3: Pipe Design Steal pipe det 8 Proper of pe 8 Length of pipe in bends cn ot lesan of pipe bends 2 of pipe pps nna st Moonie dobar per ige Tread & rich Standaed Taper Pipe Threads nn -v2. conor a ‘Noval engagement Herween ale an emale thea rks ht jie 98 Hand-held computer ealalates pipe wight, content, urkoity Formslas and coastants of value 9 sokang problens ea Wont re sce name a pipe by dint Decne | bran at bae and conacte coated wel pipe Gage ie eaceniee Hw toeaculate ses in abovelbelon ground transition un Yow wet dss ae of aged gna HD Dimensions of dhtco-diameter ells with tangents ne Polypipe design dat Snwnnnannane ML84 Pipeline Hules of Thum Handbook Steel pipe design ‘The maxinnum allowable design pressure stress will depend ‘upon the intended secviee for the pipeline. Pipelines to be used for transporting liquid peteoloums are covered by ANSVASME B3I4—"Liquid Petroleum Trans- portation Piping Systems.” Pipelines used for transporting gas are covered by ANSVASME BS1.S8—"Gas Transmission and Disteibution Systems.” Pipefines which must be operated in compliance with the Federal Pipeline Safoty Regulations will also need to comply \with the applicable paris of these: reyadations: Part 192 far gas transportation systems, and Part 195 for liquid transportation systems, Gas pipelines—ANSV/ASME B31.8 where Design pressure, Ibyin.? Se Specified minimum yield strength, thin? (see Table 1) Nominal wall thickness, in, Nominal outside diameter, in Design factor (soe ‘Table 2) E = Longitudinal joint factor (seo Table 3) ‘T= Temperature derating facior (sce Table 4) Class location definitions may be obtained from p. 192.111 of Dart 182 of the Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations ‘A typieal caleulation is as follows: Pipe: 167 OD x 0.250" wt APL SIX.XS2 ERW Location: Class 1, therefore ¥ = 0.78 (see Table 2) Temperature: 0°, Temp. factor T = 1 (see Table 4) “The mnasininy allowable: pressive edeutated by the Hint Patton: B= 10 Gee Table 3) following eqntion Pa(2x 52,000 x 0,250/160) 0.72% 1x1 Pe (25t/D)x Fx EXT P21,1701b/in? gauge Yablo 1 Specified Minimum Yield Strength for Stes! and tron Pipe Commonty Used in Piping Systems Specification Grade Type’ SMYS, psi API SL AB... aw, ERW, S 25,000 ARIAL A. 1" ERW,FW.S,DSA 30,000 API SL 8 EAW,FW.S,DSA 35,000, . APLSLS [Noto] A coeeeeees ERW, DSA 30,000 APISLS. B LLL) ERW, DSA 35,000 APISLS. xaa ERW, DSA. 442,000 AISLES x46. ERW, DSA 46,000, APL LS Xie coos ERW, DSA 52,000 API BLS x86 : 212 ERW, DSA 36,000 APL BLS x60 + ERW, DSA 60,000 APL BLS x65 : cos ERW, DSA 65,000 APL ELS. HID cee ERVA DSA 70,000 ‘APH SLX [Note (29) X42 fess ERW, FW, S, DSA 42,000 APL BLX x46 EAW, FW,S,DSA 48,000 APL SLX xs2 ~ ERW,FW,S,DSA 52,000 APL SLX x56 RW, FW,S,0DSA 58,000 API SLX x60 ERW,FW,S,0SA 69,000, API SLX, x65, ERW, FW, S,DSA 65,000, APLBLX Xe * ERW.FW.S,0SA 70,000 ASTM ASS ‘Open Hith, Bas. Oxy. Elec. Fur... BW 25,000 Bessemer aw 30,000 ASTM ASS Roproduced rom ANSVASME Code B31-8-1982, Appendix D. Reprinted courtasy of The Ainerioan Society of Mechanical Engneer. ' ' y ' | | |Pipe Design 85. Table 1 (Continued) ‘Specitied Minimum Yield Strength for Steel and tron Pipe Commonly ‘Used in Piping Systems ‘Specification Grade Type! ‘SMYS, psi serwase * enw 8 some asec 2 enw.s seco fsriace : 8 eosco ASTM A106 B vase . s 35,000 asrmaoo Sg ‘oat ASTMAIS4 = : foo BFW [Note 3) ssmmass eo foo remmaise rw eco ssrmaise enw aoe amino enw ssow aemmase Sen somo ssiwaes SS er sow msmaae 0 f : s Sow seman 8 Sen Som morass Sen sow pormess Sen vem Spend tom aN Cafe OTH, Aan © Pepe Somaya Ta nea Saya Samet gra robles vole Longue sit Factor € Values of Design Factor F Spec, Number Pipe Class: Factor ‘Construction Type 85. Goostist) Design Facor # —«POTMASS Stomens 1 ee Force Weld oso Tyee A O72 ASTMAI05 —— Seamess 1.00 Type B 080 ASTM AI34 Electric Fusion Arc Weldod_ 0.80 Type C 9.80 ASTM A135 Blectric Resistance Welded 100. Ted 0.40 ASTM A139. Etectric Fusion Welded . 