ONE FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 1.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Real Number Inequalities Intervals Absolute Value Sign, Step Function ‘Triangle Inequality Graphing, L.L1 Definition 1.1.2 Definition Greatest Integer ‘ean be expressed! as a decimal A rational number is a repeating or terminating decimal. @ b (a is greater than 4) if a—6 is positive. 2b (a is less than or equal to 9) ifabifa>bora=b. (at)={2la<2 a} [e, +00) = {x za) reso} ifas @—b Haat ~« ifas Wa0 potas lat d|sial+lal Sketch meen by hand; plot mean using @ graphics calculator, Our plots label the axes, A function ts a set of ordered pairs of numbers (z,y) in which no two distinet ordered pairs have the same first. number. The set of all admissible values of 2 is called the domain of the fonction and the act of resulting values of y ia called the range of the function, The numbers z and y are variables. A function like |2] is seid to be defined sn. pecee. If f is a function, then the graph of f is the set of all points (x,y) in R? for which (.y) is an ordered pair in f, that is, the graph of the equation y = Fla). A function determines @ correspondence between the domain and the range. For each number # in the domain there corresponds one and only one number y in the range. When addition, subiraction, and multiplication are the only operatio required to caleulate y, as ina polynomial function, the domain is the set of all real numbers. If division is required to calcalate y, then the domain does not contain any replacement for z that results in division by zero. Thus, for a rational function, which is the quotient of two polynomials, the domain ig the set of all real aumbers, except for those replacements of z that result in a vaiwe of zero for the denominator of the fraction. Because the range of function is s set of real numbers, and the square rcot of a negative muober is nob real, if the formula that defines a function contains the square root sign, then x must satisfy the inequality obtained by making the expression under the sadlical sign greater than or equal to zero. [e]=nifn sz 2+Lifn) F(z? 9) = fe" 9) 49 = Ve? = 12 (© Ftxt—oy= (24-9) 49 = Vat aa? (a) F(z? 462) = V2" + 6249 =|243] (e) Flat — 628) = Vt $9 = [27 ~3] ra F@th-Fle)_ Vernto— Ver8 verha+ yond (+A+9)—(2+9) _ 1 & * STATO + Ve4S AM yathr9+ yer8) Vrtht94 sane1.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 3 10. G(2) = “I= (= vE=I= VE (0) G4 — 2”) = y/4— (4-2) ee (©) Ga4—2) = 4-@—=* 2 (a) G42") = 4 des?) = VP de 4 =| 2) (0) C(-24 40%) = ft (a a) = Vt SEH =60)_ Poeret fie Jeaah+ Yee _ (4-2 h) = (4-2) = Viz ht Vie Vie 4 HL. f(e)=32—1 18. 22% 1. a(z) BD: (00,00) > Ds (-00,t00) pe OD: (— R: (—90; +00) R: (0,-+8) Ri (00,5) Ly p : 2 «| @ . = : i: [it Lig SETS Se Aa ea “| “| * at 4 E 12. g(2)=4-2 14. G(z) =a +2 > Ds (29,408) ® D: (0, +00) & D: (~s0, +00) Ri (—00,-+00) R: [2, +00) R: [0,0c) by 2 6 cooeeecee SS "4 | 19. [L,-boo} Re (0,420) 8 6 4 2 Sea 2 a ee “44 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONTINUITY 18. F(2) = 9-2 2. 9(z) = V4 2. fa)=Ve=1 » D:9-2>0 p Di4—a? 30 » D2*-1>0 Ceoy9] (ee,-1JU [1 +00) R: [0, +00) R: [0, +00) P » » 8 ak A | oF 4 4 : ( : vee Sep es “i 4 “5 25. F(z) =[32 +2! » D: (06-00) R: (0, +20) y al 4| 3 z SETI Ct al | i Qe? +7243 24. H(z) =|5-2] 28. f(z) sat & D:(—x,425) ° pees seo = Gees) ey R: [0,-+00} D24\Riyh4 Dia #3, Rig $5 : x 4l aT a ee tees ifsce & Di f-s0, +90) Rey #3LA FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 5 ar42 itr gl cal ro-{? ite=1 2)(@+2)\(e=3) & s(2)= B42 “@t2e-3 2 Def -2,3 Ds (20, +98) #41 Reygs sr owyaflzst BgS8 Br4+t if00 etl ifz>-l : so sl ‘| 4 4 4 4 2 y PTET | 4 4 4 (b) esen 2 (6) 2-2 sgn (@) 2-2ssgn 2 mr ifz<0 ‘ at? itco -f ift2=0 a{hts es f fe=0 fe>0 - 2 ifz>0 ele! ! 4 ’ Seer es 4 3 3 (b) sgn(x~t) (c) sgn(z +1) —sgn(z—1) A tet teeslor2>1 =t0 a ee a p f-teeet ! 4 ! ave, eee | 4 3 5 SL. Define f(2) piecewise for the graph of the figure. '> Using the peint-slope formula for each segment give 22042) -2<2<-1 (te? if-2 Using the point-slope formula for cach segment give O+%e+2) H-2 = 8)(r<.8) (2 > —8)le <.8) f= 8(2 > —8)(2 <8) In Exercises 55-58, define the function piecesvise and sketch the graph. etl ife<-l ba. fe) =| 27-1 if-lerct 1 if*2) wee ‘ | si ‘ | y. g Zz z a 47 en S44 7 + SSSR Tee ee bS SSE Ce MTS 4 4 “ + “ 4 ~ | * “| “| 4 ‘Exercise 55 Exercise 56 Exercise 57 Exercise 58 8T. (2) =l2|-/5—zl=|2(8—z}) tee ir 0 -fo3 f0sesb wto52 ifg>5 elle-3|=[a(2—3)| ar ifr3 In Exercises 59 and 60, skeich the graph of the function and determine its domain and range. Checs by plotting. +i c 88. A(z) = =—[e]. D: (—c0,-t00) R: [0,1) Exercise 69) Exercise 60 60, F(2) = 2+ [2]. Ds (oo, too} Be [2k,2h-+ 1), where 61. Define two other funetions whose graphs resemble two different letters of the alphabet & Us de) s1-v1= 24, ¥: f(@)=|21 1.2 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF FUNCTIONS 1.2 Definition Given the two functions f and ¢: their sum, denoted by f +9, is the function defined by (Ft a)(2) = Fle} + ole) (ii) their difference, denoted by f —g, is the function defined by (fg) = fe) — a2) (lit) their product, denoted by f-9, is the function defined by 58. a(2) any integer (F-aNz) = F(2)- a(x) (iv) their quotient, denoted by J/y, is the function defined by (/s)(e) = Haale) In sach cace she domain of the resulting function consists of those values of @ common te the domains of f and g, with the additional requirement im cage (iv) hab the valies of 2 for which g{z) = 0 are excluded,