Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

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Ocean Engineering
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng

Numerical investigation of bluff body for vortex induced vibration

energy harvesting
Mingrui Zheng , Dong Han *, Sijie Gao , Jincheng Wang
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In order to obtain a larger VIV response and harvest energy more efficiently in wider flow velocity ranges in long-
Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) distance transport pipelines, the effects of the elastic modulus of material, mass ratio and cross-sectional shapes
Mass-spring-damper oscillator model (circular cylinder, squa-cir prism, cir-squa prism) of flow-around structure on the VIV performance are numer­
Newmark-β method
ically investigated in this paper. URANS equations with k-ω SST turbulence model are employed to calculate the
Amplitude response
Energy harvesting
two-dimensional flow field with Reynolds number ranging from 2000 to 50000, and Newmark-β method is
Wake pattern adopted to capture the one-degree-of-freedom motion of the system. The numerical results show that the elastic
modulus of material and mass ratio are two important factors affecting the natural frequency of the system,
which is closely related to the vibration response of system. The range of synchronization increases with an
increase in elastic modulus, and the onset of synchronization is more gradual for systems with higher natural
frequency. And the maximum amplitude ratio and the range of Reynolds number corresponding to the syn­
chronization region all increase with the decrease of mass ratio. Moreover, the bluff body with squa-cir cross
section shows highest amplitude response of 1.16D due to its forward vortex shedding position, indicating the
direction for the design of the cross-sectional shapes of bluff body in the pipeline for VIV energy harvesting.
Thereby, it can be concluded that the natural frequency of system and vortex shedding position caused by the
cross-sectional shapes are important factors affecting the VIV response.

