Longitudinal cyclic
2 critical wind azimuth—aft
cyclic may be limited with
180°
45°
see note
1
270° 90°
105°
see note
2
180°
IGE CRITICAL RELATIVE WIND AZIMUTH
BH 412, SP, HP, AND EP
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The Hover Ceiling In Ground Effect (IGE) charts (Figure PER-21) provide
the maximum allowable gross weights for hovering IGE at all pressure alti-
tude and outside air temperature conditions with heater on or off. Conversely,
the hover ceiling altitude can be determined for any given gross weight.
The IGE hover charts are based on both engines operating, generators loaded
to 150 amperes each, heater on or off, and a 4-foot skid height. Adequate cyclic
and tail rotor pedal flight control margins exist for winds up to 20 knots from
any direction. Gross weight calculated from the continuous power chart is con-
siderably below that of the takeoff power chart.
The charts can also be worked in reverse to determine the IGE hovering alti-
tude for a given helicopter gross weight.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412
HOVER CEILING
IN GROUND EFFECT
MAX OAT
12
TAKEOFF POWER.
00
,0
10
MAXIMUM GROSS
WEIGHT LIMIT
0
00
8,
0
00
6,
0
00
4,
0
00
2,
VEL
—
LE
FE
A
00 UD
SE
T
-2 LTI
A
,0
RE
11.6
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—SP
HOVER CEILING
IN GROUND EFFECT
MAXIMUM GROSS
WEIGHT LIMIT
0
00
8,
0
00
MAX OAT
6,
50 °C
0
00
4,
0
00
2,
00 TUD VEL
—
LE
FE
A
SE
-2 LTI
A
,0
RE
11.9
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—HP/EP
HOVER CEILING
IN GROUND EFFECT
MAX
0
,0
10
OAT
0
00
MAXIMUM GROSS
8,
WEIGHT LIMIT
0
00
6,
0
00
4,
—
FE
L UD
LE LT 0
00
VE IT
SE RE 2,
A
11.9
SU
00
A
ES
,0
-2
PR
0 0
,0
-4
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION
OGE hover operation may result in violation of
height–velocity limitations.
Some of the OGE hover ceiling charts are divided into two areas as follows:
NOTE
Tail rotor or cyclic control margin may preclude op-
eration in AREA B of the hover ceiling charts when
the relative wind is in the respective critical wind az-
imuth area.
Area A calculations provide gross weights where adequate cyclic and tail rotor
pedal flight control margins exist for relative winds up to 35 knots from any
direction at or below 3,000 feet HD. Area B calculations provide higher gross
weights which can be realized in calm winds or winds outside the critical rel-
ative wind azimuth areas (Figure PER-22).
If a wind in excess of those shown in RFM Figure 1-3 during OGE hover is
from a critical azimuth, cyclic or tail rotor flight control margins may be lim-
ited and may preclude safe OGE hovering operations.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412
HOVER CEILING
OUT OF GROUND EFFECT
TAKEOFF POWER SKID HEIGHT 60 FEET
ENGINE RPM 100% (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA) 0° TO 52°C
OAT °C
AREA B 30
0
00
20
MAX O
8,
10
0
AT
MAX
0
00
AREA A
6,
OAT
40
0
00
4,
0
00
50
2,
TORQUE
52
LIMIT
T
.)
.L
E
FE
(S
0
—
TI 00
DE
AL -1,0
TU
RE
SU
ES
PR
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
10,800
OAT — °C
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
GROSS WEIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—SP
HOVER CEILING
OUT OF GROUND EFFECT
TAKEOFF POWER SKID HEIGHT 60 FEET
ENG — 100% RPM (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA) 0° TO 52°C
OAT °C
AREA B 30
0
00
20
MAX O
8,
10
0
AT
MAX
0
00
AREA A
6,
OAT
40
0
00
4,
0
00
50
2,
TORQUE
52
LIMIT
T
.)
.L
E
FE
(S
0
—
TI 00
DE
AL -1,0
TU
RE
SU
ES
PR
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
11,200
OAT — °C
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
GROSS WEIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—SP
HOVER CEILING
OUT OF GROUND EFFECT
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER SKID HEIGHT 60 FEET
ENG — 100% RPM (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA) 0° TO 52°C
OAT—°C
0
,0
10
10
0
AREA B
20
0
00
8,
MAX O
MAX O
30
0
00
AT
AT
6,
40
AREA A
0
00
TORQUE
4,
LIMIT
0
00
2,
50
.)
ET
,0 (S.L
52
FE
0
—
00
DE
-1
TU
TI
AL
RE
SU
ES
PR
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
9,600
KG X 1000
OAT — °C
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.26
GROSS WEIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—EP
HOVER CEILING
OUT OF GROUND EFFECT
OAT
,0
10
AR
EA
0°C
10°C
0
B
00
20°C
8,
0
00
MAX O
MAX
6,
30
OAT
°C
AT
0
00
40
4,
°C
0
00
2,
AREA A
50°
C
52°
0
.
FT
C
E-
D
TU
TI
AL
00
E
,0
R
-2
SU
ES
PR
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 9 10 11 12 LB X 1000
11,200
OAT — °C
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 KG X 1000
GROSS WEIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
Downwind takeoffs are not recommended because the
published takeoff distance performance cannot be
achieved.
Two takeoff distance charts are provided: one for over a 50-foot obstacle and
the other for over a 15-meter obstacle. These charts allow the pilot to calcu-
late the distance required to clear a 50-foot obstacle during a takeoff flight
path from a 4-foot hover using hover power plus 15 % torque. The chart is
based on a zero wind condition, 45-KIAS takeoff climbout speed (V TOCS ),
and a flight path which avoids the critical areas of the height-velocity dia-
gram. Takeoff distance performance cannot be achieved if the takeoff is
downwind (Figure PER-23).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412
TAKEOFF DISTANCE
OVER 50 FOOT OBSTACLE
HOVER POWER + 15% TORQUE INITIATED FROM 4 FT SKID HEIGHT
ENGINE RPM 100% (N2) VTOCS = 45 KIAS
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA) HEATER ON OR OFF
MAXIMUM
12,
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
000
10,
MAX
00
8,0
OAT
7,000
8,000
00
9,000
6,0
00
MIN
10,0
OAT
00
4,0
00
,0
11
LB
00
—
,6
HT
11
00
G
EI
2,0
FT.
W
SS
RO
—
G
ALT S.L.
DE
ITU
RE
SU
ES
0 00
PR
–2,
MAX OAT
HEATER ON
(21°C)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
12,
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
0
,00
10
00
MAX
8,0
OAT
7,000
8,000
00
9,000
6,0
00
MIN
10,0
00
OAT
4,0
00
,0
lb
11
00
—
00
00 HT
2,0
,6
9
1, EI
G
11
1 W
FT.
SS
.
RO
—
S.L
G
DE
ITU
ALT
RE
SU
00
–2,0
ES
MAX OAT
PR
HEATER ON
(21°C)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
0
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
0
3000
300
3500
0
250
4000
0
200
OAT
450
0
150
00
50
0
100
53 262
kg
98
—
5
T
500
GH
m
EI
—
W
S
DE
.
OS
S.L
ITU
GR
ALT
RE
SU
0
ES
–50
MAX OAT
PR
HEATER ON
(21°C)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
12,
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
0
,00
10
MAX
00
OAT
8,0
7,000
8,000
00
9,000
6,0
00
MIN
10,0
00
OAT
4,0
00
,0
lb
11
00
—
HT
0
0
2,0
0 IG
,9
,6
E
11
11
W
FT.
SS
RO
—
.
G
S.L
DE
ITU
ALT
RE
00
SU
–2,0
ES
MAX OAT
PR
HEATER ON
(21°C)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
350
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
0
3000
300
3500
0
250
4000
0
200
OAT
0
150
00
50
0
100
53 262
kg
98
—
5
HT
500
G
m
EI
—
W
S
DE
OS
.
S.L
ITU
GR
ALT
RE
SU
0
ES
–50
MAX OAT
PR
HEATER ON
(21°C)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
12,
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
0
,00
10
MAX
00
OAT
8,0
7,000
00
8,000
9,000
6,0
MIN
00
00
10,0
OAT
4,0
00
,0
lb
00
11
—
00
00 HT
2,0
9
,6
FT.
G
1, EI
11
1 W
—
SS
DE
RO
.
S.L
G
ITU
ALT
RE
SU
ES
00
PR
–2,0
MAX OAT
HEATER ON
(21°C)
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
930 FT
OAT — °C TAKEOFF DISTANCE—FT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MAXIMUM
GROSS WEIGHT
FOR TAKEOFF
3000
0
300
3500
0
250
4000
0
200
MIN
MAX OAT
0
OAT
450
0
150
00
50
0
100
53 262
kg
—
98
5
HT
500
E IG
m
W
—
SS
DE
O
.
S.L
GR
ITU
AL T
RE
SU
0
–50
ES
MAX OAT
PR
HEATER ON
(21°C)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
All rate of climb data are based on changes in true
altitude (pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard
temperature).
