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THẾ NÀO LÀ MỘT HỘI THÁNH KHỎE MẠNH,

Thế nào là một Hội thánh khỏe mạnh?


BẠN CÓ THỂ NÓI THẾ NÀO?
Hội thánh đó có trông khác như thế nào với các Hội thánh khác? Quan trọng
hơn là nó hành động khác biệt, đặc biệt thế nào trong xã hội? Nhiều người
trong chúng ta không chắc chắn phải trả lời những câu hỏi này thế nào, dù
chúng ta có thể có vài ý tưởng trước. Nhưng với quyển sách này, bạn không
cần phải băn khoăn nữa.

Tác giả Mark Dever tìm cách giúp đỡ các tín hữu nhận ra những đặc tính
thiết yếu của một Hội thánh khỏe mạnh: giảng giải kinh, thần học Thánh
Kinh, và một sự hiểu biết đúng đắn về phúc âm. Dever cũng kêu gọi chúng
ta phát triển các đặc tính này trong chính Hội thánh chúng ta. Bởi việc làm
theo gương các tác giả Tân Ước và việc nhắm đến các thành viên Hội thánh
từ các mục sư đến các những người ngồi trên băng ghế nhà thờ, Dever
thách thức mọi tín hữu làm phận sự của mình trong việc duy trì Hội thánh
địa phương. Thế nào là một Hội thánh khỏe mạnh? đưa ra những lẽ thật vô
tận và những nguyên lý thực tiễn để giúp mỗi chúng ta làm trọn vai trò Đức
Chúa Trời giao phó trong thân thể Đấng Christ.

MARK DEVER, tác giả của một số sách và các bài báo, phục vụ như một
Mục sư Quản nhiệm của Hội thánh Báp-tít Capitol ở Washington DC. Cùng
với những trách nhiệm trong chức vụ chăn bầy của mình, Tiến sĩ Dever cũng

MARK DEVER
phục vụ trong tư cách Giám đốc điều hành của 9Marks. Dever cùng với vợ
là Connie, sống với con trai mình ở DC.

What is a Healthy Church - Vietnamese.indd 2-3 22/03/2019 10:42


MARK DEVER
Thế Nào Là Môt Hôi Thánk Khỏe Mạnh?
Bản quyền © 2007 của Mark E. Dever và 9Marks
Xuất bản bởi Crossway Books
Nhà xuất bản Ministry of Good News
1300 Crescent Street
Wheaton, Illinois 60187

Đã đăng ký Bản quyền. Ấn bản này không được sao chép ở bất kỳ phần nào, hay lưu
trữ trong hệ thống truy xuất, hoặc được truyền dưới bất kỳ hình thức nào bằng bất kỳ
phương tiện nào, điện tử, cơ khí, photocopy, ghi âm, nếu không có sự cho phép trước
của nhà xuất bản, ngoại trừ theo quy định của luật bản quyền Hoa Kỳ.

In lại từ 9Marks của Hội Thánh Khỏe Mạnh, Bản quyền © 2005 của Mark E. Dever

Thiết kế bìa: Josh Dennis

Ảnh bìa: iStock

Được in ở Hoa Kỳ

Trừ khi có ghi chú khác, tất cả các trích dẫn Kinh thánh đều có trong Kinh thánh:
Phiên bản quốc tế mới. ® Bản quyền © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Hiệp Hội Kinh Thánh
Quốc Tế.

Được sử dụng theo sự cho phép của Nhà xuất bản Zondervan. Tất cả các quyền.
Nhãn hiệu “NIV” và “Phiên bản quốc tế mới” được đăng ký tại Văn phòng Bằng
sáng chế và
Nhãn hiệu Hoa Kỳ của Hiệp hội Kinh thánh Quốc tế. Sử dụng của một trong hai
nhãn hiệu yêu
cầu sự cho phép của Hội Kinh Thánh Quốc Tế.

Các trích dẫn kinh thánh được đánh dấu là từ Thánh Kinh, Tiêu chuẩn tiếng Anh

Version®, bản quyền © 2001 của Crossway Bibles, một bộ xuất bản của Nhà xuất
bản ministry of Good News Publishers. Được sử dụng theo sự cho phép. Đã đăng
ký Bản quyền.

Tất cả các nhấn mạnh trong trích dẫn Kinh thánh đã được tác giả thêm vào.

“Tiêu đề này được dịch sang tiếng Việt khi hợp tác với 9Marks theo sự cho phép
của Crossway”.