1. Introduction
With the successive development of China’s oil fields, thousands of
kilometers of high-pressure pipelines that transport petroleum or liqui­
fied natural gas over long distances are in long-term service throughout
the country. Since the pipelines suffered from corrosion and man-made
drilling oil stolen and led to frequent oil leakage, which not only seri­
ously disturbed the normal oil production and caused huge economics
losses, but also resulted in environmental pollution as well as caused
fire, explosion and so on. The solution to reduce or avoid the above-
mentioned problems is to install sensors along the pipeline to achieve
pipeline divulging examination and pinpointing. And the technical key
to achieve the above-mentioned solution is to solve the problem of
power supply for related sensors installed along the pipelines. Currently,
these sensors can be powered by batteries, solar panels, small-scale wind
turbines and hydraulic turbines. However, these power supply methods
have their disadvantages, such as the batteries need to be replaced
frequently due to limited capacity; solar power and wind power are
subjected to weather conditions and easily stolen due to externally
installation; hydraulic turbine power generator has short life and high
maintenance costs due to the internal moving parts like impellers.
Therefore, a new power generation method is urgently needed to meet
the long-term and uninterrupted power supply demands for these sen­
sors along the pipelines (Wang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2019a).
Some scholars have proposed a novel concept of generating elec­
tricity: converting vibrations caused by wind or water in the environ­
ment into electrical energy, thereby powering these low-power
electronics such as sensors (Li et al., 2016a; Sun et al., 2019a). This type
of vibration caused by wind or water in the environment is often called
flow-induced vibration. Based on the principle of flow-induced vibra­
tion, we proposed a self-generating device: a flow-around structure with
built-in power generation module is vertically installed in the pipeline,
and a small part of kinetic energy of the fluid is captured by the
flow-around structure, which is then converted into electrical energy by
the built-in power generation module to power the low-power sensors
along the pipeline. The power generation module can be flexible
piezoelectric membrane or combination of electromagnetic and coils
(Orrego et al., 2017; Naseer et al., 2017; Franzini and Bunzel, 2018). The
proposed self-generating device has the following advantages: a.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: handong@nuaa.edu.cn, nanjinghd@gmail.com (D. Han).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107624
Received 25 October 2019; Received in revised form 29 April 2020; Accepted 7 June 2020
Available online 22 July 2020
0029-8018/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Zheng et al.
Nomenclature
A Amplitude (m)
C Coefficient
c Damping of the system (Ns/m)
D Diameter (m)
E Elastic modulus (Pa)
F Force (N)
f Frequency (Hz)
h Height (m)
k Turbulence kinetic energy (m2/s2)
K Spring stiffness per unit length (N/m)
m Mass of the bluff body per unit length (kg/m)
m* Mass ratio
Pκ Production of turbulent kinetic energy (kg/ms2)
Pω Rate of the production of specific turbulent dissipation rate
(kg/m3s2)
Re Reynolds Number
Sij Mean rate of deformation components
t Flow time (s)
u,v Velocity (m/s)
p Pressure (Pa)
maintenance-free and long-life due to no moving parts; b. Guard against
theft due to its high integration and internal installation; c. it is sufficient
to uninterruptedly power low-power electronics such as monitoring
sensors along the pipelines, in spite of its limited power generation ef­
ficiency (Zhang et al., 2017a).
Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is one of the main forms of flow-
induced vibrations (Sun et al., 2019a). When a bluff body is placed in
a uniform directional fluid flow, the bluff body will alternately produce
vortex shedding, which in turn causes periodically pulsation on the bluff
body for both in-line direction and cross-flow direction. If the bluff body
is flexible or elastically supported, which is allowed to undergo elastic
deformation, the pulsating force will result in periodic vibration to the
bluff body. This regular vibration will in turn change the pattern of the
wake vortex. This problem of describing the interaction of fluid and
structure is called vortex-induced vibration (VIV) (Cicolin and Assi,
2017). In recent years, VIV has been widely investigated due to its
prevalence in engineering applications, such as marine risers with
various types, bridge piers, bridges, towering buildings and so on (Zhu
et al., 2016; Kang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019;
Zheng et al., 2019). In terms of different angles, the occurrence of VIV
phenomena has advantages and disadvantages. At present, the research
objectives are divided into two categories: suppression of VIV to prevent
structural damage and enhancement of VIV to achieve energy
harvesting.
The resonance phenomenon of vortex-induced vibration easily leads
to serious instability and fatigue damage of many engineering struc­
tures. The most common are marine and coastal applications, such as
bridge piers, deep-sea flexible structures, submarine transport pipelines
and cable structures; in terms of aerodynamics, such as towering
buildings, chimneys, bridges, aerial cables, heat exchangers and blades
of aero engine (Zheng et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2017a; Si
et al., 2019). Therefore, researchers attach great importance to the VIV
suppression in order to reduce or even avoid damage to these engi­
neering structures. For the suppression of vortex-induced vibration, the
method adopted by most scholars is to change the cross-sectional shape
of the flow-around structure or to attach some additional equipment on
the outer surface of the existing structures whose cross-sectional shapes
are difficult to directly change, thereby destroying the boundary layer
and changing the near wake flow field as well as disturbing the regular
vortex shedding, so as to successfully suppress the vortex-induced
2
Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
x,y Directions
y Displacement (m)
yþ, Δy Height of the first layer
Greek Letters
μ Dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)
μt Turbulent viscosity (kg/ms)
σk Turbulent Prandtl number of k
σω Turbulent Prandtl number of ω
ω Specific dissipation rate of k (s 1)
δ Kronecker delta function
β, γ Model coefficients
ρ Density (kg/m3)
ζ Damping ratio
Subscripts
i,j Indexes
L Lift
n Natural
osc Oscillation
t Turbulence
vibration. Their research methods include experimental research and
numerical simulation research. Cicolin and Assi (2017) proposed a novel
suppressor called “VT” and experimentally investigated the VIV
response of VT as well as other three conventional suppressors. Their
experimental results show that these suppressors all have a suppression
effect, and the VT suppressor has the most significant suppression effect,
which suppressed the peak amplitude of vibration down to 40% of that
of a bare cylinder. Huera-Huarte (2017) experimentally investigated the
effectiveness of wire meshes in VIV suppression. In their experiment, in
order to analysis the physical mechanism that caused the attenuation of
VIV, a series of square wire meshes with different densities and sizes
were attached on the surface of cylinder and compared their VIV re­
sponses. Their experimental results indicate that a complete VIV sup­
pression with a suppression effect of more than 95% occurs at the
reduced velocities up to more than 13. They also stated that most of the
meshes generally can attenuate partially VIV without increasing drag
forces. Jim� enez-Gonza �lez and Huera-Huarte (2018) conducted an
experiment to study the vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder
with pairs of control rods of varying size located in its wake. Their
experimental results show that the VIV response is almost completely
suppressed (up to 90%) when the diameter of the control rods is 0.4
times the diameter of the circular cylinder, and the lift coefficient
generally decreases significantly and the phase difference between
transverse force and cylinder displacement alters substantially due to
the placement of control rod pairs in the near wake. Cagney and Bala­
bani (2019) experimentally investigated the role of the separation point
in VIV suppression adopting a series of cylinders with different
cross-sectional shapes, including circular with no fixed separation
points, equilateral triangles with fixed separation points and elliptical
cylinders with adjustable major to minor axis ratios. In their experiment,
the modification of the separation point was easily influenced the VIV
response and a moderately elliptical cylinder could completely achieve
VIV suppression. Jaiman et al. (2016) came up with a partitioned iter­
ative and a dynamic subgrid-scale scheme to simulate flow-induced vi­
bration of freely vibrating structures in a turbulent flow by large-eddy
simulation solver. They designed a new device termed as connected-C
and numerically investigated the wake stabilization mechanism for the