The twin-engine rate-of-climb charts allow the pilot to determine the heli-
copter's rate of climb. The charts differ by gross weight, if the heater is on or
off, and if takeoff power or maximum continuous power is used. All charts
are based on both engines operating at 100% N 2 , generators loaded to 150 am-
peres each, and 70 KIAS with the doors on and closed. The chart headings
also include airspeed and ROC adjustment for climb with the helicopter's doors
open or removed.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412
TWIN ENGINE RATE OF CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4,536 kg)
20,000
6000
18,000 5500
OAT
–10°C 5000
16,000 –20°C
–30°C
–40°C 4500
4000
12,000
3500
0°
C
10,000 3000
10
°C
8,000 2500
20
°C
6,000
°C
1500
40
4,000
°C
1000
2,000
500
50
°C
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—SP
TWIN ENGINE RATE OF CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4,536 kg)
TAKEOFF POWER 70 KIAS
ENG – 100% RPM (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA)
18,000 5500
OAT
–10°C 5000
16,000 –20°C
–30°C
–40°C 4500
4000
12,000
3500
0°
C
10,000 3000
10
°C
8,000 2500
20
°C
6,000
°C
1500
40
4,000
°C
1000
2,000
500
50
°C
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—HP
TWIN ENGINE RATE OF CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4,536 kg)
TAKEOFF POWER 70 KIAS
ENGINE RPM 100% (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA)
20,000
NOTE:
6000
DECREASE CHART VALUES
300 FT/MIN.
18,000 5500
OAT
5000
16,000
-30°C 4500
-20°C
4000
-40°C
12,000
-10°C 3500
0°
10,000
C
3000
10
°C
OAT 2500
8,000 LIMIT
20
°C
2000
6,000
30
°C
1500
4,000
1000
40
°C
2,000
500
50
°C
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412
TWIN ENGINE RATE OF CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4,536 kg)
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER 70 KIAS
ENGINE RPM 100% (N2) HEATER ON
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA)
20,000
6000
18,000 5500
OAT
–20°C
–30°C 5000
16,000 –40°C
–1
0°C 4500
C
4000
10
12,000 °C
3500
20
°C
10,000 3000
8,000 2500
2000
6,000
1500
4,000
1000
2,000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—SP
TWIN ENGINE RATE OF CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4,536 kg)
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER 70 KIAS
ENG—100% RPM (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA)
20,000
6000
18,000 5500
OAT
–40°C 5000
16,000
–30°C
–20°C
4500
0°C 4000
12,000
10 3500
°C
10,000 20 3000
°C
8,000 2500
30
°C
2000
6,000
1500
40
°C
4,000
OAT LIMIT 1000
2,000
500
50
°C
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—HP
TWIN ENGINE RATE OF CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 11,000 LB (4,990 kg)
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER 70 KIAS
ENG INE RPM 100% (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA)
OAT
–40°C
5000
16,000
–30°C
–20°C
4500
14,000 0°
C
4000
0°C
12,000
3500
10
°C
10,000 3000
20
°C
8,000 2500
30
°C
2000
6,000
40
1500
°C
4,000
OAT LIMIT
1000
2,000
500
50
°C
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
RATE OF CLIMB — FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
20,000
6000
NOTE: DECREASE CHART
VALUES 300 FT/MIN
18,000 5500
OAT
5000
16,000
-30°C 4500
-20°C
4000
-40°C
12,000
-10°C 3500
0°
10,000
C
3000
10
CONT
OAT
°C
8,000 2500
LIMIT
20
XMSN
°C
2000
6,000
30
1500
°C
5 MIN
4,000
1000
XMSN
40
2,000
°C
500
50°
C
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
(0) (2.0) (4.0) (6.0) (8.0) (10.0) (12.0) (14.0) (16.0)
RATE OF CLIMB – (METERS/SECOND)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOTE
Published single engine performance is intended for
emergency use only when one engine becomes in-
operative due to an actual malfunction. Routine op-
eration in excess of published twin engine operating
limits can affect engine service life.
The charts differ depending on gross weight and if 30-minute OEI power or
maximum continuous power is used. All charts are based on doors on and
closed, one engine operating at 97 % N 2 , its generator loaded to 150 amperes,
the other engine secured, the heater off, and 70 KIAS. The chart headings also
include airspeed and ROC adjustments for climb with the helicopter's doors
open or removed.
Since a zero rate of climb is the same as level flight, the single-engine rate-
of-climb charts can be used to determine the pressure altitude and/or maxi-
mum gross weight that can be maintained in level flight if an engine fails. This
calculation can be very important if operating in high, mountainous terrain.
The calculation to determine the PA that can be maintained in level flight re-
quires an estimate of the OAT and then working the appropriate chart in reverse.
To determine the MGW that can be maintained at a given PA again requires an
estimate of the OAT at that altitude and the checking of several charts.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412/SP
SINGLE-ENGINE RATE-OF-CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4536 KG)
30 MINUTE OEI POWER 70 KIAS
ENG – 97% RPM (N2) HEATER OFF
GENERATOR 150 AMPS (EA) INOPERATIVE ENGINE SECURED
4500
4000
12,000
3500
10,000 3000
-10
°C
2500
8,000
0°C
OAT LIMIT
10°
2000
C
6,000
20°
1500
C
30°
4,000
C
1000
40°
2,000
C
500
50
°C
0
-2000 -1600 -1200 -800 -400 0 400 800 1200
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
(-10.0) (-8.0) (-6.0) (-4.0) (-2.0) (0) (2.0) (4.0) (6.0)
RATE OF CLIMB – (METERS/SECOND)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—HP
SINGLE-ENGINE RATE-OF-CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 11,000 LB (4990 KG)
18,000 5500
5000
16,000
4500
14,000
PRESSURE ALTITUDE—METERS
4000
PRESSURE ALTITUDE—FEET
12,000
3500
10,000 3000
2500
8000
2000
6000
1500
4000
1000
2000
500
0
–2000 –1600 –1200 –800 –400 0 400
RATE-OF-CLIMB—FEET/MINUTE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412—EP
SINGLE-ENGINE RATE-OF-CLIMB
GROSS WEIGHT 10,000 LB (4536 KG)
4500
4000
12,000
3500
10,000 3000
-10
°C °C
2500
8,000
0
OAT LIMIT
10° 20°C
2000
C
6,000
1500
30°
4,000
C
1000
40°
2,000
C
500
50
°C
0
-2000 -1600 -1200 -800 -400 0 400 800 1200
RATE OF CLIMB – FEET/MINUTE
(-10.0) (-8.0) (-6.0) (-4.0) (-2.0) (0) (2.0) (4.0) (6.0)
RATE OF CLIMB – (METERS/SECOND)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
LANDING DISTANCE
The Single Engine Landing Distance chart (Figure PER-26) provides the
landing distance required to clear a 50-foot (15-meter) obstacle for all out-
side air temperatures, pressure altitudes, and gross weights. Landing distances
are based on an approach condition of 45 KIAS and 500 feet per minute rate
of descent, zero wind.
ALL MODELS
SINGLE ENGINE LANDING DISTANCE
OVER 50 FT. (15 M) OBSTACLE
21/2 MINUTE OEI 45 KIAS
POWER AS REQUIRED RATE OF DESCENT 500 FT/M
ENGINE RPM 97% HARD SURFACED RUNWAY
GENERATOR 150 AMPS INOPERATIVE ENGINE SECURED
MAX. OAT
0 00
10,
00
8,0
00
MIN.
OAT
6,0
00
4,0
00
LANDING DISTANCE
2,0
DE
LEV
ITU
SEA
ALT
RE
0
PR -2,00
SU
ES
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
140
LEVEL FLIGHT
CALIBRATED AIRSPEED — KNOTS
120
100
AUTOROTATION
80
CLIMB
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
INDICATED AIRSPEED — KNOTS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Helicopter flight produces three forms of drag: profile drag associated with
rotation of the rotor systems through the air, induced drag which occurs when
the rotor system produces lift, and parasite drag that develops when the non-
lift producing parts of the helicopter are moved through the air. Each form of
drag requires a corresponding form of power to overcome the drag effects
(Figure PER-28).
Profile power overcomes profile drag and remains fairly constant through-
out the helicopter flight envelope.
Induced power required is very high during hovering, when the rotor must pro-
duce all its own lift, and increases very slightly just before the helicopter enters
translational lift. After translational lift, the induced airflow through the rotor
as a result of forward airspeed reduces the need for induced power significantly.
The helicopter’s most efficient airspeed is that at which the sum total of all
three types of power is the lowest.
100%
90%
70%
P 60%
O PARASITE POWER
W 50%
E
R 40%
30%
20%
10%
PROFILE POWER
AIRSPEED
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NOISE LEVELS
CERTIFICATION
This aircraft is certified as a Stage 2 helicopter as prescribed in FAR Part
36, Subpart H, for gross weights up to and including the certificated maxi-
mum takeoff and landing weight of 11,900 pounds (5,398 kilograms). There
are no operating limitations in meeting the takeoff, flyover, or approach
noise requirements.
The following noise levels comply with FAR Part 36, Appendix H, Stage 2 noise
level requirements. They were obtained by analysis of approved data from
noise tests conducted under the provisions of FAR Part 36, Amendment 36-14.
NOTE
No determination has been made by the Federal
Aviation Administration that the noise levels of this
aircraft are or should be acceptable or unacceptable
for operation at, into, or out of any airport.
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
The test and analysis procedures used to obtain these noise levels are es-
sentially equivalent to those required by the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) in Annex 16, Volume 1, Chapter 8. Approval is ap-
plicable only after endorsement by the Civil Aviation Authority of the coun-
try of aircraft registration.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CATEGORY A OPERATIONS
Most Bell 412s are operated under FAR Part 29 Category B operations, and
the majority of the RFM limitations and performance charts are based on
Category B.
• The helicopter is operating under a FAR Part 133, 135, or 127 certificate.