0.80 Strath Spa cd See Ppe B80 Arohcadton NBA Cos BALevO Tn eaisn, STAGE! Be SubmoEA lad 0 scree onion Sosy once nieve. ATMAGT hee Fuson Woke tao: Asrusere Eos eusenWees ti aera Soamese tes sable Eure edource Wetted 190 Temperature Deng Factor TFor Steet Pipe Enc sh Vos ie Tempore ering cis Troe eee Siimeiyetensicd 100 Tenpwature Bean ramet a be Tempe, rector apieix Sess te renews rT Ecc Resance Wid 100 aso arts “ow shove Fash to 20 doer Suime‘geonensce 100 Fd bees spits Sc enwtace wos 00 io 0 Stiesgod ato tee to oer Sm SO NOTE. Gets be vrs Goss @ wa peu gra NOTE For momeiaw trecuves, mies br SO tag Ss Ces 2.2, ron hepston ANGIE Cte B88 TM=AHNAC. ped Hom AMSIASE Con 14.61, 1 ‘Reprinted courtesy of The American Secety of Mechanica Enginesrs. Repiniad courtesy of The American Soest of Mechanical Engineers86 Piseling Rules of Thumb Hanabook Liquid pipotines—ANSVASME B34 “The internal design pressure is determined by using the following formula internal design pressure, fivin.® gauge Specified minimum yield strength, thin (see Table 5) Nominal wall thickness, in Ds Nominal outside diameter of the pipe. in. E> Weld joint factor (see Table 6) = Desiga factor of 0.72 Note: Refer to p. 195.106 of Part 195 Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations for design factors to be used on offshore risers and platform piping and coid worked pipe. ‘A typical caleulation of the internal design pressure is as follows: Pipe: 96” OD x 63125" wt API SLX X52 ERW Weld joint factor E = 1.0 (see Table 6} Design factor F = 0.72 = (2 x 52,000 ¥ 0.3125/26) x1 x 0.72 = 900%b/in? gauge : Table 5 . Tabulation of Examples of Allowable Stresses for Referenco Use in Piping Systems Allowable stznss values (S) shown in this Table are equal to 0.72 x E (wold joint factor) x specified minimum yield strength of the pipe. Alfowable stress values shown are for new pipe of known specification. Allowable stress values for new pipe of unknowss speoiticatign, ASTM A 120 specication or used (reciaimed) pipe shall be determined in accordance with 402.3.1. For some Code computations, particularly with cegard to branch connoctions {see 4042.1 (¢) (3}] and expansion, flexibility, structural atlackmonts, supports, and restraints (Chapter lh, Pari 5), the wekd joint factor & need not be consicered. For specified minimum yield strength of other grades in approved specications, reter te that particular specification. Allowable stress value for cold worked pipe subsequently heated to G00F (300) or higher (welding excepted) shall be 75 percont of value listed in Tablo. Datiniions for the various types of pipe are given in 4002. (Motics Suess Lovels aro given in MPa [1 Megapascal = 1 million pascals)) Specified 9 Min Yield ) Allowable Stress Value Strength Weld Joint | -20F to 250F (-30€ to 120¢) Specification Grade psi(MPa) Notes Factor pst (MPa) Seamioss AP! BL, 825 25,000 (172) (1) 1.00 18,000 (124) ‘APY SL. ASTM ASQ, ASTM A108 A 20,000 (207) (1) @) 1.00, 21,600 (149) ‘API 5L, ASTM ASS, ASTM A105 8 £35,000 (241) (1) (2) 4.00) 25,200 (174) ASTM A108: c 40,000 (278) (1) (2) 1.00 28,800 (399) ASTM AS24 ' 38,000 (241) (1) 1.00 25,200 (174) ASTM A524 " 30,000 (207) (1) 1.00 21,600 (149) APH SLU, Uso 80,000 (S81) (1) 4) 4.00 57,600 (397) APE SLU U109 100,000 (689) (1) (4) 3.00 172,000 (496) API BLX X42 42,000 269) (1) (A) 1.00 30,280 (208) API SLX X43 46,000 17) (1) (2) (4) 1.00 133,100 (228) API SLX. X52 82,000 (358) (1) (2) (4) 1.00 ‘37,450 (258) APL SLX X86 56,000 (886) (1) (4) 1.00 40,300 (278) API SLX X60 60,000 (413) (1) (4) 1.00 43,200 (288) APL SLX X65 85,000 (448) (1) (4) 1.00 46,800 (329) API SLX X70 70,000 (482) (1) (4) 1.00 150.400 (347) Fumace Welded-Butt Welded ASTM ASS 28,000 (172) (2) (@) 080 10,800 (74) ‘API SL Class | & Class ih Ae5 — 25,000(172) (1) (2) (3) 0.60 10,800 (74) API 5L (Bessomion), ASTM ASS (Bessemer) 30,000 (207) (1) 2)(5) 0.80 12,950 (@9) Reproduced trom ANSUASME Codie 81-4-1970, Table 4023.1(0). Reprinted couresy of The American Society of Mechanical Enginests RNR nt tt ee oweTable 5 (Continued) Specified (9 Min Yield ©) Allowable Stress value ‘Strength Weld Joint -20F to 250F (-20 to 120C) ‘Speciticatlon Grade psi(UPa) Notes Factor psi (Pa) Fumace Wolded-Lap Welded APIBL Class | 25,000 (172) (1) (@)(6) 080 14.400 (28) API SL Class 1 28,000 (193) (1) {2) (6) 0.80 16,150 (111), ‘APL SL (Bessemer) 90,000 207) (1) (2)(6) 0.60 17,300 (139), API SL Electric Furnace 25,000 (172) (1) (2) (8) 0.80 14,490 (99) Electric Resistance Welded and Electric Flash Welded: apis Ags 25,000(172) (1) (7) 1.00 18,000 (124) 'APS SL, ASTM ASS, ASTM A135, A 80,000 (207) (2) 0.88 48,380 (127) API SL, APISLS, ASTM A83, ASTM A135 A. 30,000 (207) (1) 