VIV suppression. Their results concluded that the proposed connected-C
device has a VIV suppression performance due to the mechanism of
shear layer reattachment (Law and Jaiman, 2017). They also introduced
M. Zheng et al.
a novel staggered groove configuration and numerically investigate the
effect of the width and depth of surface spanwise grooves on the VIV
suppression. Their results indicated that the staggered groove configu­
ration is effective in VIV suppression, which has a potential application
to deep-water marine risers and tall structures in wind environment
(Law and Jaiman, 2018). Wang et al. (2019) numerically investigated
the effect of height ratio of triangle groove strips (TGS) on VIV sup­
pression of marine riser and they concluded that as the increase of the
height ratio of TGS, the VIV suppression of TGS performs improved
firstly but then weakened and the height ratio of 0.04 shows the best VIV
suppression effect. Nikoo et al. (2018) proposed a structure-tuned mass
damper (TMD) system, which is modified on the basis of conventional
pipe-in-pipe (PIP) system by connecting springs and dashpots between
the inner and outer pipes. Their numerical results indicated that the
optimized PIP system can suppress VIV noticeably. The
above-mentioned passive control method for boundary layer by altering
the surface configuration or installing additional devices around the
cylinder can effectively achieve VIV suppression. However, for some
structures that are difficult to change their cross-sectional shape such as
bridges, buildings, etc., other control methods are needed to adopt to
achieve VIV response. Therefore, some active control methods that re
quire the introduction of external energy, such as free rotation, the
introduction of jets and electromagnetic forcing, have also attracted
researchers’ attention. Chen et al. (2019) conducted an experiment to
study the effect of a self-issuing jet which is installed on a bridge deck on
VIV suppression. Their experimental results show that the self-issuing jet
plays an important role in VIV suppression, the vertical VIV is
completely suppressed and the torsional VIV is reduced by 45.5%. Zheng
et al. (2019) experimentally investigated wind-induced response and
VIV resonance mechanism of a mega-tall building to provide guidance
for wind-resistance design of flexible structures. Wang et al. (2016)
presented a numerical study to adopt a pair of synthetic jets (SJ) to
control the VIV of circular cylinder and their results show that the VIV
response is successfully suppressed by using the SJ control. Zhang et al.
(2017b) numerically investigated the mechanism of Lorentz force on
VIV suppression in a uniform flow. Their results show that with the
application of symmetrical Lorentz force, the vortex shedding weakens,
resulting in the VIV suppression. It is worth mentioning that there are
researchers conducting VIV studies on marine risers with the goal of
simultaneously achieving VIV suppression and high energy harvesting.
They not only installed additional devices with different cross-sectional
shapes around marine risers to control the separation of the boundary
layer, but also drove the free rotation of the attached devices to disturb
the flow field around marine risers, thereby changing the near wake and
achieving VIV suppression. At the same time, the free rotation of the
attached devices can extract energy from the surrounding fluid like a
water turbine. Therefore, the free rotation of the attached device is
driven by the extracted energy from the surrounding fluid and no con­
sumption of external energy is required for its rotation, and the VIV
suppression and energy harvesting are simultaneously achieved. Zhu
et al. (2016) numerically investigated the VIV responses of a circular
cylinder attached by a free-to-rotate dartlike overlay by using the un­
steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stroke (URANS) equations and the
k-ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model coupled with a
fourth-order Rung–Kutta method. Their results show that the studied
cylinder attached by a free-to-rotate dartlike overlay has a limited
suppression of VIV, and its vibration response is enhanced at larger
Reynolds numbers, which benefits to use in power generation equip­
ment for energy harvesting. The VIV response of a circular cylinder with
a free-to-rotate triangle fairing was also investigated by this group (Zhu
et al., 2017b), they concluded that the triangle fairing has a positive role
in VIV suppression at a stable state, however, the 70� triangular fairing
can be used to VIV energy harvesting due to its more vigorous vibration.
Zhu and Gao (2017) numerically investigated VIV response of a riser
attached by a free-to-rotate impeller and their results indicate that the
lock-in phenomenon shifts to a larger incoming flow rate due to the
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Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
rotation of impeller, VIV suppression and high energy harvesting are
simultaneously achieved with the reduced velocity larger than 9.85. Zhu
et al. (2018a) proposed a new device consisting of an elastically
mounted circular cylinder and a free-to-rotate pentagram impeller for
energy harvesting, they concluded that the power generating capacity is
sensitive to flow velocity and damping ratio, and the average power
efficiency is about 22.6%. They also investigated the VIV responses of
free-to-rotate elliptic cylinder at different torsional frictions. Their re­
sults show that the VIV response of rotatable cylinder is more vigorous
comparing to the non-rotatable elliptic cylinder (Zhu et al., 2018b). Zhu
et al. (2019) proposed a novel energy harvester via installing Bach-type
turbine on offshore cylindrical structures, which can suppress VIV
response as well as achieve energy harvesting. In their investigation, the
maximum power coefficient reaches 0.34 and the major contribution of
energy conversion is from the rotation. In addition, a small number of
scholars have studied the effects of special boundary conditions, such as
oscillating flow and restricted side wall, on the suppression of
vortex-induced vibration. Ren et al. (2019) experimentally studied the
VIV suppression effect of a flexible pipe fitted with helical strakes in an
oscillatory flow and they concluded that the suppression efficiency is not
as ideal in oscillatory flow as that in steady flow. Li et al. (2016b)
numerically studied wall proximity effects on the vortex-induced vi­
bration of an elastically mounted circular cylinder, their results show
that the transvers vibration response of near-wall cylinder is similar to
that of the isolated cylinder, which means that the existence of the wall
does not significantly influence the cross-flow vibration; and the
vibrating near-wall cylinder exhibits larger streamwise oscillation and
smaller streamwise vibration frequency as compared to the isolated
cylinder. Chung (2016) numerically investigated the effect of Froude
number on vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder which is
horizontally placed near a free surface at low Reynolds number, and
they concluded that the VIV is enhanced near the free surface at a lower
Froude number while the VIV is suppressed near the free surface at a
higher Froude number.
Another type of application about vortex-induced vibration is to
achieve energy harvesting through the resonance of VIV, which is aimed
at strengthening VIV responses. This application technology is called
Vortex Induced Vibration for Aquatic Clean Energy (VIVACE) (Zhu
et al., 2016), which harvests energy from both hydraulic such as
ocean/river and wind for power generation technology (Sun et al.,
2019a; Li et al., 2016a) and enhancement of heat transfer (Sun et al.,
2019b). The experimental and numerical researches on energy har­
vesting using VIV are also being carried out in full swing. Modir et al.
(2016) experimentally investigated the effect of mass ratio on VIV
response of a flexibly mounted circular cylinder, their results show that
the peak amplitude of oscillation increases with decrease of mass ratio,
and the range of synchronization increases by reducing the mass ratio
with constant mass-damping parameters. Modir and Goudarzi (2019)
experimentally studied the effect of natural frequency with five different
springs by measuring the transverse response of VIV about an elastically
mounted circular cylinder in a water channel. Their experimental results
show that an adjustable natural frequency system has an optimum en­
ergy harvesting in VIV-based ocean/river energy converters. Orrego
et al. (2017) experimentally investigated wind energy harvesting by
self-sustained oscillations of a flexible piezoelectric membrane fixed in
an inverted flag and conducted parametric studies to evaluate the in­
fluence of geometrical parameters of the flag on the flapping behavior
and the resulting energy output. Their experimental results show that a
peak electrical power of 5.0 mW/cm3 occurred at a wind velocity of 9
m/s and a sustainable power generation of 0.4 mW/cm3 even in
low-wind speed regimes of 3.5 m/s. And they also concluded that their
devices can harvest ambient wind energy to power a temperature sensor