• The party owning, operating, or hiring the helicopter requires that the
flight should be conducted under Category A.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
4,000
20
°C
MA
25
°C
XO
30
°C
3,000
AT
PRESSURE ALTITUDE~FEET
35
°C
40
°C
2,000
45
°C
1,000
0
50
51
°C
.7
M
°C
A
X
O
AT
–1,000
74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 ~ lb X 100
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 ~ kg X 100
8020 LB
GROSS WEIGHT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
20
Δ TORQUE—%Q
2
10
1
0 0
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
TRUE AIRSPEED—KNOTS
90 8
XMSN LIM
CLEAN CONFIGURATION
80
70 7
FUEL FLOW—100 LB/HR
60 —
GW
12
TORQUE—%Q
LRC
50 6 11
10
9
40 8
5 7
30
MAX END
VNE
20 4
10
3
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
TRUE AIRSPEED—KNOTS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYLLABUS/CURRICULUM
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... SYL-1
GENERAL INFORMATION.......................................................... SYL-1
PROGRAMMED TRAINING HOURS.......................................... SYL-1
GROUND SCHOOL MODULES................................................... SYL-2
GENERAL OPERATIONAL
SUBJECTS MODULES.................................................................. SYL-2
Module 1—Weight and Balance........................................... SYL-2
Module 2—Performance ...................................................... SYL-2
Module 3—Flight Planning .................................................. SYL-2
Module 4—Rotorcraft
Flight Manual (RFM) ............................................................ SYL-2
Module 5—Windshear.......................................................... SYL-2
Module 6—Crew Resource
Management (CRM) .............................................................. SYL-2
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS MODULES.............................................. SYL-3
Module 1—Aircraft General................................................. SYL-3
Module 2—Powerplant ......................................................... SLY-3
Module 3—Air Management................................................ SYL-3
Module 4—Fire Protection ................................................... SYL-3
Module 5—Fuel System ....................................................... SYL-3
Module 6—Electrical System............................................... SYL-3
Module 7—Lighting ............................................................. SYL-3
Module 8—Master Warning System .................................... SYL-3
Module 9—Powertrain ......................................................... SYL-4
Module 10—Main Rotor ....................................................... SYL-4
Module 11—Tail Rotor.......................................................... SYL-4
Module 12—Flight Controls/AFCS ...................................... SYL-4
Module 13—Hydraulic .......................................................... SYL-4
Module 14—Ice and Rain Protection .................................... SYL-4
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYLLABUS/CURRICULUM
INTRODUCTION
This syllabus has been prepared to serve as a general outline to assist you while
you attend this course. Normally it serves as a guide for the instructor, but
deviations will occur. Occasionally changes must be made due to unforeseen
circumstances to accommodate training in the most effective manner. If some
items are not covered where or when indicated, they will be covered at a dif-
ferent time.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The pilot recurrent training consists of the following:
NON-
PART 142 PART 142
• Preflight................................................................................................ 1.0
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
GENERAL OPERATIONAL
SUBJECTS MODULES
MODULE 1—WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Module 1 is a thorough review regarding the center of gravity (CG). Items
to be covered will include weight and balance limits, data, and cockpit and
cabin loading.
MODULE 2—PERFORMANCE
Module 2 is a review of Section 4 of the Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM), with
emphasis on power assurance checks, hover power charts, takeoff and OEI land-
ing distance charts, and twin engine and single engine rate-of-climb charts.
MODULE 5—WINDSHEAR
Module 5 will review windshear with a low level temperature inversion in a
frontal zone associated with thunderstorms and microbursts.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
automation, decision making and judgement errors, and effects of and cop-
ing with stress.
MODULE 2—POWERPLANT
Module 2 will be a review of the Pratt and Whitney PT6T Twinpac engine sys-
tems, their operation, associated malfunctions and malfunction procedures.
MODULE 7—LIGHTING
Module 7 will be a review of the aircraft interior and exterior lighting.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MODULE 9—POWERTRAIN
Module 9 will be a review of the powertrain components, main driveshaft,
main transmission, main transmission lubrication system, main transmis-
sion subsystems, tail rotor drive system, and tail rotor malfunctions.
MODULE 13—HYDRAULICS
Module 13 will be a review of the Bell 412 hydraulic systems to include the
hydraulic system components, operations, and malfunctions.
MODULE 15—ENVIRONMENTAL
Module 15 will be a review of the environmental systems, cockpit and cabin
heating system, and cockpit ventilation system.
MODULE 16—AVIONICS
Module 16 will be a review of the function and operation of the general
avionics system in the Bell 412 helicopter. The King Gold Crown series
equipment will be discussed.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
MODULE 18—PREFLIGHT
Module 18 will be a pilot walkaround and interior check of the Bell 412 uti-
lizing the preflight check in the Rotorcraft Flight Manual.
MODULE 19—REVIEW
During Module 19, the pilot will successfully complete a multiple choice ex-
amination for which a minimum score of 70% is required for Non-Part 142
and 80% for Part 142 requirements. Each incorrect response will be critiqued.
As a pilot’s proficiency and job requirements vary, each pilot will be trained
in the environment most closely approximating his/her flying requirements
(i.e. VFR, VFR/IFR, offshore, EMS, military, air taxi, corporate, etc.).
1. Preparation
a. Preflight
b. Performance Limitations
2. Surface Operations
a. Powerplant Start
b. Pretakeoff Checks
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
3. Takeoff
a. Hover Taxi
b. Air Taxi
4. Climb
a. Normal
b. Traffic Patterns
5. Landings
a. Parking
1. Flight Controls
5. Engine System
2. Pinnacle/Platform Operation
3. Rapid Deceleration
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
1. Takeoff
a. Instrument Takeoff
2. Enroute
b. Steep Turns
3. Approaches
c. Nonprecision Approach
d. Missed Approach
f. Steep Approach
4. Landings
a. Go Around
a. Holding
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
6. Powerplant
7. Fuel System
8. Electrical
9. Hydraulics
2. Transmission
3. Tail Rotor
4. Fuel System
1. Preflight Procedures
2. Ground Operations
4. Inflight Maneuvers
5. Instrument Procedures
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
8. Emergency Procedures
9. Postflight Procedures
COMPLETION STANDARDS
The pilot must demonstrate satisfactory performance through behavioral
checks and examinations in the classroom and in the simulator to insure skill
requirements have been demonstrated to maintain pilot-in-command status.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
MWS-1 Annunciators—SNs 33001–33107 .......................... MWS-8
MWS-2 Annunciators—SNs 33108 and Subsequent ............ MWS-9
MWS-3 Annunciators—SNs 36087 and Subsequent ............ MWS-9
TABLES
Table Title Page
MWS-1 Caution Panel Caution/Warning Lights .................... MWS-2
MWS-2 Additional Caution/Warning Lights ........................ MWS-6
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
GENERAL
The caution/warning system includes: the caution panel, other caution/warn-
ing lights for associated systems, the two MASTER CAUTION lights, cau-
tion panel system switches, and associated electrical supply systems. Warning
lights pertaining to systems that require the pilot’s immediate attention have
black letters on a red background (red letters on a black background on SNs
33108 and subsequent). Caution lights pertaining to systems that require
other than immediate attention have amber letters on a black background.
CAUTION PANEL
The caution panel is located on the engine instrument panel. For Bell 412 SNs
33001 through 33107, the panel contains 40 individual monitoring/detecting
systems and lights, all of which are functional. The caution panel for Bell SNs
33108 through 36086 contains 54 lights of which 43 are functional, and Bell
SNs 36087 and Subsequent contains 54 lights, of which 47 are functional.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NO. 1 FUEL SP, HP, EP Fuel transfer pump has failed, flow
TRANS switch or ejector pump malfunc-
tioned. Prior to BH 412 SN 33168
NO. 2 FUEL or fuel has leaked back into mid
TRANS underfloor cell after completion of
fuel transfer.
FUEL VALVE 107 Fuel valve not properly seated or
circuit breaker out.
FUEL
VALVE SP, HP, EP Fuel valve not properly seated or
circuit breaker out.
FUEL XFEED
107 Fuel crossfeed valve not fully open
or closed.
FUEL
XFEED
SP, SH, EP Fuel crossfeed valve not fully open
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
CAUTION/
WARNING MODEL CAUSE FOR ILLUMINATION
LIGHT
GEN OVHT 107 Generator overheating.
INVERTER 2
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ENG 2 OUT
FIRE 2 PULL
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
TEST RESET
OIL PART SEP E E PART SEP OIL
PRESSURE OFF PNL BRT OFF PRESSURE
N N
GOV
ENGINE
CHIP
GOV
MANUAL
G G MANUAL
ENGINE
CHIP
FUEL DC
1 LT
+
DIM 2 DC FUEL
VALVE GENERATOR GENERATOR VALVE
RESET
OIL PART SEP E TEST E PART SEP OIL
PRESSURE OFF OFF PRESSURE
N PNL BRT N
GOV
ENGINE
CHIP
GOV
MANUAL
G G MANUAL
ENGINE
CHIP
FUEL DC
1 LT DIM 2 DC FUEL
VALVE GENERATOR GENERATOR VALVE
NO. 1 FUEL NO. 1 AUTO C'BOX OIL XMSN OIL NO. 1 AUTO NO. 2 FUEL
TRANS PILOT PRESSURE PRESSURE PILOT TRANS
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYSTEMS REVIEW
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. SR-1
HELICOPTER DESCRIPTION........................................................ SR-1
Principal Dimensions ............................................................... SR-1
Location References................................................................. SR-1
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT......................................................... SR-5
Crew Compartment .................................................................. SR-5
Passenger/Cargo Compartment................................................ SR-5
Baggage Compartment............................................................. SR-6
INSTRUMENT PANEL AND CONSOLES..................................... SR-7
ROTOR SYSTEMS ........................................................................... SR-7
Main Rotor ............................................................................... SR-7
Tail Rotor ................................................................................. SR-7
TRANSMISSION.............................................................................. SR-8
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS................................................................. SR-9
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM ........................................................ SR-9
FORCE TRIM SYSTEM ................................................................ SR-10
Force Trim Controls............................................................... SR-10
PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM ............................................................... SR-10
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS ................................................................ SR-11
Heating Systems..................................................................... SR-11
Ventilating Systems ............................................................... SR-11
Lighting Systems ................................................................... SR-11
Windshield Wipers................................................................. SR-12
Intercommunications Systems ............................................... SR-12
Rotor Brake............................................................................ SR-12
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT ........................................................ SR-13
Fire Detection System............................................................ SR-13
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
SR-1 Principal Dimensions ....................................................... SR-2
SR-2 Transmission Oil System Schematic ............................. SR-8
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYSTEMS REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
The helicopter, its primary and auxiliary systems, and emergency equipment
are described within this section.