9Marks (525 A St. NE, Washington, D.C. 20002).

Translator: Sion Tran


Cover Editor: Wirley Corrêa
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dever, Mark.
Hội Thánh Khỏe Mạnh Là Gì? / Mark Dever.
p. cm.
“Adapted from 9 marks of a healthy church, © 2005 by Mark
Dever”—T.p. verso.
ISBN 13: 978-1-58134-937-5 (hc)
1. Church—Marks. 2. Church—Biblical teaching. 3. Choice
of church. I. Dever, Mark. 9 marks of a healthy church. II. Title.
BV601.D49 2007
250—dc22 2006102865
LB 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
9Marks ISBN: 978-1-950396-35-1
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14
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18
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Building Healthy Churches

HỘI THÁNH CỦA BẠN ĐANG SỐNG MẠNH?


9Marks sẳn sàng trang bị cho các lãnh đạo của hội thánh với khải tượng của
Thánh Kinh và các các tài liệu hữu ích để truyền đạt danh Chúa cho mọi dân
tộc từ một Hội thánh sống mạnh.

Cuối cùng, chúng tôi muốn giúp các Hội thánh phát triển trong chín điểm
sống mạnh mà thường bị bỏ qua:

1. Giảng Giải Kinh


2. Thánh kinh Thần học
3. Hiểu biết Kinh thánh về bốn sách Tin Lành
4. Hiểu biết Kinh thánh về sự tái Sanh
5. Hiểu biết Kinh thánh về truyền giáo
6. Thành viên của Hội thánh
7. Kỷ luật của Hội thánh trên nền tảng Kinh thánh
8. Đào tạo môn đệ trên nền tảng Kinh Thánh
9. Lãnh đạo Hội thánh trên nền tảng Kinh thánh

Tại 9Marks, chúng tôi viết bài, viết sách, tham khảo sách và các tạp chí trực
tuyến. Chúng tôi tổ chức các hội nghị, phỏng vấn và phát hành nhiều nguồn
tài liệu để trang bị cho các Hội thánh để làm sáng danh Chúa.

Tìm hiểu trang web của chúng tôi với khoảng 30 ngôn ngữ khác nhau và
mời bạn đăng ký để nhận được tạp chí điện tử miễn phí. Đây là danh sách
liệt kê các ngôn ngữ trong trang mạng của chúng tôi:

9marks.org/about/international-efforts/

9marks.org
THẾ NÀO LÀ MỘT HỘI THÁNH KHỎE MẠNH,

Thế nào là một Hội thánh khỏe mạnh?


BẠN CÓ THỂ NÓI THẾ NÀO?
Hội thánh đó có trông khác như thế nào với các Hội thánh khác? Quan trọng
hơn là nó hành động khác biệt, đặc biệt thế nào trong xã hội? Nhiều người
trong chúng ta không chắc chắn phải trả lời những câu hỏi này thế nào, dù
chúng ta có thể có vài ý tưởng trước. Nhưng với quyển sách này, bạn không
cần phải băn khoăn nữa.

Tác giả Mark Dever tìm cách giúp đỡ các tín hữu nhận ra những đặc tính
thiết yếu của một Hội thánh khỏe mạnh: giảng giải kinh, thần học Thánh
Kinh, và một sự hiểu biết đúng đắn về phúc âm. Dever cũng kêu gọi chúng
ta phát triển các đặc tính này trong chính Hội thánh chúng ta. Bởi việc làm
theo gương các tác giả Tân Ước và việc nhắm đến các thành viên Hội thánh
từ các mục sư đến các những người ngồi trên băng ghế nhà thờ, Dever
thách thức mọi tín hữu làm phận sự của mình trong việc duy trì Hội thánh
địa phương. Thế nào là một Hội thánh khỏe mạnh? đưa ra những lẽ thật vô
tận và những nguyên lý thực tiễn để giúp mỗi chúng ta làm trọn vai trò Đức
Chúa Trời giao phó trong thân thể Đấng Christ.

MARK DEVER, tác giả của một số sách và các bài báo, phục vụ như một
Mục sư Quản nhiệm của Hội thánh Báp-tít Capitol ở Washington DC. Cùng
với những trách nhiệm trong chức vụ chăn bầy của mình, Tiến sĩ Dever cũng

MARK DEVER
phục vụ trong tư cách Giám đốc điều hành của 9Marks. Dever cùng với vợ
là Connie, sống với con trai mình ở DC.

What is a Healthy Church - Vietnamese.indd 2-3 22/03/2019 10:42

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