without employing a battery for energy storage. Zhang et al. (2017a)
numerically investigated the VIV energy harvesting of two bluff bodies
in tandem arrangement with five different cross sections such as trian­
gular prism, square prism, pentagon prism, circular cylinder and cir-tria
M. Zheng et al.
prism in the spacing range of 2–50 diameters. They concluded the
cir-tria prism has a better performance on energy harvesting with the
maximum amplitude ratio of 1.17D, which leads to maximum energy
conversion of 26.5%. Additionally, their simulation results also indi­
cated that the VIV response of the upstream cylinder will be suppressed
with spacing less than 5 diameters and the motion of the downstream
cylinder is largely affected by the upstream cylinder due to the wake
effects with spacing less than 35 diameters. Zhang et al. (2018)
numerically investigated the best performance for the VIV energy har­
vesting by arranging four staggered cylinders reasonably at in-flow
spacing varies from 1.2D to 10.0D and transverse spacing ranges from
2.0D to 8.0D. Their results indicate that the VIV response performs the
most vigorously with in-flow spacing of 2.0D and transverse spacing of
4.0D, obtaining the highest converted power ratio of 3.9. Naseer et al.
(2017) proposed a concept of harvesting energy from VIV by introducing
nonlinear attractive magnetic forces and numerically investigated the
influence of magnetic force on the synchronization region and levels of
the harvested power. The impacts of the spacing distance between two
magnets on the natural frequency and damping ratio of the energy
harvester in the monostable configuration are studied, and their results
show that changing the spacing distance lead to a variation of the nat­
ural frequency and results in a shift of the lock-in region, which is sig­
nificant for low wind speed energy harvesting; and according to the
available ambient wind speed, the spacing distance and load resistance
can be adjusted for efficient and broadband energy harvesting from VIV.
Chizfahm et al. (2018) numerically investigated the dynamic modeling
of four configurations of VIV of a bladeless wind turbine (BWT) and their
results indicate that the conic BWTs exhibit a better power performance
at higher wind speeds while the right circular BWTs show a better power
performance at lower wind speeds. Franzini and Bunzel (2018) numer­
ically studied the VIV of a rigid cylinder mounted on elastic supports
fitted with piezoelectric harvesters. Their results show that the simul­
taneous presence of streamwise and transverse oscillations lead to a
significant increase of the maximum energy harvesting efficiency and
the energy harvesting efficiency can increase up to 50% for a certain
reduced velocity.
Through the research and analysis of the above literatures, it can be
found that, whether the research purpose is the suppression or
enhancement for VIV, the background of these researches is mostly
offshore engineering or ambient wind energy harvesting, there are very
few investigations involve the energy harvesting by enhancing the VIV
from directional flow of long-distance transport pipelines. Most re­
searchers are studying the VIV of existing engineering structures such as
marine risers, bridges and building whose cross-sectional shape and
natural frequency are fixed, in this case, it is only possible to control the
separation of the boundary layer and alter the near wake flow field by
installing additional devices around existing structures or adopting
active control method such as introducing rotation, jets and electro­
magnetic force, thereby altering the vortex shedding frequency to ach­
ieve the suppression or enhancement of VIV. However, in this paper, the
proposed self-generating device integrated in the long-distance trans­
port pipelines, involves the design of flow-around structure which is
flexible or elastically mounted, including the design of the cross-
sectional shape and the natural frequency, to cater to the various flow
velocity ranges of the pipeline and make it more widely used for energy
harvesting of pipelines with various flow velocity ranges. In addition,
due to the different engineering application backgrounds, the self-
generating device proposed in this paper is vertically installed in the
pipeline, one end of which is fixed and the other end is free. This
structure is not exactly the same as the structure elastically supported at
both ends which is studied by most researchers. Finally, it is worth
emphasizing that the self-generating device proposed in this paper only
supplies low-power equipment such as monitoring sensors which are
sporadically installed along the pipelines. Although its energy conver­
sion efficiency is not high, it is also sufficient to power such sensors
uninterruptedly. Moreover, due to the low power supply demand, the
4
Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
size of the self-generating device can be designed to be small, so it has a
small impact on the fluid flow in the long-distance transport pipelines
and the loss of hydrokinetic energy is minimal.
In order to match the appropriate flow-around structures to obtain a
larger VIV response and harvest energy more efficiently in wider flow
velocity ranges in pipelines, a two-dimensional (2D) numerical investi­
gation is conducted in this paper to study the dimensionless transverse
vibration amplitude and frequency of the flexible flow-around bluff
bodies with different elastic modulus and different mass ratios, which
lead to different natural frequencies and structural stiffness. Moreover,
the transverse amplitude response and frequency of bluff bodies with
different cross-sectional shapes are also numerically studied. The study
can provide a certain reference for the design of flow-around structures,
including the recommendation of cross-sectional shapes of the flow-
around bluff bodies and the selection of the range of natural frequency
at the studied range of Reynolds number.
2. Computational model and method
2.1. Description of the problem
The self-generating device proposed in this paper is a flow-around
cylindrical structure from the appearance, which can be a flexible cy­
lindrical structure or a rigid cylindrical structure elastically supported at
its one end. And then a power generation module, which can be flexible
piezoelectric membrane or combination of electromagnetic and coils, is
integrated inside the cylindrical structure. The processes of energy
harvesting and conversion in the directional flow pipelines of the pro­
posed self-generating device are as follows: the flow-around cylindrical
structure, which is flexible or elastically supported, is vertically installed
in the pipeline, one end of which is fixed on the pipeline and the other
end is free. And then due to the hydrodynamic force acting on the flow-
around cylindrical structure, it vibrates periodically in a direction
perpendicular to the flow direction, resulting in the beat of internal
flexible piezoelectric membrane or the relative movements between the
internal electromagnetic and coils. These series of processes complete
the harvest and conversion of fluid kinetic energy to vibrational me­
chanical energy and then electrical energy. The schematic diagram of
self-generating device vertically installed in the pipelines and self-
generating device with built-in power generation module are respec­
tively shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
In this paper, the numerical investigation is only conducted to har­
vest energy from fluid kinetic energy and convert into vibrational me­
chanical energy by the flexible flow-around cylindrical structure based
on the enhancement of VIV, and does not involve the energy conversion
of the power generation module. Fig. 3 shows the three-dimensional
(3D) physical model of flexible flow-around cylindrical structure
based on enhancement of VIV, as we can see, the size of the flow-around
cylindrical structure is sufficiently small compared to the fluid domain,
so the loss of hydrokinetic energy in the pipeline is minimal. In order to
enable the proposed self-generating device to obtain more energy from
the directional fluid, the factors that affect the VIV response and how to
enhance VIV are numerically investigated in this paper, so as to point the
direction for the design of the self-generating device used in pipelines.
Since the numerical study of the above-mentioned three-dimensional
physical model is more difficult, it requires more computing resources,
and at the same time, it encounters many problems that cannot be solved
immediately, therefore, at present, this 3D numerical study is simplified
to 2D numerical investigation.
The VIV response with one degree of freedom (1-DOF) of the 3D
flexible flow-around cylindrical structure is simplified to its tip VIV
response with 1-DOF. The tip of the 3D flexible flow-around cylindrical
structure is modeled by a mass-spring-damper system. The determina­
tion of its vibration parameters for the simulation is as follows: Firstly,
determine the geometric parameters of the 3D flow-around cylindrical
structure, including diameter D and height h as well as cross-sectional
M. Zheng et al. Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of self-generating device vertically installed in the pipelines.