HELICOPTER DESCRIPTION
The Bell Helicopter Textron Model 412 is a twin-engine, fifteen-place heli-
copter with a single four-bladed main rotor system and a tail rotor to provide
directional control.
PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS
Principal exterior dimensions are shown in Figure SR-1. All height dimen-
sions must be considered approximate due to variations in loading and alight-
ing gear deflection.
LOCATION REFERENCES
Locations on and within the helicopter can be determined in relation to fuse-
lage stations, waterlines, and buttock lines, measured in inches from known
reference points.
Fuselage Stations
Fuselage stations (FS or sta.) are vertical planes perpendicular to, and mea-
sured along, the longitudinal axis of the helicopter. Station zero is the ref-
erence datum plane and is 20 inches (508 millimeters) aft of the nose of
the helicopter.
Waterlines
Waterlines (WL) are horizontal planes perpendicular to, and measured along,
the vertical axis of the helicopter. Waterline zero is a reference plane located
7.4 inches (188 millimeters) below the lowest point of the fuselage.
46 FT
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
(14 M)
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
2 FT 7 IN.
(777 MM)
4 FT 8 IN. 9 FT 4 IN.
(1.4 M) (2.8 M)
1 FT 2 IN.
(360 MM)
FlightSafety
International
Figure SR-1. Principal Dimensions (Sheet 1 of 3)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
NOTES:
VERTICAL DIMENSIONS ARE FOR HELICOPTERS
6 FT 8 IN. AT 11,900 POUNDS (5,262 KILOGRAMS)
(2.0 M) GROSS WEIGHT. VERTICAL DIMENSIONS WILL
INCREASE APPROXIMATELY 3.3 INCHES
(83.8 MILLIMETERS) WHEN HELICOPTER IS EMPTY.
9 FT 4 IN.
(2.8 M)
FlightSafety
International
SR-3
56 FT 2 IN.
(17.1 M)
45 FT 11 IN.
(14 M) 41 FT 8 IN.
(12.7 M)
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
12 FT 10 IN.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
(3.9 M)
8 FT 7 IN.
(2.6 M)
10 FT 10 IN.
(3.3 M) 1 FT 5 IN.
(423 MM)
5 FT 1 IN.
(1.5 M)
15 FT 1 IN.
1 FT 3 IN. (4.6 M)
11 FT 5 IN. (393 MM)
FlightSafety
(3.5 M)
International
Figure SR-1. Principal Dimensions (Sheet 3 of 3)
FlightSafety
International
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Buttock Lines
Buttock lines (BL) are vertical planes perpendicular to, and measured to the
left and right along the lateral axis of the helicopter. Buttock line zero is the
plane at the longitudinal centerline of the helicopter.
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
The fuselage forward section contains the nose compartment for electrical and
avionics equipment, the crew compartment, the passenger/cargo compartment,
and the lower fuel cells. The center section incorporates the transmission com-
partment, the pylon support structure, and the upper fuel cells. The aft sec-
tion of the fuselage houses the left and right engines, the combining gearbox
and oil coolers, and has compartments for avionics, AFCS computers, the bleed-
air heater, and optional equipment components.
The tailboom is attached to the aft end of the fuselage and supports the tail
rotor and drive train, vertical fin, horizontal stabilizer/elevator, and tail skid.
A baggage compartment is located in the forward end of the tailboom.
CREW COMPARTMENT
The crew compartment or cockpit occupies the forward part of the cabin. The
pilot station is on the right side, and the copilot/forward passenger station is
on the left.
The instrument panel extends across the front of the cockpit and is tilted up-
ward slightly for more direct viewing of the instruments. An overhead con-
sole is centered on the cabin roof, and a floor-mounted pedestal is located
between the crew seats.
A door on either side permits direct access to the crew compartment. Large
glass windshields and clear acrylic windows in the crew doors, roof, and lower
nose area allow good visibility from the crew compartment.
Crew Seats
The pilot and copilot seats are designed for energy attenuation to absorb ver-
tical impact loads in the event of a hard landing. Adjustment handles located
beneath the right side of each seat can be pulled to adjust seats 4.0 inches (10.2
centimeters) vertically and 4.5 inches (11.4 centimeters) longitudinally. Each
crew seat is equipped with a lap seatbelt and a dual shoulder harness with in-
ertial reel, which locks in the event of rapid deceleration.
PASSENGER/CARGO COMPARTMENT
The aft area of the cabin contains a space of 220 cubic feet (6.2 cubic meters)
for the carriage of passengers or internal cargo.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
A large sliding door and a hinged panel on either side of the cabin provide
full, direct access to the passenger/cargo compartment. Large acrylic windows
in the doors allow outside viewing from any seat.
Passenger Seats
The passenger seats are arranged in a row of four seats facing aft, another row
of five seats facing forward, and a pair of seats facing outboard from either
side of the pylon support structure. All seats are equipped with lap seatbelts,
shoulder harnesses, and inertial reels, and are designed for energy attenua-
tion to absorb vertical impact loads in the event of a hard landing.
BAGGAGE COMPARTMENT
The baggage compartment is located in the forward end of the tailboom and
has a capacity of 28 cubic feet (0.8 cubic meter). The compartment can carry
up to 400 pounds (181 kilograms) of baggage or other cargo, which can be
secured using the twenty tiedown fittings provided.
The access door is on the right side of the tailboom and is provided with a
key lock for security of baggage compartment contents.
Two interior lights illuminate the baggage compartment when the door is open.
The DOOR LOCK caution light illuminates on the caution panel when the door
is not properly latched.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The flight instruments are mounted in the section in front of the pilot’s seat.
The system’s instruments and the caution panel are mounted in the center
section of the panel. Optional copilot flight instruments are mounted in the
section in front of the left seat.
The collective control panel mounts engine switches used during starting and
shutdown, landing light and searchlight control switches, and optional
equipment switches.
The pedestal, located between the two crew seats, supports the avionics con-
trol heads, and engine and flight control system switches. A case for stowage
of the helicopter logbook, maps, and other data is incorporated into the
pedestal.
The hourmeter panel is located at the base of the pedestal on the right side.
It supports the hourmeter, transmission chip indicators (XMSN CHIP IND),
and the battery bus circuit breakers (NO. 1 BUS BAT and NO. 2 BUS BAT).
The hourmeter records aircraft operating time in hours and tenths. The trans-
mission chip indicators provide an indication to maintenance personnel that
the transmission chip caution light (XMSN CHIP) had illuminated and where
the chip occurred. To reset the indicator, rotate the outer portion 60 degrees
clockwise.
The Dual Digital AFCS EEPROM READ and ERASE switches are located
on the console just aft of the hourmeter panel.
The overhead console mounts electrical system switches and circuit breakers.
ROTOR SYSTEMS
MAIN ROTOR
The main rotor system consists of four composite blades mounted to flex-beam
type yokes to provide a soft-in-plane arrangement. Elastomeric bearings help
damp vibrations and provide lead-lag action for the main rotor blades. Two
of the blades can be folded parallel to the others to minimize the space re-
quired for storage.
TAIL ROTOR
The tail rotor is a two-bladed, semi-rigid rotor system mounted on the right
side of the vertical fin. Rotor flapping is allowed by a delta hinge for stabil-
ity during hovering turns and forward flight.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
INPUT
QUILL
FILTER UPPER
JET 4 X
M
S
N
FULL MAST
PUMP C
LOW H
CAUTION PANEL I
PUMP SCREEN P
PLNTY
CHIP XMSN
CHIP I
DETECTOR N
D
TEMP SUMP
BYPASS
VALVE FILTER
DEBRIS
TO RESET
ROTATE
LEGEND RING
60° CW
COOLER OIL SUPPLY
PRESSURE
NOTE Debris Monitor
DRAIN on HP/EP only.
QUICK DISC.
VALVE
TRANSMISSION
The transmission is mounted in the pylon support structure with four vibra-
tion-isolating mounts. Two stages of planetary reduction gears and spiral bevel
gears are used to reduce the input driveshaft speed to the speeds required for
main rotor and tail rotor drive. Both hydraulic pumps are driven by the trans-
mission (Figure SR-2).