4.00 21.600 (149) API Si, ASTM ASS, ASTM A125 8 38,000 (241) (2) 085 21,420 (148) APISL,APISLS, ASTM ASS, ASTM AIS & ——-35,000(243) (1) 1.00 25/200 (174) ‘APL BLE, APLBLX X42 42,000 289) (1) (2)(4) 1.00 30,250 (208) APISLS, APL BLY, Xa 46,000 817) (1) @) (6) — 1.00 33,100 226) APISLS, API SLX x52 52,000.58) (1) (4) 1.00, 37,450 (258) API SLS, API SLX x56 56,000 (386) (1) (4) 1.00 40,300 (278) [APL-BLS, API BLX x60 60,000(413) (1) (@) 1.00 43,200 (297) APLBLS, APISLX x65 650007448) (1) (4) 4.00 46,800 (328) APISLS, APL BLX X70 70,000 4482) (1) (4) 1.00 50,400 (347) API SLU U80 80,000 (551) (1) (4) 1.00 57,600 (397) aP1SLU L100 $00,000 689) <1) 1.00 72,000 (496), tecte Fusion Welded ASTM A 134 _ ~ oo ~ ASTM A 139 A 80,000 207) (1) (2) 0.80 17.300 (118) ASTM A 139 B 85,000 (241) (1) (2) 0.80 20.150 (138) ASTM A155 — = 88 030 = ASTM A 155 ~ ~ me 1.00 - Submerged Arc Welded PUBL, API SLS A 30,900 207) 1) 1.00 24,600 (149) APE SL, API SLS 8 95,000 (244) (1) 1,00, 25,200 (174) API SLS, API SLX xAe 42,000 (289) (1) (2) (4) 1.00 30,250 (208) APISLS, APISLX x45 46,000617) G4) @)@) 1.00 33,100 (228) API SLS, API SLX xS2 52,000 (858) (1) (2) (4) 4.00 97,450 (258) API SLS, API SLX X66 56,000 (386) (1) (4) 1,00, 40,300 (278) API SLS, API 5LX x60, 60,000 (413) (1) (4) 1.00 43.200 (298) API SLS, API SLX X65, 65,000 (448) (1) (4) 1.00 46,800 (323) APISLS, APISLX X70 70,000 (482) (1) (4) 1.00 50,400 (347) API SLU U80 80,000 (851) (1) (4) 1,00, 87,600 (397) APE SLU U100 100,000 (689) (1) (4) 4.00, 72.000 (496) ASTIMA 381 35 35,000 (241) (1) 2) 4.00 25,200 (174) ‘ASTM A 381 yaa 42,000 (290) (1) (2) 1.00 30,250 (208) ASTMLA 381 yas 48,000 (817) 1) @) 41.00 83,400 (228) ASTM A 381 Yas. 48,000 (331) (1) (2) 1.00, 34,550 (238) ASTM A S81 YS, 50,000 (345) (1), 1,00, 36,000 (248) ASTM A381 Ys2 $2,000 (58) (1) 1.00 37.450 258) ASTM A 381 ‘Yeo 60,000 (413) (1) 1,00, 43.200 (298) ASTM A381 Yes 65,000 (448) (1) 1.0 46,800 (823} NOTES (1) Weld pint factor £ (eee Table 402.49) and akowabie stress value aro appicable to pipe manufacture ator 1959. (2) Weld joint factor & (200 Table 402.43) and abowabio stress value are appicable to pipe manufactured beforo 1969, (@) Class t produced under API SL 231d Echion, 1968, or oatler has a spociiod minimum yield srength of 28,000psi(19914P a}. (@) Grher grades provided for in API SLS, API SLU, and API SLX not prockadod (6) Manutzcure was discontinued and process deleted from AP SL i 1969, () Manctacture was Giscontinud and process detted ftom AP! SL in 1962. (7) A2S ts not prodvced in electric fash weld. (6) 8ee applicable Hntespestfiaton fo veld pont and refer te 4023.4 tor esksttion of (5) produced from ANSUASME Cade 1-4-1870, Yable 4C2..1(a). Hepantod courtesy of The Amecican Society of Mechanical EngineerTable 6 . Wold Joint Factor Weld Joint Factor ‘Specitication ipo Mird. Pipe Mfrd. Number Pipe Type (1) Before 1959 After 1958 ASTM ASS Soamloss 1.00 1.00 Etectic Reststance- Welded 0.85 (2) 1.00 Fumace Lap-Walded 0.80 0.80 Fumace Butt-Weldad 0.60 0.60 ASTM A106 Soamiess 1.00 1.00 ASTM AI34 Elactic-Fusion (Aro)-Welded single or double pass 80 oso ASTM AL35 Eloctic-Resistance-Welded 0.85 (2) 1.00 ASTM A139 Electi-Fusion-Welded single or double pass 0.80 oso ASTM AIS5. Elactic-Fusion-Welded 090 1.00 ASTM ASB Elecii-Fusion- Welded, Double Submerged Arc-Welded — 1.00 API BL, Seamiess 1.09 1.00 Eloctio-Resistanoe- Welded 0.85 (2) 1.00 Elactic-Flash- Welded 085 (2) 1.00 lectric-Induction-Welded = 1.09 ‘Submerged Aro Welded - 1.00 Fumace Lap-Welded 080 0.80 (3) Fumace Butt-Welded 0.60 060 APL LS Eiecttc-Resistance-Weldod — 1.00 Submerged Arc-Welded _ 4.00 APL SLX Seamless 4.00 1.00, Electtic-Resistanco Welded 4.00 1.00 lactic: Fiash-Welded 1.09 1.00 Electiic-Induction-Welded — 11.00 ‘Submerged Arc-Welded 1.00 1.00 APL SLU Seaioss = 1.00 Electric-Resistance-Welded ~ 4.00 Electic-Fiash-Welded = 4.00 Electc-Induction-Welded ~ 1.00 Submerged Arc Wekiod = 1.00 Known Known @ 6 Unknown ‘Seamless 3.00 (6) 1.00 (6) Unknowe Electic-Fsistance or Flash-Welded 0.85 (6) 1.00 (6) Unkaowe Eloctic-Fusion-Welded 0.80 (6) 0.80 (6) Unknown Furaoo Lap-Wolded or over NPS 4 0.80 (7) 0.80 (7) Unknown Furnace Butt-Welded or NPS 4 and smaller 0.60 (8) 060 (€) NOTES: (1) Datnkons forthe various pipe types (meld fins) are gan in 400.2. {2} Aweld joint facto of 1.0 may