shape, so its volume can be calculated. Then, import the geometric

model into the modal analysis module in ANSYS Workbench software to
calculate its natural frequency of y-direction under different mass ratios
and different elastic modulus which can be set at the modal analysis
module. The mass of the 3D flow-around cylindrical structure per unit
length m can be calculated from its geometric parameters, mass ratio m*
and the density of the fluid ρ, so the spring stiffness of the simplified 2D
mass-spring-damper system can be calculated by K ¼ m(2πfn)2. It can be
known from the above equation that the spring stiffness of the 2D mass-
spring-damper system K is affected by the mass of the flow-around cy­
lindrical structure per unit length m and the natural frequency of the 2D
mass-spring-damper system fn. Because different mass ratio of the flow-
around structure leads to different mass of the flow-around cylindrical
structure per unit length and simultaneously affect the natural frequency
of the system, thereby result in different spring stiffness of the system. In
addition, the elastic modulus 3D flexible flow-around cylindrical struc­
ture of can be set at the modal analysis module, and through modal
analysis, it can be found that different elastic modulus of the structure
leads to different natural frequency when the other parameters are fixed,
therefore, according to formula K ¼ m(2πfn)2, the corresponding spring
stiffness of the simplified 2D mass-spring-damper system also changes
with the natural frequency. Fig. 4 shows a result of modal analysis under
one of the simulation conditions. Since the 3D flow-around cylindrical
structures of different heights will cause different natural frequencies
when other parameters are kept the same, the heights of the 3D flow-
around cylindrical structures are all maintained at 0.09 m in this paper.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of self-generating device with built-in power gen­

eration module.

Fig. 3. Three-dimensional physical model of flow-around cylindrical structure

based on enhancement of VIV. Fig. 4. Modal analysis result under one of the simulation conditions.