A gage in the instrument panel allows the flight crew to monitor transmis-
sion oil temperature and pressure. Warning lights are provided to warn of high
transmission oil temperature and low transmission oil pressure. A caution light
is provided to warn of metal particles in transmission oil. Three remote trans-
mission chip indicators are located on the right side of the pedestal near the
cabin floor. On some models a fourth chip detector indicator is connected to
a debris monitor which is located in the transmission internal filter.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Two separate hydraulic systems are used to assist cyclic, collective, and anti-
torque flight controls. Each system contains a reservoir, a pump, an integrated
valve and filter assembly, an accumulator, and check valves.
Each integrated valve and filter assembly contains a system pressure filter and
a system return filter. In the event any one of these filters becomes partially
clogged, a button on the filter housing will pop out to give an indication of
filter bypass. This button will also activate a switch which will cause a re-
mote hydraulic filter bypass indicator in the lower right area of the nose to
switch from green to red. The remote bypass indicator can be seen on the pre-
flight check through the lower right nose window.
The hydraulic pumps are driven by the transmission and have different rated
capacities. The system 1 pump delivers a greater volume of fluid to operate
the antitorque flight control servoactuator.
The cyclic and collective flight control servoactuators are each powered by
both hydraulic systems, such that if either system fails, the remaining sys-
tem will operate the actuators. The antitorque servoactuator is powered by
the No. 1 hydraulic, only.
Each hydraulic system has a gage to allow the flight crew to monitor fluid
pressure and temperature. A HYDRAULIC caution light illuminates in the
event of low hydraulic fluid pressure or high temperature in either system.
Control inputs from the cyclic stick, collective stick, and antitorque pedals
are transmitted by push-pull tubes and bellcranks to the hydraulic flight con-
trol actuators. The two cyclic flight control actuators are connected to the swash-
plate, located above the transmission. The swashplate converts the fixed
controls to rotating controls and actuates alternating cyclic pitch inputs to the
main rotor.
The antitorque flight control actuator is located in the aft fuselage compart-
ment near the tailboom attachment. The tail rotor fixed controls are connected
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The antitorque control pedals in the cockpit can be adjusted fore and aft
by depressing and rotating a knob located on the floor just forward of each
crew seat.
The pilot cyclic control stick is gimbal mounted to provide movement in any
direction. There are two cyclic centering caution lights located on the pilot’s
and copilot’s instrument panel near the MASTER CAUTION light. These lights
will illuminate upon excessive cyclic inputs during ground operations below
normal operating range. Properly positioning the cyclic stick will extinguish
the lights.
PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM
The pitot system consists of an electrically heated pitot tube connected to the
airspeed indicator. A second, independent pitot system is installed when the
optional copilot’s instrument kit is installed.
The static system consists of the static ports and the tubing necessary to con-
nect them to the airspeed indicator(s), altimeter(s), and vertical speed indi-
cator(s). Two static ports are located just forward of the crew doors. IFR
configured helicopters are equipped with heated static ports. Two additional
static ports are located on the roof underneath the transmission cowling.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
An alternate static port (if installed) is located inside the cockpit on the
pilot’s instrument panel on back of the STATIC SOURCE switch. Under
normal conditions, the switch should be placed in the PRI position. This
position selects the static ports located forward of the crew doors as well
as the roof mounted static ports (if installed). If erratic readings are
seen on the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicators,
obstruction of the outside static ports is a possible cause. If this occurs,
the STATIC SOURCE switch should be placed in the ALTN position. This
position selects the alternate static air source (cabin air) and at the same
time, shuts off the outside static air source for the pilot’s side only.
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
HEATING SYSTEM
The cabin heating system, which includes the windshield defrost system,
uses bleed air from the engine compressor sections as the source of heat. A
mixing valve which is controlled by a thermostat, mixes heated air with out-
side air to obtain the desired temperature.
When windshield defrost is selected, heated air is diverted from the doorpost
and pedestal heater outlets to the windshield nozzles.
VENTILATING SYSTEM
The ventilating system delivers outside air to nozzles by the instrument panel
and also to the windshield nozzles to defog the windshield and provide fresh
air ventilation. The overhead ventilation system delivers outside air through
overhead nozzles to the crew and passenger compartments.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Interior Lighting
Two multipurpose cockpit/map lights are mounted overhead in the crew com-
partment. Either the white or red light can be selected and the lights may be
adjusted from spot beam to flood type illumination. These lights may be re-
moved from their mounts for increased utility.
Three dome lights with intensity adjustments are mounted in the passenger
compartment. The dome lights also illuminate either red or white and are con-
trolled by a switch and rheostat located in the overhead console.
Other interior lighting circuits include the instrument panel lights, instrument
secondary lights, overhead console lights, and pedestal lights all controlled
by rheostats in the overhead console. An approach plate and map light is lo-
cated on each forward crew doorpost and is controlled by a rheostat knob on
the instrument panel.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Four self-illuminating beta lights are mounted over the windows in the pas-
senger/cargo doors to identify the emergency exits.
Exterior Lighting
Exterior lighting circuits include position lights, anticollision lights, a land-
ing light, a searchlight, and utility (step) lights. The landing light and search-
light are controlled by switches on the pilot’s collective stick. The other
exterior lights are controlled by switches in the overhead console.
WINDSHIELD WIPERS
Electrically powered windshield wipers are mounted above the windshields.
Selector knobs on the overhead console allow the pilot and copilot to control
the windshield wipers independently.
INTERCOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
The intercommunications control panel(s), located on the pedestal, are used
by the flight crew to control the intercom system and the navigation and com-
munication radio signals.
An optional aft intercom system may be installed to enable the flight crew to
communicate with passengers in the aft cabin in response to illumination of
the AFT INT CALL lights on the instrument panel. Passengers may also use
the aft intercom system to communicate with each other, or to monitor other
communication or navigation systems being used by the flight crew. During
IFR operations it is recommended that AFT INT be left off to preclude in-
terference with air traffic control communications.
ROTOR BRAKE
The rotor brake incorporates dual hydraulic systems which are independent
of the flight control hydraulic systems. The primary components include a
dual master cylinder located on the forward cabin roof, a brake disc with dual
brake cylinders mounted on the transmission, and associated hydraulic tub-
ing. Two ROTOR BRAKE warning lights on the caution panel are activated
by pressure switches in the brake hydraulic systems to warn the pilot that the
brake is not fully released.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
A set of heat sensing elements is mounted to the cowling and forward fire-
wall for each power section. A fire or overheat condition will cause the FIRE
PULL handle for the affected power section to illuminate.
EMERGENCY EXITS
Door Jettison
If crew doors will not open, door jettison can be accomplished by pulling the
jettison handles, located on the doorpost forward of each crew door.
Window Jettison
If cabin sliding doors or hinged panels cannot be opened, emergency escape
is possible by pushing on the corners of the windows in the sliding doors to
jettison the windows.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYSTEMS REVIEW—412EP
CONTENTS
Page
OVERTORQUE WARNING SYSTEM....................................... SR-EP-4
TRANSMISSION ........................................................................ SR-EP-4
POWERPLANT ........................................................................... SR-EP-8
FUEL SYSTEM ........................................................................... SR-EP-8
Description—Mechanical................................................... SR-EP-8
Description—Electrical .................................................... SR-EP-11
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM .......................................................... SR-EP-13
DC Electrical System ....................................................... SR-EP-13
AC Electrical System ....................................................... SR-EP-19
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM................................................. SR-EP-19
Force Trim System ........................................................... SR-EP-21
Force Trim Controls ......................................................... SR-EP-21
Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS)....................... SR-EP-22
AFCS Controls ................................................................. SR-EP-22
AFCS Indicators ............................................................... SR-EP-24
AL-300 AIR DATA DISPLAY .................................................. SR-EP-24
Caution Panel and Advisory Lights.................................. SR-EP-24
VOICE AND FLIGHT DATA RECORDER ............................. SR-EP-26
DIGITAL CLOCK ..................................................................... SR-EP-28
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
SR-EP-1 Instrument Panel ....................................................... SR-EP-1
SR-EP-2 Pedestal ..................................................................... SR-EP-2
SR-EP-3 Overhead Console..................................................... SR-EP-3
SR-EP-4 Hourmeter Panel—Three Remote Transmission Chip
Indicators.................................................................. SR-EP-4
SR-EP-4 Hourmeter Panel—Four Remote Transmission Chip
Indicators ............................................................... SR-EP-4A
SR-EP-5 Collective Control Panel ........................................... SR-EP-5
SR-EP-6 Airframe Fuel Storage System.................................. SR-EP-6
SR-EP-7 Underfloor Fuel Cell Components............................ SR-EP-7
SR-EP-8 Fuel Burn Sequence .................................................. SR-EP-9
SR-EP-9 Fuel Transfer Caution Light Diagram .................... SR-EP-14
SR-EP-10 Electrical System .................................................... SR-EP-15
SR-EP-11 AC Electrical System.............................................. SR-EP-20
SR-EP-12 Detent Switch Caution Lights................................. SR-EP-25
SR-EP-13 3-Axis DAFCS Schematic...................................... SR-EP-27
SR-EP-14 Digital Clock Display ............................................. SR-EP-28
TABLES
Table Title Page
SR-EP-1 Essential Bus Failure Listing .................................. SR-EP-16
SR-EP-2 Emergency Bus Failure Listing .............................. SR-EP-17
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
SYS 2 ON
L R
YAW ROLL PITCH
AP 1 AP 2
ON ON
SAS/ATT TEST TRIM/FD CPL
SAS/ATT ON 1 2 ON
NAV 1 NAV 2
MANUAL OVRD ON OVRD ON MANUAL
FUEL
XFEED/INTCON
TEST BUS 1
ENGINE 1 ENGINE 2
NAV NAV
VOL VOL NORM
OFF OFF F ON ON F
U TEST BUS 2 U
E E
L OFF FUEL XFEED OFF L
NORM
COMM 1 COMM 2
B FWD FWD B
P P
O
U ON TANK OVRD CLOSE
TANK ON O
U
O T T O
M ON FR ON M
S FUEL FR S
P UA P
T OFF INTCON U A OFF T
VOL
COMM VOL
COMM EN NORM EN
OFF PULL OFF PULL LS LS
TEST TEST OFF OPEN OFF
AFT AFT
TANK OVRD CLOSE TANK
ON ON ON ON
VOL VOL
DC DC
NAV AUDIO
X X X
X
MKR BCN DME X CO X
C
C
HI TEST ERASE
LO
OFF
SENSITIVITY VOL VOL
HEADSET
600 OHMS
COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER
MAP
AND
DATA
CASE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
AC FEEDERS AC FEEDERS
AC AC
NO 1 XMSN AFCS ENG 1 ENG 2 AFCS CBOX NO 2
HYD CPLT OIL 26V TORQUE OIL FUEL LF ICS OIL TORQUE 26V OIL PILOT HYD
PRESS HSI PRESS NO 2 METER PRESS PRESS ADF RADIO PRESS METER NO 1 PRESS HSI PRESS
OPER
CABIN CPLT STOP BCN ADF COMM COMM NAV ALT XPDR ATT PLT
LIGHTING LIGHTING
INST INST MAP LDG LDG SCHLT SCHLT MAP INST ENG ANTI BAG
POS CSL PED SEC CPLT CPLT CONTR PWR PWR CONTR PILOT PILOT INST UTIL COLL COMPT
HYD CAUTION/WARNING CAUTION/WARNING HYD
CBOX BAG MAIN ENG 1 ENG 2 RES XMSN
OIL NO 1 NO 1 ENG 1 COMPT FIRE FIRE MASTER CAUTION FIRE FIRE ROTOR ENG 2 NO 2 NO 2 OIL
TEMP SYS TEMP RPM FIRE EXT DET CAUTION FAIL DETR EXTG RPM RPM TEMP SYS TEMP
ENGINE NO 1 ENGINE NO 2
FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL FUEL
TRANS CONTR BOOST XFEED CONTR VALVE QTY INT CON INTCON QTY VALVE CONTR XFEED BOOST CONTR TRANS
HTR HTR
PITOT PITOT
ITT IGN START PART GEN 1 OIL ICS HTR HTR ICS OIL GEN 2 PART START IGN ITT
COMP RLY SEP RESET TEMP CPLT CPLT PILOT PILOT TEMP RESET SEP RLY COMP
ENGINE NO 1 ENGINE NO 2
MAIN DC MAIN DC
WIND EMERG WIND
INV 1 SHIELD GOV GEN 1 NO 2 ESNTL NO 1 ESNTL NO 1 ESNTL NO 2 ESNTL GEN 2 BUS SHIELD INV 2
PWR WIPER CONTR FIELD BUS BUS BUS BUS FIELD INICT WIPER PWR
CPLT FEEDERS FEEDERS FEEDERS FEEDERS PILOT
WIPERS
OFF OFF
ON ON ON
PK LO PK LO
NORMAL NON-ESNTL
MED MED BUS INV 1 INV 2
MANUAL OFF OFF
HI HI
COPILOT PILOT
NORMAL ON ON
EMERG LOAD
AFT DOME LIGHT
PITOT STATIC GEN 1 GEN 2 BATTERY
HEATERS RESET RESET OFF OFF
WHITE OFF
O O
F F
OFF F F
OFF BRT ON ON ON ON
RED ON BUS 1 BUS 2
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
TRANSMISSION
The transmission is mounted in the pylon support structure with four vibra-
tion-isolating mounts. Two stages of planetary reduction gears and spiral bevel
gears are used to reduce the input driveshaft speed to the speeds required for
main rotor and tail rotor drive. Both hydraulic pumps are driven by the
transmission.
A gage on the instrument panel allows the flight crew to monitor transmis-
sion oil temperature and pressure. Caution lights are provided to warn of high
transmission oil temperature, low transmission oil pressure, and metal particles
in transmission oil. Three or four remote transmission chip indicators are
located on the right side of the pedestal near the cabin floor (see Figures SR-
EP-4 and SR-EP-4A respectively).
NO 1 NO 2
BUS BUS
BAT BAT
UPPER
ERASF READ
MAST
EEPROM EEPROM
MAST
2 1 5 7 1
SUMP/OIL
MONITOR
TO RESET
ROTATE RING
60° CW
INDICATION THAT A
CHIP HAS BEEN
DETECTED
INDICATION THAT A
CHIP HAS NOT BEEN
DETECTED
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
NO 1 NO 2
BUS BUS
BAT BAT
UPPER
X
M
MAST
ERASF S
N
C
H
EEPROM I
READ PLNTY P
I
N
2 157 1 D
EEPROM
SUMP/OIL
MONITOR
DEBRIS
MONITOR
TO RESET
ROTATE RING
60° CW
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
LDG LT SRCH LT
EXT
ON EXT ON
O
F L R
F
OFF RETR STOW RETR
ARMED F
IDLE STOP L
START O
E E A
N N E E T
G G N N
1 2 G G OFF S
1 2 ON
UP +
H
O
L R I CL TV/YAW
S TRIM OFF
T DN YAW
DN B T
R
L R O R
INC E
T I
R L
H M
P -2 +2 UP CL TV GO
M
DECR
AR D
O UN
PILOT SIDE
CL TV/YAW
TRIM
DN
L R
+ UP
YAW
INCR
B T
R R
O R
P E
T I GO
M L
H M
DECR
CL TV
AR D
O UN
COPILOT SIDE
Figure SR-EP-5. Collective Control Panel
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
THERMISTOR
THERMISTOR
LEGEND
FUEL CELLS
FlightSafety
FUEL STORAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
FUEL QUANTITY PROBES (8)
THERMISTORS (6)
International
Figure SR-EP-6. Airframe Fuel Storage System
FlightSafetyInternational
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
T
FLOOR
1
2 3 5 6
T T
4 T
1 TRANSFER PUMP
2 HIGH PRESSURE/LOW QUANTITY FUEL
3 EJECTOR PUMP
4 LOW PRESSURE/HIGH QUANTITY FUEL
5 FLOW SWITCH CHECK VALVE
6 ADDED FUEL LINE FOR FUEL OUT
TO UPPER CENTER CELL
T THERMISTOR
NOTE:
LEFT SIDE SHOWN
RIGHT SIDE OPPOSITE
6
3 4
MAIN CELL
MIDDLE CELL
1 LEGEND
FORWARD CELL TRANSFER PRESSURE
EJECTOR PRESSURE
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
POWERPLANT
The powerplant, a Pratt and Whitney PT6T-3D twin turboshaft engine, con-
sists of two identical free-turbine power sections connected to a combin-
ing/reduction gearbox. Each power section has its own lubrication system,
starter/generator, and fuel control. The combining gearbox has a separate
lubrication system.
The pilot rpm switch is mounted on the collective switchbox. The pilot switch
is a five-position momentary-on type switch. The INCR position increases
engine rpm, and the DECR position decreases engine rpm. The INCR/DECR
positions control the governors on both engines simultaneously. Regulated
engine rpm may be adjusted inflight through the operating range of 97 to 101.5
± 0.5% by moving the switch.
The rpm +2/-2 (trim) switch increases or decreases engine No. 2 rpm to pro-
vided torque, N 1, or ITT matching. Engine 2 trim range is 2.0 - 2.5% N 2. Engine
2 governor should be at least 95% minimum trim — minimum beep.
The copilot does not have trim capability. For location of rpm switch, refer
to collective control panel (Figure SR-EP-5).
FUEL SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION—MECHANICAL
The fuel system (Figure SR-EP-6) has 10 impact resistant fuel cells. Six of
the cells are located below the cabin floor and four are located aft of the cabin
and above the level of the underfloor cells. A system of transfer pumps, in-
terconnects, and standpipes provides a fuel burn sequence (Figure SR-EP-8)
that maintains the fuel C.G. within the required limits. The upper center and
aft center cells also contain a partial isolation barrier to separate fuel.
Cell Vents
Four fuel cell vents are located on the underside of the fuselage. The two vents
located inside of the doorposts vent the lower forward and mid cells. The two
vents located aft of the fuel compartment vent the lower aft and upper
fuel cells.
During refuel operations, air pressure may force some fuel into the vent lines,
and it is normal for the system to expel up to a pint of fuel under each
doorpost.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
13000
T/O CG
135.1 141.4
12000
11,900 LB
BURN 1 T/O FUEL
330.5 GAL
T/O GW 11073 LB 2148 LB
11000
GROSS WEIGHT—LB
BURN 2
8000
7000
LND CG
6400
MINIMUM WEIGHT
130.4
6000
130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144
BURNS 1, 3, AND 5
BURN 6
BURN 2
BURN 1
BURN 4 BURN 3
BURN 5
T
FLOOR
T T T
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
A transfer pump in each lower forward tank transfers fuel to the upper for-
ward center tank. This flow provides the motive force for an ejector pump in
the lower mid tanks, which transfers fuel from that tank through the corre-
sponding lower main cell. The transfer pumps shut off automatically after the
lower forward tanks are emptied.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
DESCRIPTION—ELECTRICAL
The electrical portion of the fuel system consists of the quantity indicating
system and the fuel transfer system. The quantity indicating system includes
the fuel low fuel warning system.