be used for electriorosstance-weldod or elctrcash-welded pine manutaturad por 0 1959 ‘here (a) pipe tumished under this classiteaion has boon Subjactad to supplemental ests andor heat Weatments as agreed {toby the suppiir and the purchaser, and such supplemental tests andor heat treatment demonstrate the strenghs charac- ‘ristics ofthe wei o be equal fo he minimum tensile strength spected forthe pipe, or (6) plpe has been tested as required fora new pipeline in accordsnce with 437.41, (8) Manufacture was dacontinued and process delotod frm APL SL in 1962. {) Factors shown above for pipe manufactured before 1959 epply tor new or used (reclaimed) pipe i pie specication and pipe typo are known and i ie known that pipe was manuiactured before 1959 oF not known whethor manufactured after 1988. (6) Factors shown above for pipe manwlaetured ater 1958 apply for new or used (ocisimad) pipe it pipe pacification and pipe ‘ype are known and itis known that pipe was manufactured afl 1958, () Fado apps for new or used pipe of unknown specification and ASTI A120 if type of wo ott is known. (7) Factor applies tor naw or used pipe of unknown spacifiaton and ASTM A120 i ype of weld jail fe known to be fumace ‘apwalded, of for pe ever NPS i type of ant i unkncam. {8) Factor applies tor new or used pipe of unknown specication and ASTM A120 f type of weld joint is known to be fumace buttweldea, oF for pipe NPS. 4 and emer typo of joints unknown, Reproduce from ANSUASME Code BS1-4-1979, Table 402.43. Reprinted courtesy of Tho American Society of Mechanical Engineers ee NN Wn enPipe Design 89 Properties of Pipe ° t 4 w A Ve a U z 450004254250, sea 1.178097 cade 0.098516 aie 189 0.186 4.108, 7.240 89.961575 0.095882 503 224 0172 4.186 7.950 88.592057 0.004206 5.49 244 o1ea 4.124 8.60 a7.233042 0092761 5.93 264 0219 = 40820010 stezeeds 0.080093 877 30% sto 0237 4.028 «10790 83.136406 0.088405 756 3.38 0.250 © 4000 11.350 22.086080 0.087286 756 236 662s = otea- 6.289293 7amazt © 00.2925 0.212085 197 60 219 tar 1498 198.387608 0208779 26 68 0250 6.125 17.02 192422518 0204616 285 77 sto 0280 © 6.005 18.98 yes.e7i072 0.200627 281 a5 ost2 6001 tod 184710295 0.196415 309 93 0375 «8.875 (B03 17038128 0.188254 364 109 62s tae 249) ts ase © saOIG7aS «© O.sTtta9 444 toa 29 = 8tar 19.68 243.790038 0.365575 sit ne 0250 ©8125 22.36, 398.602723 0.960059 07 134 0277 = Bort B70 2a4.t16868 0.356269 634 447 oat2 Bomar 70 sop.scea 0.940159 705 163 stD os 7981 B56 s25.706816 0.347410 Bs 168 04s) = 7937 0.43 B23.114514 0.343500 789 178 0375 78758808 aiso8s203 0.335249 229 1982 10750 0219 103122803 2BaadS © S45.418061 0579900 ero 162 0250 10250 28.08 su6.s7s21 0.573027 1137 212 0279 101923120, 592.707039 0.588500 «1259 234 0507 10.198 86.28 sop.959102 05500821375 258 sto 0.985 100204049 514.996704 0.547509 «1608 209 127500219 = ta912 20.81 aarouz = T7T 8000s © omas770 «60. 266 0280 12250 53.38, Teos90071 owteds 191.9 20.1 Opa 121089749 yergress9 —.B10200 «2141 a6 os 12125 ata ‘sa.r6639 0.801978 286.0 370 sTo 0375 | 120004087 796594720 0.785308 278.0 438 aga tae 57.60 veaiesss! 0760091210 504 0500 11750542 Tos1405t1 —O7s3014 263.0 567 14000 0219 «13562 a2.24 = aeTOT © 43.a89822 00a! (2280 223 0250 13500 S672 994.783043 0.904020 285.0 365 oot 13498 at.18 sap.217495 0.984910 285.1 40,7 0312 133784562 917600481 0.975843 ato 460 oad 13312 50.18, 908929763 068527 aaa 492 stD 0375 13280458 900.482686 0.987545 373.0 533 0498 13126 3.48, senaseis1 0.900420 28.0 ora 0500 13.000 «72.10 265.822070 0.921752 «484.0 eat D = Outside ameter. t Moment of ert, n° (= Wil moines, in. Zs Seclon macs, st? & = Ineide ciate, Galut. =o e0.0408, Galata = x 215.4240, ‘A = Oude surface ava sq fA Bost = x 6.1201 Vis Dislacament, bolle r 0.0081 (0 ay A: = Flow area, sq. ft Zz 0.0982 (D' ~ VD90 Pipeline Ries of Thumb Hanabook o ' a w Ay Vn. A l Zz 16000 «219 15.562 36.92 4.188790 1240.151887 1.820864, 338.0 423 0250 © 15.500 42.06 1292273483 «13103603840 480 ozet 15.438 47.18 1202.435011 1.299899 4290 536 ose = 15.376 52.28 12iz63ser2 1280479 «474.0 59.3 ose 15.312 57.53 1202562197 1.278766 5190 648 sD 0375 15.250 02.59 1192,843296 1.260432 5620 703 age 15.124 81 1173213479 1.247558 649.0 ent 0500 15.000 82.78 W54.054250 1227185, 732.0 ars 18.000 0.250 17.500 4740 4,712989 © (1870.736063 1.670995 549.0 610 oe 17.438 53.18 1559.685567 1.658520 6142 a2 ose 17.976 58.95 1548614504 1.646747 6790 758 oss 17.312 64.88 1887.227671 1.634609 7440 B27 sD 037s 17250 70.60 4526.236746 1.622952 807.0 896 dss 17.128 22.16 1soao2teis = 1.699328, 9320 1036 sco 17.000 99.46 1482,518570 1.876250 1053.0 170 20000 0250 © 19.800 5274 -§.236988 «1950,951683 2.073842. 