5
M. Zheng et al. Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

Fig. 5. Computational domain and boundary conditions for VIV of a circular cylinder.

used in this study. As depicted in Fig. 5, a circular region with a diameter

Table 1
of 40D is defined as the computational domain. The upstream boundary
Physical model parameters for the simulation.
and the downstream boundary are respectively 20D away from the
Symbol Description Value center of the cylinder (the original point). The upstream boundary is
m* Mass ratio 0.8; 1.5; 3 imposed with a velocity inlet boundary condition specified as u ¼ u∞
ζ Damping ratio 0.003 and v ¼ 0, where u and v are the velocity components in x and y di­
Re Reynolds number 2000–50000 rections, respectively. And a pressure outlet boundary condition with
D Diameter of bluff bodies (m) 0.01
h Height of bluff bodies (m) 0.09
gauge pressure of 0 Pa is assigned in the downstream boundary. The
E Elastic modulus (Pa) 6e6; 2e7; 4e7 symmetry boundary conditions are imposed to the other two boundaries
fn Natural frequency (Hz) 7.7–27.27 of the circular computational domain. Additionally, the no-slip wall
K Spring stiffness per unit length (N/m) 552–3681 condition is assigned on the surface of the circular cylinder.
Water density (kg/m3) 998.2
ρ
As shown in Fig. 5, the circular cylinder with a diameter D of 0.01 m
μ Dynamic viscosity of water (kg/ms) 0.001003
is elastically mounted, the motion of the system is modeled by a mass-
spring-damper system with 1-DOF. The natural frequency (fn) and
Although the simplified 2D numerical results are not accurately spring stiffness (K) of the system vary with the elastic modulus (E) and
enough to reflect the VIV response of the 3D flow-around cylindrical the mass ratio (m* ¼ 4m/ρπ D2) of the flexible bluff bodies. The natural
structure, to some degree, it also can reflect the variation trend of the frequency of y-direction can be obtained by modal analysis of ANSYS
VIV response of the flow-around cylindrical structure with the mass Workbench software, and the spring stiffness can be calculated by K ¼ m
ratio, elastic modulus and cross-sectional shape. (2πfn)2. The simulation parameters are listed in Table 1. In order to show
the complete influencing regularity of the relevant parameters, the
studied Reynolds numbers (Re) ranges from 2000 to 50000, so as to
2.2. Simulation setup reflect the whole synchronization region of VIV under different influ­
encing factors.
In order to reduce the number of calculated grids and to avoid To capture the vibration response of the system, the whole
calculation errors of dynamic grids, a circular computational domain is

Fig. 6. Bluff bodies: (a) Circular cylinder; (b) Squa-Cir prism; (c) Cir-Squa prism.

6
M. Zheng et al. Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

computational domain is divided into two zones. An accompany moving
zone with a diameter of 7D around the cylinder follows the translational
motion of the cylinder. The rest of the computational domain around the
accompany moving zone is defined as the dynamic zone, in which the
grids deform and perform any needed adaptation depending on the
translational motion of the accompany moving zone.
In addition, three kinds of cross sections are adopted for the VIV bluff
bodies, including the Circular cylinder, Squa-Cir prism and Cir-Squa
prism (Fig. 6). D represents the diameter both in x-direction and y-di­
rection of the bluff bodies.
components; and σk, σω, β and γ are model coefficients.
The vibration amplitude of the bluff body is triggered by the fluc­
tuating hydrodynamic forces acting on the system. As a mass-spring-
damping system, the motion of the bluff body in the y-direction is
modeled by a second order linear equation. The equation of one-degree-
of-freedom (1-DOF) motion can be presented as (Zhu et al., 2016, 2017b,
2018a, 2018b, 2019; Zhu and Gao, 2017):
m€
y þ cy_ þ Ky ¼ FL ðtÞ (10)
in which

2.3. Governing equations and numerical method K ¼ mð2πfn Þ2 (11)

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
For an unsteady two-dimensional viscous incompressible flow over a c ¼ 2ζ mK (12)
bluff body, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stroke (URANS)
where FL(t) is the lift forces; ÿ, y_ and y represent the acceleration, ve­
equations can describe the flow properties and are expressed as follows
locity and displacement associated with the transverse motion.
(Zhu et al., 2016, 2017b, 2018a, 2018b, 2019; Zhu and Gao, 2017):
Simulations are performed by using CFD software FLUENT. In order
∂ui to realize the dynamic mesh in FLUENT, User-Defined Functions (UDF)
¼0 (1)
∂xi are written by using the C programming language to solve the response
of the VIV system. In the UDF, classical Newmark-β method is embedded
∂ρui ∂ρui uj ∂p ∂ρu0i u0j to solve the mass-spring-damper system (Zhang et al., 2017a; Chen et al.,
þ ¼ þ μr2 ui (2)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj 2018; Wang et al., 2019). Newmark-β is a method of numerical inte­
gration used to solve differential equations, which is widely used in
where the Reynolds stress is expressed as below: numerical evaluation of the dynamic response of structures such as in
� � finite element analysis to model dynamic systems.
∂ui ∂uj 2
ρu0i u0j ¼ μt þ ρkt δij (3) Using the extended mean value theorem, Newmark-β method states
∂xj ∂xi 3
that the first-time derivative can be solved as (Zhang et al., 2017a,
where ui represents the instantaneous Cartesian velocity component in x 2018):
directions; ui0 is the fluctuating velocity component; ui or ui0 with a top y_tþΔt ¼ y_t þ ½ð1 γÞ€
yt þ γ y€tþΔt �Δt (13)
bar represents its time-averaged value; xi is the Cartesian coordinate in i
direction; μ and μt are the dynamic viscosity and turbulent viscosity, However, due to the acceleration also varies with time, in order to
respectively; kt is the turbulent energy; and δij is the Kronecker delta obtain the correct displacement, the extended mean value theorem must
function (δij ¼ 1 for i ¼ j). also be extended to the second-time derivative, which is expressed as:
In this paper, the fluid flow is numerically simulated by using 2D ��
1
� �
URANS equations accompanied with the k-ω Shear stress transport (SST) ytþΔt ¼ yt þ y_t Δt þ ytþΔt Δt2
β y€t þ β€ (14)
2
turbulence model (Zhang et al., 2017a, 2018), which presents a perfect
performance in modeling flows with adverse pressure gradients and According to Eq. (13) and Eq. (14), ÿtþΔt and y_tþΔt can be expressed
vortex shedding modes. The turbulence model contains the kinetic en­ as:
ergy (kt), and its specific dissipation rate (ω) transport equations are 1 1
�
1
�
expressed as follows (Zhu et al., 2016, 2017b, 2018a, 2018b, 2019; Zhu y€tþΔt ¼ ðytþΔt yt Þ y_ 1 y€t (15)
β⋅Δt2 β⋅Δt t 2β
and Gao, 2017):
�� � � γ � γ� � γ�
∂ðρkt Þ ∂ðρkt ui Þ ∂ μ ∂kt ~ k β* ρωkt
y_tþΔt ¼ ðytþΔt yt Þ 1 y_t þ 1 Δt⋅€
yt (16)
þ ¼ μþ t þP (4) β⋅Δt2 β 2β
∂t ∂xi ∂xj σk ∂xj
There are 3 unknown items (ÿtþΔt, y_tþΔt and ytþΔt) according to above-
�� � �
∂ðρωÞ ∂ðρωui Þ ∂ μ ∂ω ð1 F1 Þ ∂kt ∂ω mentioned equations. Considering Eq. (10), at time t þ Δt:
þ ¼ μþ t þ Pω 2
βρω þ 2ρ
∂t ∂xi ∂xj σ ω ∂xj ωσ ω;2 ∂xj ∂xj
m€
ytþΔt þ cy_tþΔt þ KytþΔt ¼ FL ðtÞtþΔt (17)
(5)
The unknown item ytþΔt can be calculated as:
in which
(18)
1
ytþΔt ¼ K ⋅FtþΔt
~ k ¼ minðPk ; 10β* ρkt ωÞ
P (6)
in which
2 ∂ui
Pk ¼ 2μt Sij ⋅Sij ρkt δij (7) 1 γ
3 ∂xj K ¼K þ mþ c (19)
βΔt2 βΔt
� �
2 ∂u � � � �
Pω ¼ γ 2ρSij ⋅ Sij ρω i δij (8) 1 1 1
3 ∂xj FtþΔt ¼ FL ðtÞtþΔt þ yt þ y_t þ 1 y€t ⋅ m
βΔt 2 βΔt 2β
� � h γ �γ � �γ � i (20)
1 ∂ui ∂uj þ yt þ 1 y_t þ 1 Δt ⋅ y€t ⋅c
Sij ¼ þ (9) βΔt β 2β
2 ∂xj ∂xi
The above-mentioned 3 unknown items at time t þ Δt eventually can
where the effective rate and the rate of the production of turbulent ki­ be obtained by using Eqs. 15–20. The reasonable values of γ and β shown
netic energy due to the average velocity gradient are respectively in the Newmark-β method are 0.5 and 0.25, respectively.
expressed by Eq. (6) and Eq. (7); Pω is the rate of the production of In this simulation, at each time step, the lift forces are firstly obtained
specific turbulent dissipation rate; Sij is the mean rate of deformation