The fuel quantity indicating part of the system is identical for each side of
the helicopter, respective to fuel cells. Fuel quantity system components for
each side include four capacitive fuel probes, a section of the fuel quantity
signal conditioner, and one needle of a dual needle indicator. In addition to
these components are the digital display and the FWD/MID TANK switch func-
tion. The digital display, switch function, and probe locations are adequately
described in the mechanical portion of fuel system description.
The signal conditioner modifies the signal from the probes to provide a sig-
nal the indicator needs to give a quantity reading to the crew.
The low fuel indication that is displayed on a segment of the caution panel.
The low fuel signal is provided by thermistors on the fuel quantity probes in
the outboard upper fuel cells through a part of the signal conditioner. A ther-
mistor changes its signal when fuel no longer covers it. The signal change
from the thermistor causes the signal conditioner to provide a signal to illu-
minate the FUEL LOW caution light. Either signal conditioner can provide
the signal to illuminate the single FUEL LOW light. The FUEL LOW cau-
tion light signal from either side is inhibited if electrical power to the respective
side is not present. This prevents illumination of the LOW FUEL light due to
loss of power instead of low fuel quantity.
The fuel low function interacts with a fuel interconnect feature. When both
low fuel signals from signal conditioners are present, the fuel interconnect
valve will automatically open between the two engine feed fuel tanks. This
causes the FUEL INTCON caution light to illuminate. The light will extin-
guish when the FUEL INTCON switch is positioned from NORM to OPEN.
The option to open or close the interconnect valve is available should a
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
manual override be desired from either valve position. When the valve is com-
manded to change position by selecting OPEN or OVRD CLOSE, the FUEL
INTCON caution light will illuminate during the time of valve movement. It
will extinguish when valve position matches switch position. A press-to-test
feature is provided to determine if redundant electrical power is available.
When the FUEL XFEED/INTCON switch is positioned to TEST BUS 1, the
other power source (bus 2) is disabled. This results in a test that will illumi-
nate the FUEL INTCON caution light if bus 1 electrical power is not avail-
able. The same result would be valid when the switch is positioned to TEST
BUS 2. A similar test is simultaneously performed for the fuel crossfeed
circuit by use of this switch.
The fuel transfer system are identical for each side of the helicopter. However,
the fuel quantity signal from either signal conditioner that enables the fuel
transfer pumps activates both pumps. This results in operation of both fuel
transfer pumps operating until both forward fuel tanks are empty.
Each side has a FUEL TRANS caution light associated with the fuel transfer
function. This light will illuminate if there is fuel in the respective forward
fuel tank and no fuel is being transferred. This condition can occur if the FUEL
TRANS switches are not positioned to ON and fuel is present in either forward
tank. Another condition for illumination of this caution light is if fuel is
present in the mid tank after fuel transfer is complete from the forward tank.
This is an indication of trapped, unusable fuel in the mid tank. The last con-
dition for illumination of this caution light is loss of power to respective fuel
quantity signal conditioner and absence of fuel flow from the respective
transfer pump. This would result in an illuminated FUEL TRANS caution light
when the respective fuel quantity indicator is inoperative and fuel transfer
from this forward tank is complete. The light will remain illuminated under
this condition after fuel transfer is complete.
As fuel in each forward underfloor cell is depleted, the stream of fuel through
the flow switch is reduced significantly and causes the FUEL TRANS caution
light to start flickering. The flickering light advises the pilot that the respec-
tive forward and mid underfloor cells are empty and the transfer pump is still
on. The FUEL TRANS caution light flickers only briefly because the thermistor
switches in the forward cells also detect the absence of fuel. The thermistor
switches disable the flow switch signal that illuminates the respective FUEL
TRANS caution light, causing the light to extinguish. Because of system logic,
the last thermistor to dry turns both transfer pumps off automatically.
Caution Lights
FUEL TRANS No fuel transfer through indicated system. Probably
inoperative transfer or ejector pump.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FUEL LOW Fuel level in left or right cells at or below 190 pounds.
Interconnect valve will open automatically when fuel
level in opposite side decreases to 190 pounds to
allow fuel in lower cells to equalize.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
DC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The primary electrical system is a 28-volt direct current, negative ground system
(Figure SR-EP-10). Power is supplied by two 30-volt, 200-ampere starter/gen-
erators, one mounted on each engine. The output voltage of each generator
is monitored and regulated by a DC control unit. The DC control units provide
overvoltage and reverse current protection and control paralleled generator
operation so that the two generators share total load requirements within ±20
amperes.
In the event that one generator or engine should fail, both nonessential buses
are automatically dropped, and all essential and emergency DC loads are sup-
plied by the remaining generator. The nonessential bus switch (NON-ESNTL
BUS) located on the overhead console (Figure SR-EP-3) is available so that
the pilot can manually restore power to the nonessential buses. In the event
FUEL
TRANS
CLOGGED
EJECTOR PUMP
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
FAILED TRANSFER
SIGNAL PUMP
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
CONDITIONER
MAIN CELL
MIDDLE CELL
FlightSafety
LEGEND
FORWARD CELL BEFORE FUEL TRANSFER
DURING FUEL TRANSFER
International
AFTER FUEL TRANSFER
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
DUAL
STARTER AMMETER
DUAL STARTER
AMMETER GEN ENG NO. 1 EXT GEN ENG NO. 2
PWR
RECP
ESNTL DC 2
EMERG EMERG
DC 1 DC 2
FROM
BAT BUS NO. 1
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Avionics, AFCS, and lighting VHF 1 COMM inop No xmit or rec Emer 1
Pilot turn/slip inop None Emer 2
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
that the pilot has manually restored power to the nonessential buses and the
second generator fails, both nonessential buses are again automatically
dropped. This arrangement provides automatic DC load shedding for a 30-
minute flight with electrical power supplied by the battery only.
The battery bus switches through the respective battery bus relays prevent a
ground fault (short) in one main DC bus from disabling both generators.
They also select the generator that charges the battery. During normal operation,
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
AC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The AC electrical system (Figure SR-EP-11) consists of two 450-va, 115/26.5-
volts, 400-Hz, single-phase, solid-state inverters and associated controls.
Inverter 1 is powered by emergency DC bus 1 and is controlled by INV 1 switch
located on the overhead console (Figure SR-EP-3). Inverter 2 is powered by
emergency DC bus 2 and is controlled by INV 2 switch located on overhead
console.
There are four additional components essential to the control and operation
of the AC electrical system: two AC voltage sensor relays, and emergency AC
bus control relay, and emergency AC bus control relay, and an inverter 2
interlock relay.
Each voltage sensor relay monitors the 115-VAC output from the corresponding
inverter and directs the AC voltage to the respective buses of each inverter. If
an inverter fails to maintain 104 to 125-VAC output, the corresponding AC volt-
age sensor relay will transfer the AC load to the remaining inverter.
The emergency AC bus control relay sheds all AC buses, except the 115 and
26.5-VAC emergency buses when the emergency load switch is in the EMERG
LOAD position.
The inverter 2 interlock relay disables inverter 2 while the emergency load
switch is in the EMERG LOAD position.
Inverter 1, Inverter 2 and AC voltage sensor relays are located on the lower
nose shelf. The emergency AC bus control relay and inverter 2 interlock relay
are located in the cabin roof aft of the overhead console.
INV 1 PWR and INV 2 PWR circuit breakers (Figure SR-EP-3) protect DC
wires providing power to the respective inverters.
No. 1 INVERTER and No. 2 INVERTER segments in the caution panel (Figure
SR-EP-1) provide indication that the 115-volt portion of the indicated inverter
has failed. Another indication of a failed inverter is the loss of the pressure gages.
Eight circuit breakers in the overhead console protect the AC power distri-
bution system.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
115 115
RELAY– RELAY–
AC VOLT AC VOLT
SNSR 1 SNSR 2
26 VAC
BUS 3
FDR
PLT 115 VAC
EMER BUS 2
FEEDER
115 VAC
2 BUS 3
FDR
PLT 26 VAC
EMER BUS 2
FEEDER
2
RELAY–
INV 1
EMERG BUS
115 VAC
BUS 1 FDR 2 RELAY–INV
INTLK
26 VAC
BUS 1 FDR 2
BATTERY
PLT 115 VAC
BUS 2 2
PLT 26 VAC
BUS 2 2
EMERG
BUS
INV No. 2 SW SW
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
Control inputs from the cyclic stick, collective stick, and antitorque pedals
are transmitted by push-pull tubes and bellcranks to the hydraulic flight
control actuators. The two cyclic flight control actuators are connected to the
swashplate, located above the transmission. The swashplate converts the
fixed controls and actuates alternating cyclic pitch inputs to the main rotor.
The antitorque control actuator is located in the aft fuselage compartment near
the tailboom attachment. The tail rotor fixed controls are connected to the
rotating controls through a bearing in the crosshead assembly, which slides
along the tail rotor mast to provide pitch change control.
The antitorque control pedals in the cockpit can be adjusted fore and aft by
depressing and rotating a knob located on the floor just forward of each crew seat.
YAW TRIM REL switch (Figure SR-EP-5) (if installed), located on collective,
can be pressed forward to de-energize yaw trim only, allowing pilot to
momentarily position pedals for yaw corrections. Upon releasing switch,
magnetic brakes are reenergized and will lock yaw trim actuators in new
reference positions.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
The pilot cyclic control stick is gimbal mounted to provide movement in any
direction. There are two cyclic centering caution lights located on the pilot and
copilot instrument panel near the MASTER CAUTION light. These lights will
illuminate upon excessive cyclic inputs during ground operations below normal
operating range. Properly positioning the cyclic stick will extinguish the lights.