7566 73.7 ost 19.498 59.19 1997.96963 2.050775 8465 e468 032 19.376 e561 1925626075 2.047650 9355 935 oad 19.312 72.22 1912926185 200414510265 102.6 81D 0375 198.280 7a81 1900682236 2.021105 11188 ita 0438 19.124 91.82 1875.863256 1.994738 «12886 128.9 0500 © 19.000 s04.t4 1851615930 «195895014572 145.7 24.000 ©0280 © 28.500 63.42 6283185 2832562043 «3.012058 «15157 309.6 over 23.438 7.19 2817635474 2996184 1473.1 122.8 osi2 23.576 78.94 2802748038 «2.980954 1620.2 1358 ose = 23312 86.92 2787422934 2.964056 «1789.1 149.1 sto 0375 23.250 94.63 2772818336 «2.948311 1942.8 1619 e438 23.124 = 110.28. arazessi93 2.916842 2251.3. 187.6 0500 23.000 125.51 2713309770 2885247 255002125, 26.000 0.250 «25.600 68.76 «8.808784 © 8335.216783S.SHEEA 16788 129.0 0281 25.438 77.20 3319.018190 «3.529339 «1878.0 1445 osi2 25378 85.61 9302,859090 «3512155 «2077.7 1598 Osi = 25312 94.27 9286.219968 «3.94482 2282.9 175.6 so 0375 25250 102.64 3270.1408¢6 «9.477364 2479.4 190.7 0433 25.124 119.59, 3237585722 3ua2746 ©2874 221.1 0500 25.000 198.19 3205.706250 -3.40884E ©2578 = 2508. 90.000 0.250 29.800 79.44 7959982 4469.025383 «4.748477 2585.8 172.4 0281 29.438 89.20 aaaa.sez7ét = 4.726547 2897.5 193.2 ose 29.376 98.94 4426.179533 4.706659 3207.1 2138 034 = 29.312 = 108.97 4406.914357 4.686173 35247 = 235.0 sto 037s = 29.250 118.68 4388.201286 4.666370 38304 (285.4 0438 28.124 © 138.90 4950.585898 4.606254 44457 206.4 0500 29,000 157.85 4313.598390 «4.586943 5049.5 336.2 32.000 0250 © 81.500 84.78 8377580 §089.879243 S.411884 3143.2 196.4 0281 31.438 95.20 5069,364577 5.90601 «35227 2202 osi2 31.678 105.60, 5049.289044 5.369360 389992487 Ose = 8131211832 3028.11 111 5247478 42870 267.9 sto 0s7s = 31250 (126.87 S008 916016 «S$. 26322 4659.7 2082 aaa 31124 147.65 4968.605547 §283457 54103 338.4 0.800 91.009 168.28, 4929.093900 «841442 «1402 383.8pe can at Length of pipe in bends Radius BARR 9 s = bA Le - is | 2 % ie cat Rel weema| ene | awsew | areca [sara i 7 aT Ty art eT Sofa a4 Soe wt ea L ot c i ote t ot { 70 T T me c L { L f : t $e pay te ve a 7 th eT Ba aaa 100 to sai | en sani uy ior-[-3—| se —| ai i oa a nef oao | ass Ba BS oe ant Be me a a [ir 14 TT 226M BIH CS 05% [87% 16 | ss 490 754 380M, [iat 1838 SH oR TIT 10581 Cag Tag [sos ait TIS Toate Breer at ‘oa te a Sect (a Hee | af es a0 TET aaa ea Tet 10a 180 T, iat —[39 | 7 Te Tia a 6 Te find the length of pipe in a bend having. 2 radius not given above, add together the fength of pipe in bends whose combined radii equal the recwired radius, Reprinted wih prrsionnCravm Company ‘Exempla: Fil length of pipe 00" bend of § 9 caaius Length of pipe in 008 bend of 3 radines = 28h¢e [Cength of pipe in 90° bend of radius 1 ‘Then, length of pipe fn 99" band af 519" adios = 1OBHS"Calculation of pipe bends Example No. 1—Given A, B, C, R ara Resin ce £8 = “P~ 20 Pa fRoR Rigs E eb = 28 Fasin 20 Mach xe —- =He =r —e O=B-C—M Exemple No. 2—Given A, 8, C, D=B—¢ R Beak pie eR Bae ee Pepore Raw 8 Ez Das pesin <6 Mm tan 2L x R Naw+M Ho VP 0 =8-C_M : Exomple No. 4—Given A, B,C, R Dene hasmat Beuancoxe BafOeD 2G=42F PaC~H -: Example No. 6—Given A, B c=MB D a 99 ~ ZF Dasa prince ONE B - rr EnVorR = KE Lew Example No, 3—Given A, B,C, R D=eB-C LG = LF Baars Ho=tan4@xR Feprnted with ponission—~Crane Company Exomple No. 7—Given A, B, C, 0, R —B G/limsinzK M/L=singN - £0=90°—ZK—ZN vat 2P=34 20 eG ayo w “sranzexe rane ee we weCalculation of pipe bends Bete Example Ne. 11—Given R and 45° Angles A=BAM XR Te=T B= 2.828 x BR Lena pe in bend = © 0.828 x B 9.495 xR 4 OT Example No. 9—Given A,B, C, D, R BeDaAenB yo VRB P= 2k -C ut Ke o-\PrR Rasnav g £P = 90? — ZH LN grunt 29 2342p R-4@ ‘Satan 20x R Exomple No. 10—Given A, B, CD, R E=D-A-B A eG, R Fete ye cn MEER Fo sin <6 PeP_oK opened with pomission—Grane Company Example No. 12—Given A, ® CHAR P=WD Che sin ce 2il = 90° + 2 2K = 180° 42 26 Exomple No. 13-—Given A, B, R Cas B/PesinsG 2M = £G— 4b DaELC HF AN = 180° 2 2M E=A-2 pe 20-90 + Zi K=froR Ono PRYDE Kya wsin ch94 Pipotine Rules