7
M. Zheng et al. Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

Fig. 7. Computational mesh (Block 1 is the dynamic zone, Block 2 is the accompany moving zone).

Fig. 8. Close-up of the grid for different cross section.

Next, the velocity of the system is used to impose the no-slip wall con­
dition, and the displacement of the system is used to place it as its new
position to update the mesh (Zhang et al., 2017a).
The SIMPLE algorithm is used to calculate the coupling between the
pressure and velocity fields (Nikoo et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2016, 2018a,
2018b, 2019; Zhu and Gao, 2017). The first order implicit scheme in the
time domain and the second order upwind scheme in the spatial domain
are adopted in simulations due to their stability and veracity (Zhu and
Gao, 2017). In this paper, the time step varies with flow velocity u to
ensure the maximum Courant number is set to uΔt/D ¼ 0.05, which
meets the requirement of Courant number being smaller than 1. The
convergent criteria for all simulations are set as that residual in the
control volume for each parameter is small than 1e-5.

2.4. Computational mesh

The computational mesh used for the simulation of flow past a bluff
body is displayed in Fig. 7. The dynamic zone and accompany moving

Table 2
Fig. 9. Mesh independence validation.
Time-step independence validation.
Time steps (s/step) Amplitude ratio (A/D) Frequency ratio (fosc/fn)
by solving the URANS equations with the k-ω SST turbulence model.
Then the Newmark-β method is employed to solve the structure motion 1e-3 0.755 0.699
5e-4 0.608 0.784
equations to obtain the next state change according to the current state, 1e-4 0.594 1.056
and output the translational velocity and displacement of the system. 5e-5 0.603 1.056

8
M. Zheng et al. Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

zone are all tessellated with different sizes of grids. In this study, the
whole circular computational domain generates structured grids, all of
which are meshed with quadrilateral cells. The closer to the bluff body,
the denser the grid is. In order to increase the accuracy in resolving the
boundary-layer flow, the minimum mesh size adjoining the cylinder
surface in the radial direction is set to be 0.0003D and the growth factor
is 1.13. the size of the first layer is determined by the y plus (yþ) of 1,
which is expressed as (Zhu and Gao, 2017; Wang et al., 2019)
from 1e-3 s/step to 5e-5 s/step, as shown in Table 2. It can be seen from
Table 2, the same frequency response can be obtained with time steps of
1e-4 and 5e-5, and the deviation of corresponding amplitude response is
about 1.5%. Accordingly, taking the calculation efficiency into consid­
eration, time step of 1e-4 is selected in this paper.
2.5. Model validation

yþ ¼ 0:172
Δy 0:9
Re (21) The numerical method used in this study has been validated against
D the experimental results of 1-DOF VIV of a bare circular cylinder in
uniform channel flow by Modir et al. (2016). All the parameters in
where Δy is the height of the first layer mesh. For the largest Reynolds
simulations including diameter of circular cylinder D, mass ratio m*,
number of 50000, Δy is 0.0003D by calculation in the case of yþ ¼ 1. For
damping ratio ζ, spring stiffness of the structure K and natural frequency
other Reynolds number, yþ is smaller than 1.
of the structure fn and Re are the same as that model of Modir et al.
In addition, the 2D computational grids for all cross sections are
(2016): D ¼ 0.06 m, m* ¼ 2.26, ζ ¼ 0.053, K ¼ 570 N/m, fn ¼ 2.03 Hz
generated, as shown in Fig. 8.
and the range of Re is from 20000 to 64000, the corresponding velocity
A suitable mesh is obtained by repeating the computations until a
in x-direction u ¼ 0.47–1.43 m/s. The comparison of the VIV response of
satisfactory independent grid is found. The relationship between the
the bare cylinder versus Re between the numerical results and the
dimensionless amplitude response (A/D) and grid number is investi­
experimental data is shown in Fig. 10. As we can see, from the
gated under the same case. As shown in Fig. 9, taking the working
perspective of the entire Reynolds number range, the numerical results
condition of u ¼ 1.5 m/s and the spring stiffness of the structure with
show a similar trend as well as a similar magnitude in the synchroni­
cross-sectional shape of circular cylinder K ¼ 5212 N/m as an example,
zation region, the maximum deviation of the amplitude ratio with
six group of mesh are generated. It can be seen from Fig. 9 that the
experiment and simulation is about 15.95%. However, in the initial
amplitude responses calculated by the first two sets of relatively sparser
branch and desynchronization region, there is only a similar trend be­
mesh and the latter four sets of relatively denser mesh are significantly
tween the experimental results and the simulated results of the ampli­
different, and the maximum deviation of amplitude responses is 11.03%,
tude ratio, and there is an obvious gap in the values.
which occurs between the second set of mesh (the grid number is 16576)
We analyze that the reasons for the obvious gap between the
and the third set of mesh (the grid number is 22464). While the
experimental results and the simulation results in the initial branch and
amplitude responses calculated by the latter four sets of relatively denser
the desynchronization region are mainly reflected in the following three
mesh are very close, with a maximum deviation of only 0.4%. The re­
points:
sults show that the amplitude responses calculated by the latter four sets
of relatively denser mesh tend to be stable and consistent, however,
a. The experiment from Modir et al. (2016) is a three-dimensional flow
since the first two sets of mesh are relatively sparse, the calculated
regime, however, the numerical simulation in this paper is limited to
amplitude responses are not accurate enough. In order to simultaneously
two-dimensional research, the effect of gravity is ignored in the
ensure the accuracy of the calculation results, and save the calculation
two-dimensional research. In addition, the velocity distribution in
resources and time as much as possible, the third set of mesh with grid
the experiment may not be an ideal uniform flow, but in the nu­
number 22464 can give a good compromise between precision and
merical simulation, the inlet velocity is set to a uniform flow along
calculation time and is sufficient for carrying out numerical simulation
the channel direction, and the velocity loss near wall caused by the
in present work.
viscosity of the fluid is also ignored.
Since the transient CFD method is applied in this paper, time-step
b. The specific data of some parameters used in the numerical simula­
independence validation has been conducted, adopting the third set of
tion are not directly given in the experiment from Modir et al.
mesh and the above-mentioned modeling parameters. The time step
(2016), including the inlet velocity, density and viscosity of water.
independence validation is conducted using different time steps ranging
These parameters’ values are calculated based on the provided data