Either autopilot can be operated in SAS or ATT mode, but both must be in
the same mode. The stability augmentation system (SAS) mode provides
short term stabilization without sacrificing maneuverability. Aircraft response
to a control input is attitude rate limited to provide smooth, coordinated
movement about pitch, roll, and yaw axes. The attitude retention (ATT) mode
provides automatic (hands off) control of pitch and roll attitudes with short
term stabilization of yaw attitude. Turbulence damping in all three axes is pro-
vided automatically in either SAS or ATT mode.
Use of the force trim system is optional during operation in SAS mode;
however, the force trim must be on during ATT mode operation.
Automatic trim is provided in ATT mode to maintain the linear actuators close
to their center positions for optimum control authority.
AFCS CONTROLS
AFCS Control Panel
The AFCS control panel, located on the pedestal, controls the engagement of
the subsystems and primary modes of the automatic flight control system. The
pushbutton type switches have placards which illuminate when the respec-
tive subsystem or mode is engaged.
Autopilots 1 and 2 are selected by AP1 and AP2 buttons. The SAS/ATT
button is used to select the desired autopilot mode. When either autopilot is
engaged, ATT mode is automatically engaged. SAS mode may then be selected
by depressing the SAS/ATT button.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
When the FORCE TRIM switch is ON while operating in ATT mode, with both
autopilots engaged, the pitch and roll trim actuators are controlled by the
selected autopilot computer to move the cyclic as required to keep the linear
actuators operating within ±10% of their center positions when both APs are
engaged or ±25% if a single AP is engaged. This autotrim function relieves
the pilot of continuous actuator monitoring.
Upon depressing the FORCE TRIM button, the pitch and roll rotary trim ac-
tuators are de-energized; the pitch, roll, and yaw linear actuators return to their
center positions; and the autopilot computers are placed in a fast synchro-
nization mode to track flight control positions. Upon releasing the FORCE
TRIM button, the autopilots will resume functioning in the preselected mode.
If in ATT mode, the autopilots will maintain the pitch and roll attitudes ex-
isting at the moment the button is released. Upon releasing FORCE TRIM but-
ton, the pilot should release the cyclic stick to prevent interference with
AFCS operation.
Manually flying in ATT mode without depressing FORCE TRIM button will
result in AFCS counteracting control inputs from the pilot in an effort to main-
tain helicopter at the reference attitude. Although the pilot can override the
AFCS, control response will be sharply reduced.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
AFCS INDICATORS
Force Trim Caution Light
A force trim caution light (FT OFF), located on the instrument panel below
the pilot’s airspeed indicator, illuminates when force trim system fails or is
switched off. The light alerts the pilot to maintain manual control of the he-
licopter, because automatic attitude control is impossible without a properly
operating force trim system.
The APIs will move slightly during operation in SAS or ATT mode. Autotrim
will keep the actuators operating near their center positions when both au-
topilots are engaged in ATT mode.
An AUTOTRIM caution panel light has been added. The AUTOPILOT cau-
tion panel light will illuminate any time autotrim is inoperative or has been
disabled.
Two new, four-segment, advisory caution lights have been added to the pilot’s
and copilot’s instrument panels above their respective ADIs or EADIs. The
letters P,R, Y and C, each in their own individual segment of the lights, will
illuminate to indicate an open pitch roll or yaw autotrim detent switch in their
respective channel. In the 3-axis DAFCS, only the P and R caution light seg-
ments are active. All four segments are active in the 4-axis DAFCS only
(Figure SR-EP-12).
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
P R
Y C
Figure SR-EP-12. Detent Switch Caution Lights
DAFCS Operation
Basic 3-axis DAFC operation in the SAS and ATT modes remains unchanged
from previous Bell 412s with the following exceptions:
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
• If the force trim system is OFF when the APs are switched on, the
DAFCS will come up in SAS mode rather than ATT.
• Turning the force trim switch OFF will disable autotrim and cause the
AUTOTRIM caution panel light and FT OFF instrument panel lights
to illuminate.
Flight data acquisition unit gathers data from air data computer, various in-
struments, and other sensors and transmits data to flight data recorder. Flight
data acquisition unit is DC powered and flight data recorder is AC powered. FDR
S Y S FA I L c a u t i o n l i g h t , l o c a t e d o n t h e i n s t r u m e n t p a n e l , i n d i c a t e s
either flight data acquisition unit or flight data recorder is inoperative. Each of
these units is protected by an FDR circuit breaker located in nose of helicopter.
Cockpit voice recorder records voice signals from pilot intercom, copilot in-
tercom, and area transmitters. It also records a time signal from flight data
acquisition unit. Cockpit voice recorder tape is 30-minutes long, and will write
over previously recorded information after 30-minutes has expired. Recording
will cease if impact switch is tripped. Cockpit voice recorder is DC powered
and is protected by CVR circuit located in nose of helicopter. A functional
test can be performed by pressing TEST switch on COCKPIT VOICE
RECORDER control head, located on pedestal, and verifying meter reads
GOOD. Erase switch is deactivated and performs no function.
Both recorders are powered automatically and require no pilot action for
operation.
TO TARSYN-H
THREE AXIS TO COPILOT ATTD DISPLAYS TO PILOT ATTD DISPLAYS
REF NO. 2
TARSYN-H
NO. 1 NO. 2 THREE AXIS
CS-412
REF NO. 2
REMOTE TARSYN-H FD SEL
COMPENSATOR AL-300
THREE AXIS AIR DATA (PC-700)
REF NO. 1 DISPLAY
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ACTUATOR POSITION INDICATOR
FX-220
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
FROM
FX-220 FLUX CS-412
FLUX VALVE
VALVE NO. 2
NO. 1 PC-700 AUTOPILOT CONTROLLER
RG-204A RG-204A
YAW RATE YAW RATE
GYRO NO. 1 GYRO NO. 2
FZ-706 DIGITAL
FLIGHT CONTROL
FZ-706 DIGITAL COMPUTER NO. 2
FLIGHT CONTROL DIGITAL DATA BUS
COMPUTER NO. 1
NO. 1
NO. 2 PITCH
CONTROL POSITION POTENTIOMETERS
FD SEL
(PC-700) FTR ANTI-TORQUE
CYCLIC P1 P2 PEDALS
BEEP
ROLL
PITCH TRIM CYCLIC R1 R2
ACTUATOR CONTROL
COLLECTIVE STICK
CONTROL YAW
Y1 Y2
ROLL TRIM STICK
ACTUATOR CONTROL
RODS
C1 C2
FlightSafety
International
EP-27
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
DIGITAL CLOCK
Davtron M800 chronometer replace the previous mechanical 7-Day-type
clocks. These quartz crystal chronometers are conveniently mounted on the
outboard sides of the instrument panel in easy view of the pilot and copilot.
Each clock has a large, high-contrast, liquid crystal display with a two but-
ton control below (Figure SR-EP-14).
The clocks are normally powered through the helicopter’s 28-VDC electri-
cal system with lighting controlled through the pilot’s and copilot’s instru-
ment panel rheostats on the overhead console. When aircraft power is switched
off, the crystal timing reference remains powered by a 1.5-VDC penlight, dry-
cell battery, clipped to the rear of the clock case. The dry cell (size AA) bat-
tery is not recharged by the aircraft electrical system and should be replaced
annually to ensure uninterrupted service.
M800
CHROMOMETER
GMT LT ET
SELECT CONTROL
DAVTRON
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
which function the clock is displaying. Below the function abbreviations are
two press-type button switches labeled SELECT and CONTROL, which op-
erate as follows:
• Pressing the SELECT button toggles the display between GMT, LT,
ET and then back to GMT.
• Pressing the CONTROL button activates the start and reset functions
of the Elapsed Time (ET) function.
• Repeating the above process until the last (farthest right digit) is set;
a final press of the SELECT button exits the GMT set mode and the
colon starts flashing to indicate that GMT is set and running.
LT (set mode):
• Simultaneously pressing and releasing the SELECT and CONTROL
buttons while LT and the farthest left digit will start flashing.
NOTE
Only the two digits to the left of the colon can be set
in LT since the minutes digits were set by the GMT
mode.
Once the digit to the left of the colon is set, a final press of the SELECT but-
tons exits the LT set mode and the colon starts flashing to indicate that LT is
set and running.
BELL 412 P I L O T T R A I N I N G M A N U A L
ET Count Up
• Momentarily pressing the CONTROL button while ET is displayed
starts the display starts the display counting up by minutes and sec-
onds. When the display reaches 59:59, the display begins counting up
by hours and minutes until the maximum of 99:59 (hours and minutes)
is reached. The display may be reset to 00:00, to again begin count-
ing up by momentarily pressing the CONTROL button.
ET Count Down
• Momentarily pressing the CONTROL and SELECT buttons while ET
is displayed enters the COUNT DOWN set mode. The amount of
count down time is now set in the same manner as the GMT set (above).
After the time is set, momentarily pressing the CONTROL button
starts the count down. When the count down display reaches 00:00,
the whole display starts flashing and the ET display starts counting
up again. At this time, momentarily pressing either the SELECT or
CONTROL button deactivates the flashing display and selects GMT
(if SELECT button pressed) or resets the ET count up (if CONTROL
button pressed).
Test
• To ensure that all segments of the display are functioning correctly,
holding the SELECT button in for at least 3 seconds will cause the
display to indicate 88:88. Releasing the button returns the display to
normal operation.