of Thump Handbook When a horizontal pipeline is supported at intermediate points, sagging ofthe pipe accurs between these supports, the amount of sag being dependent ngon the weight ofthe pipe, fini, insulation, and valves or fitings whicl may be included inthe tine. Ifthe pipeline isinstalled with nor downward pitch, pockets wail be formed in cach span in suhich ease condense fon may collet if the line is transporting steam, In order to eliminate these pockets, the line mast be pitched dowaward so hat the antlel nf each Spaan ts lower tha the maxioniny sa. Cran thas conducted tests to detertuine the detection of horizontal standany pipelines filed with water in pipe si 2 te 47 inclusive, the results of which have indicated that for os hunger thaa 2” und with supports having center to center UiRension eater than 10 foe the raul delecon & fess than that determined by the te of the formula for w vni- fori loled pipe fixed at both ends. For pipe sizes 2" and snaller, the test deflection was in excess of that determined by the forrnula for pipe having. fixed ends and approiched, for the shorter spans, the deflection as determined by the use of the forcanla far pipelines having tneestrained ends Page 96 gives the deflection of horizontal standaed pipe lines filled with water, for varying spans, based upon results obtained from tests for sizes 2” and smaller, and upon the formula fer Bixee ends for the buger sizes of pipe. ‘The dleflection values given on the chust are twice those obssined from test or calewlation. to compensate for any variables including weight of insaition, ete “Ths leourls given hel indicates the worteal distance that the span rust fe pitches so that the outlet is ower tha the nnasinuan sag of the pipe ha dt, Bis? where fe Difference in clevation of span ends, inches Length of one span, feet y= Deffection of one spa, inches By clisninating the inconsequential term “-y** from the denominator, the Formula reduces to: haay The pitch of pipe spans, called the Average Gradient, i ratio between the trop i elevation and the length ofthe span. This is expressed as so many inches in a certain number of feet Average Gradient = AL ‘The dotted lines as shown on the chart on the opposite page ave plotted from the above formula and indicate average gyae dents of Vin A, 19 15 17 in 20 (in BY, and Vea Reprinted wth permission-~Crane Company Example: What is the maximum distance between sup- ports for a 4” Standard pipeline assuming a pitch or average gradient of 1” in 30 feet? Using the chart on the opposite page. find the point where the diagonal dotted line for an average gradient of 1” in 30 feet intersects the diagonal solid line for 4” pipe. From this point, proceed downward to the bottom line where the ‘maximum span is noted to be approximately 22 feet Code for Pressure Piping: The Code for Pressure Piping, ASA 1 3t.1, makes the following statements relative to installations withi the scope of the Code: “605; (g) Supports shall be spaced so as to prevent excessive sag, bending and shear stresses in the piping, with special consideration given to those piping sections where Ranges, valves, efc., impose concentrated loads, Where calcalations are not made, suggested maximum spacing of hangers fr supports for cashon steel piping operating at 750°F and lower are given in Table 2a {see the table below) “Where greater distance between supports, concentrated loads, higher temperatures, o vibration eonsiderations are involved, special consideration should be given to effects of bending, and shear stresses.” “623 (b) The design and spacing of supports shall be checked to assure thet the sum of the longitudinal stresses die to woight, pressure, and other sustained external loading oes not execed the allowable stress (8 value) in the hot condition,” ‘Suggested Maximum Spacing Between Pipe Supports For Straight Runs of Standard Wall and Heavier Pipe (At ‘Maximum Operating Temperature of 750F) Nominal Maximum Nominal Maximum Pipe Size ‘Span Pipe Size ‘Span Inches Feet Inches Feet 1 7 8 12 1 9 10 22 2 0 12 23 2% is 14 28 a 12 16 a ah 18 18 28 4a 14 20 30 8 16 24 82 6 7 ‘Notes: The values inthe table do net apply where tere are conces- ‘unted loads between supports suchas Hanges, valves, ote, Spacing is bused on a combined bonding and shear stress of, 1500 si when pipe is filled with water and the pitch ofthe line {such that a sig of 0.1 inch between supports is periissible.‘Spacing of pipe supports _. Deflection of Horizontal Pipe Lines (Based on Standard Pipe Filled with Water) so TO. NT I Ii Le Bi ce i I. 2 16° 2 TAN a i keys fy ae Bol lfe LN, i ; | 3 se LAE . t E df L i HL HIT Uy ai LIT | TL. TY : Tf OTe O10 A 30 4d BO GI 30 BO 90100 Distance Betwoen Support, Foot april wth permiasion~Crane Company96 —Pipokny Rules of Thumb Handbook ‘American standard taper pipe threads (NPT) ncomplere Theends ‘Due to Lead of Die 1 cA lbs ae ah by Hand F Talwar 0 Prete Be= B= (0000 inp p= Pach cnetumlrgesrmall — Noxch fash with face of Bm Bes 0.0605 L Brcpettet trend = 0.807 fromnoehon pluggauge fing. It chamfered. noesh Bir tsb esis Trae root SOT SRSYSERUE AGNaesdatshamer Dimensions, in Inches > ee et us ui |e Nominal est, ormat | Leaps | igh | agin | Naber , ex jongngenen ie atendot |“byhana | elective | thread | ehread | threads wecrangt | Renee | “sce ireedl | Sacra ae Seas er tnd are i or 2 tise | Seas | ocwses | cm | came | on is ours | gum {tz | ome |_ oan is a ie tesa | oars | oseser | Ou | ols iu ths | (aus | ies | ote | oleae | at ri tao | Cbs | Use | ote | oye | ne ts00_| tose | Usma | olao | oe Hie 298 [ a nom | hea | aa | o.7568 iis tas | tai | irene | oer | tors 8 So | Sur Same | oct | me 5 tio | Samo | Samet | ols | aso | 8 ‘ . tao | sos | sem | ose |e 5 § Esa | sans | saan) | oss [Laon $ é Gans | cams | esse | Sas | tian | o:tas00 : : ses | ee | stom | toe | Coos | Sits0 : 0 rojo | sour | send | Late | toe | cso $ 3 iezo_| inset | inva | Uso | tee | eis 4 OB tee as raw | serie | Ls |b ean] 0 150 A top. | isa | tszem | isever | tar | es | 0.100 . sop, | isto | izetoo | Urare0o | ow | esoo | ecto : mop. | seam | tszano | tos | ius | iasm | e100 3 mop. | ica | ivi | coe | ts | Sasm | 0.100 ‘ {Also pitch diameter at gauging neech, {atzo length of plug gauge. ‘Also length of ring gauge, and length from gauging nosch to small end of plug gauge Foprined with permiesion Crane Compuny97 British standard taper pipe threads | RH Af Ww Te formation then _— SRS eaten Ysinch por Feot Ei De Report Ho. 21-193 4, i Dimensions, inches P i , vine size | Approiute| pie | Norma | tengen | Peg | Degth | Nomar = Tote | diameter | engagement | “OF ‘f at a sate, | ARES, [OREN | auctive | en ade | chetaue | thon mye | wendel | Brkand | ofeciy | pie | MAES | eng ‘Sends | Tope one ry ve | Sah | eas Ne | See | eRe Bo] aes oe ie 3 | Ge rd ie oan ost Me Siow oa me ee tae a ast Caer 5 sare ces os aus a Me fs Stn | oe cost ? & | 238 | tS aa § Se ce i wm] Ese | tie ea ; | eee | tes Set a uy ike _ Osea . on sa ‘ae " os aso vm u wn cess oa i at oe fod oprinted wit perrission—Crane Company98 Pipeline Rulus of Thum Handbook Normal engagement between male and female threads to make tight joints Normal engagement ‘The normal amount of engagement to make a tight joint for varions types of screwed material is given in the table ‘These dimensions have been established from tests made under practical working conditions “The normal engagement specified for American Standard Pipe Thread and API Line Pipe Thtead joints is based on parts being threaded to the American Standard for Pipe ‘Threads or the API Standard for Line Pipe Threads In order to obtain the thread engagements listed in the table at is necessary to vary the torque or power applied aceording to the size, metal and weight of material used. For corample, it requires considerably less power to make up @ screwed joint using a light bronae valve than a high pressure steel valve, Foprinted with permission—Crane Company Amaricon Standard and ‘APl tine Pipe Towed Dimensions, in Inches Dimensions given clo not allow for variations in ‘tapping or threading Size A Size A v8 14 202 1st6 a 316 3 1 38 38 312 ute 2 ve 4 148 sla one 5 14 1 wie 6 18116 1d 16 8 17/16 12 aie 10 1518 2 2 13/4 Hand-held computer calculates pipe weight, contents, velocity Programs, written for the HP 41 CV computer equipped with printer, work with English or metric units Frank E. Hangs, P. E., Sovereign Engineering, Inc., Houston Pipeline engineers, accountants, and system operators are deeply involved with data concerning line pipe such as: How much does it weigh (b/ft, tons/mi)? What ave the conesponding metric anits? How smach allt contain (bbl/mi, galt00t, ca mien)? What ame velocities at varions feed rates (fsec, anizhr, fh? ‘The following program, vnitien for the Hewlett Packard HP 41 CV hand-held computer, develops alot of useful data for steel pipe for any outside diameter and wall thickness. Either English or metric units may be entered. [A printer is essential Results forthe WEIGHT category are caleulated by an API formula and given as: Pounds (mass) per ft kg per m. Short tons (2.0001b} per mile: metric tons per km. The content resulls are; Dba, gal (U.S/008, eu Ami, Lim, eu sndeen Flownates ean be inpat to give: bh or b/d gal (US.Nimin, or gal/ir or gala, ex fmin, far Ad: cu m/min, Ja, fa Velocity results: mph; fps; kaw, msecPipe Design 99 Figure 1. Examples of the program printed by the HF 41 CV printer,109 Pipolne Rules of Thumb Handbook All results, as well asthe input, are printed out, so the tape becomes a permanent record ‘A goud feature of the program is that, for a given size pipe (alter executing PWCV and A, content routine, to store data conceming thet particular size pipe}, velocity routine, B, can be run as often as wanted. Press B, then key in desired flowrate after the prompt, then press the RUN kes {Whom a iforent size pipe needed: XEQ PWCY, pres A thea B, as ofien as needed for different flowrate. Basie data galoulated by this program ean be used for deter- mining the following criteria | Weight: Cast of construction, hauling and stringing, incestments. * Content: Amount of water for hydrostatic test, tine fill, oil stocks. Amount of one grade to be displaced for another to reach a station, shut-off valve, or terminal When a segment must be deained, barrels or gallons to be removed 4 Velocity: Time for interlice or scraper (© traverse distance between two points, Thine to accumulate ox vwithdnoe a given quantity of uid. Locating head of column of u geud> of oil oF a seraper from given station alter a certain time, Detersaining expected time of arrival {ETA} of interface or seraper at & given point List of registers and legend Register Content 0 Not nsed . o1 Pipe OD io. 02 Pipe OD mm 6 Pipe Tin + OF Pipe T mm 05 Pipe ID in, 06 Pipe 1D mm oT LBM/PT—Ib(mass)ft 08 ST/MI—short tons/n 6 MITV/KM—metvie tons/h 10 BBI/MI—bbI(42 U.S. gal) per mi n CAL/100 FT—-gal (US.) per 1008 12 LM—liters perm 1B MP/KM-—cum per km uM BBL/HR--bbI (42 U.S. gal) por br 15 GPM=-go} (U.S.) per minute 16 FTYMIN—coft per min uv MVR—eam per hr 8 Mi/EET—ani (statute) per br 9 KM/HR—kmn per he 20 FFUS--ft per see 21 M/S—in per see 2 FTYMI—ouft per mi 23 KG/M-—kg perm. LABEL PWGV Calls up program LABEL A Calls content caleultions LABEL B Calls for feed rate and velocity caleulations Note, 4 and B are XEQ in user mode. Nomeric labels 01 t©°06 are used in the program to provide necessary GTO directions. They are not stand-alone routines, User directions. Size 25. Set user mode. Input program. Wit is desited to use units as prompted, key in value and run key. IF meric units are wanted, key in 0 for English waits then sun key, Example. Display: Pipe OD in.? Key in 0, press nun key, sce pipe OD MM? Key in value and run key. See pipe T MM? Aller weights are calculated: If content is wanted, XEQ “A” Calculations can be terminated at this point When velocities are desired, XEQ “B” input feed rate in desired! units, Label “B® can be run for several fed rates as often as desired lor the given size pipe. If other pipe sizes are needed, XEQ PWCY and “A," then un “B” as many times as needed for different feed rates, Note. If feed rates other than BEAR are to be input first key in 0 and run, This causes display to move up. See GPM? No, Gallons? Key in 0 and run key. See FP/MIN? ‘Continue to M'YHR? If you have this figuce, key itn and run, Now suppose you have M°/DAY, This does not agree with prompt; enter MYDAY, divide by 24, then press run key. This roatine ean be used for BBL/DAY, GAL/HR (divided by 60), FIPADAY (divide by 241, ete. Note. When results such as OD, ID, T Values, Weight KG/M are compared with printed values in APL STD 5L, staal discrepancies are sometimes found, usualy on the order ‘0f 0.1% or less, This is evidently due to truncation differences, in making conversions, Formulas: Pipe weight LBM/FT (plain end) is ealeulated by formata used by APL LBM/FT = 10.68(D- TT