Fig. 10. Comparison of amplitude responses between the numerical results and Fig. 11. Amplitude ratios for VIV of circular cylinders with various elastic
the experimental results. modulus versus Reynolds number.

9
M. Zheng et al.
such as Reynolds number, geometry size of cylinder and mass ratio,
and may not be exactly the same as their experimental environment.
c. There are certain measurement errors about the mass of system, the
natural frequency and damping ratio of the system and amplitude
results during the experiment from Modir et al. (2016). But we can’t
quantify the measurement errors in their experiment, due to the lack
of error analysis in the literature published by Modir et al. (2016).
These above three viewpoints are the possible reasons that we
speculated may cause gap between the experiment results and simula­
tion results in the initial branch and the desynchronization region.
However, we think that experimental results with Reynolds number
have the same changing tendency as the numerical results, especially in
the synchronization region, which indicates that the numerical results
can reflect the relationship between the amplitude ratio and the Rey­
nolds number to a certain extent. Therefore, we think that the numerical
simulation method used in this paper is feasible and acceptable.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Vibration responses and hydrodynamic forces for VIV of circular
cylinders with different elastic modulus
The vibration responses and hydrodynamic forces for VIV of circular
cylinders with different elastic modulus are investigated with mass ratio
of 3 and damping ratio of 0.003. The natural frequencies in y-direction
of the circular cylinder of D ¼ 0.01 m with elastic modulus of 6e6 Pa, 2e7
Pa and 4e7 Pa are calculated by modal analysis to be 7.7118 Hz, 14.08
Hz and 19.912 Hz, respectively.
Fig. 11 shows the amplitude ratios (A/D) of circular cylinders versus
Reynolds number for different elastic modulus cases. It can be seen from
Fig. 11 that the difference in elastic modulus causes the natural fre­
quencies of the system to be different, so that the range of Reynolds
number corresponding to the synchronization region is different. The
natural frequency of the system increases as the elastic modulus of
material increases. As we can see, the range of synchronization increases
with an increase in elastic modulus, and the onset of synchronization is
more gradual for systems with higher natural frequency. As shown in
Fig. 11, in the case of elastic modulus E ¼ 6e6 Pa, the Reynolds number
corresponding to the synchronization region is in the range of
3000–7000, but when the Reynolds number is more than 7000, the vi­
bration exhibits de-synchronization phenomenon, thereby obtaining
lower amplitude responses. In the case of elastic modulus E ¼ 2e7 Pa, the
Fig. 12. Frequency ratios for VIV of circular cylinders with various elastic
modulus versus Reynolds number.
10
Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
Fig. 13. Lift coefficients for VIV acting on circular cylinders with various
elastic modulus versus Reynolds number.
Reynolds number corresponding to the synchronization region ranges
from 6000 to 14000, then reaches the de-synchronization region when
Reynolds number reaches 15000. In the case of elastic modulus E ¼ 4e7
Pa, the initial Reynolds number of the synchronization region is 8000,
and the Reynolds number corresponding to the synchronization region
ranges from 8000 to 20000, then reaches the de-synchronization region.
The results show that at the case of smaller elastic modulus, it is easy to
obtain a larger amplitude in the lower speed region while the amplitude
is lower in the higher speed region, and the range of Reynolds number
corresponding to the synchronization region is also limited. However,
the higher amplitude exhibits in the higher speed region at the case of a
larger elastic modulus, and the range of Reynolds number corresponding
to the synchronization region is larger. It can be concluded from the
results that VIV has a strong dependence on the natural frequency and
the elastic modulus of material is one of the important factors affecting
the natural frequency of the system. For different ranges of fluid’s flow
velocities in the pipeline, it is necessary to reasonably select materials
with different elastic modulus to make the flow-around structures to
obtain the desired natural frequencies, so as to realize the VIV energy
harvesting in the pipeline. In addition, in order to achieve energy har­
vesting over a wider range of Reynolds number, it is not recommended
to select materials with a smaller elastic modulus.
Fig. 12 shows the frequency ratios (the ratio of the oscillation fre­
quency to the natural frequency, fosc/fn) versus Reynolds number for
different elastic modulus cases. As can be seen from Fig. 12, the fre­
quency ratio increases with the increase of Reynolds number at the
lower Reynolds number. The frequency ratio is close to 1 in the syn­
chronization region, which means the oscillation frequency is close to
the natural frequency, leading to a larger amplitude response. However,
the frequency ratio almost exceeds 2, which means that the oscillation
frequency differs greatly from the natural frequency, such as Reynolds
number is greater than 7000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼ 6e6 Pa,
Reynolds number is greater than 14000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼
2e7 Pa as well as Reynolds number is greater than 20000 at case of
elastic modulus E ¼ 4e7 Pa, the vibration reaches de-synchronization
region and the amplitude response drops sharply.
Correspondingly, the hydrodynamic forces acting on circular cylin­
ders, which result in the vibration responses, also need to be displayed
and analyzed. The amplitude responses of the flow-around circular
cylinder in the y-direction are result of the effect of the lift forces, which
change periodically. Since the 1-DOF vortex-induced vibrations are
discussed in this paper, the hydrodynamic forces analyzed in this paper
only reflect lift forces acting on circular cylinders in the y-direction.
M. Zheng et al.
Fig. 14. Amplitude ratios for VIV of circular cylinders with various mass ratios
versus Reynolds number.
Generally, the lift force needs to be dimensionless converted into lift
coefficient for analysis. The lift coefficient is expressed as
2FL
CL ¼ (22)
ρu2 D
The lift coefficients acting on circular cylinders with various elastic
modulus versus Reynolds number are shown in Fig. 13, these three sets
of curves have similar trends. It can be seen from Fig. 13 that a common
feature appears in these three sets of lift coefficients curves, that is, the
lift coefficient suddenly becomes very small at a certain Reynolds
number. This is because a phase switch occurs between the curve of lift
coefficient with time and the curve of amplitude ratio with time, the
phase difference switches from 0� to 180� . As we can see, in the case of
elastic modulus E ¼ 6e6 Pa, the phase switch occurs at Re ¼ 3000; in the
case of elastic modulus E ¼ 2e7 Pa, the phase switch occurs at Re ¼
6000; in the case of elastic modulus E ¼ 4e7 Pa, the phase switch occurs
at Re ¼ 8000. By comparing Figs. 11 and 13, the Reynolds number at
which the phase switch occurs is exactly the initial Reynolds number at
which the amplitude response reaches the synchronization region,
which indicates that the starting point of the synchronization region
corresponding to the amplitude response is closely related to the phase
Fig. 15. Frequency ratios for VIV of circular cylinders with various mass ratios
versus Reynolds number.
11
Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
Fig. 16. Lift coefficients for VIV acting on circular cylinders with various mass
ratios versus Reynolds number.
difference between the curve of lift coefficient with time and the curve of
amplitude ratio with time. The phase switch is also accompanied by the
transition of wake patterns, which will be mentioned later.
After that, there will be a slight increase in the lift coefficient at very
short Reynolds number ranges (Re ¼ 3000–4000 at case of elastic
modulus E ¼ 6e6 Pa; Re ¼ 6000–7000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼ 2e7
Pa; Re ¼ 8000–10000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼ 4e7 Pa), and then
lift coefficient gradually decreases as Reynolds number. It is worth
emphasizing that in the process of lift coefficient increasing briefly and
then decreasing (Re ¼ 3000–7000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼ 6e6 Pa;
Re ¼ 6000–14000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼ 2e7 Pa; Re ¼
8000–20000 at case of elastic modulus E ¼ 4e7 Pa), which exactly
corresponds to the synchronization region of the amplitude response in
Fig. 7, it is accompanied by a transition of wake patterns again, which
will be mentioned later. Finally, in the desynchronization region where
the amplitude response is very small, the lift coefficient increases
slightly with Reynolds number.
3.2. Vibration responses and hydrodynamic forces for VIV of circular
cylinders with different mass ratios
The vibration responses and hydrodynamic forces for VIV of circular
cylinders with different mass ratios are investigated with elastic
modulus of 2e7 Pa and damping ratio of 0.003. The natural frequencies
in y-direction of circular cylinder of D ¼ 0.01 m with mass ratio of 0.8,
1.5 and 3 are calculated by modal analysis to be 27.265 Hz, 19.912 Hz
and 14.08 Hz, respectively.
Fig. 14 shows the amplitude ratios (A/D) of circular cylinders versus
Reynolds number for different mass ratios cases. It can be seen from
Fig. 14 that the variation of mass ratios causes the different natural
frequencies of the system, which results in the different ranges of Rey­
nolds number corresponding to the synchronization region of amplitude
responses. As we can see, the maximum amplitude ratio and the range of
Reynolds number corresponding to the synchronization region all in­
crease with the decrease of mass ratio. As illustrated in Fig. 14, the
Reynolds number corresponding to the synchronization region ranges
from 6000 to 14000 under the case of mass ratio of 3, then the de-
synchronization phenomenon appears at Reynolds number of 15000,
where a lower amplitude response is obtained. And the maximum
amplitude ratio is 0.58 in the case of mass ratio of 3. In the case of mass
ratio of 1.5, the Reynolds number corresponding to the synchronization
region ranges from 7000 to 24000 and the maximum amplitude ratio
reaches 0.63. In the case of mass ratio of 0.8, the Reynolds number
M. Zheng et al.
Fig. 17. Wake patterns for VIV of circular cylinders with mass ratio of 3 at cases of Re ¼ 3981, 5971 and 7962.
Fig. 18. Amplitude ratios for VIV of bluff bodies with different cross sections
versus Reynolds number.
corresponding to the synchronization region ranges from 8000 to 42000
and the maximum amplitude ratio reaches 0.78. The results indicate the
strong dependence of VIV on natural frequency, and the mass ratio is
also one of the important factors affecting the natural frequency of
system. At a lower mass ratio, it is easy to obtain a higher amplitude
response, and it can maintain a considerable amplitude response over a
wider range of flow velocity, which facilitates energy harvesting in
pipelines.
Fig. 15 shows the frequency ratios versus Reynolds number for
different mass ratios cases. It can be seen from Fig. 15 that the frequency
ratio increases with the increase of Reynolds number at the lower Rey­
nolds number. As the mass ratio decreases, the range of frequency ratio
corresponding to the synchronization region becomes wider. For
example, in the case of mass ratio of 0.8, the frequency ratio corre­
sponding to the synchronization region ranges from 0.8 to 1.5.
Fig. 16 shows the lift coefficients acting on circular cylinders with
various mass ratios versus Reynolds number. As shown in Fig. 16, the
phenomenon of phase switch also occurs in these cases of different mass
ratios. But, these Reynolds numbers at which the phase switch occurs are
12
Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
Fig. 19. Frequency ratios for VIV of bluff bodies with different cross sections
versus Reynolds number.
slightly different under different mass ratios, such as in the case of mass
ratio of 3, the phase switch occurs at Re ¼ 6000; in the case of mass ratio
of 1.5, the phase switch occurs at Re ¼ 8000; and in the case of mass
ratio of 0.8, the phase switch occurs at Re ¼ 11000. However, by
comparing Figs. 10 and 12, we find that in these cases of mass ratios of
0.8 and 1.5, the Reynolds number at which the phase switch occurs does
not coincide with the initial Reynolds numbers of synchronization re­
gion. As the mass ratio decreases, the phase switch occurs later than the
amplitude response reaches the synchronization region.
After that, there will be a slight increase in the lift coefficient at very
short Reynolds number ranges (Re ¼ 6000–7000 at case of mass ratio of
3; Re ¼ 8000–13000 at case of mass ratio of 1.5; Re ¼ 11000-18000 at
case of mass ratio of 0.8), then lift coefficient gradually decreases as
Reynolds number. There is a transition of wake patterns during the
process where the lift coefficient first increases and then decreases.
In addition, the transition of the wake patterns for VIV of circular
cylinders also occurs in the process of studying the effects of elastic
modulus and mass ratio on the amplitude response. Three typical wake
patterns in this investigation are plotted in Fig. 17, take the mass ratio of
M. Zheng et al. Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624

3.3. Vibration responses and hydrodynamic forces for VIV of bluff bodies
with different cross sections

The vibration responses and hydrodynamic forces for VIV of bluff

bodies with different cross sections are investigated with elastic modulus
of 2e7 Pa, mass ratio of 3 and damping ratio of 0.003. The natural fre­
quencies in y-direction of bluff bodies of D ¼ 0.01 m with cross-sectional
shapes of circular cylinder, squa-cir prism and cir-squa prism are
calculated by modal analysis to be 14.08 Hz, 15.319 Hz and 15.319 Hz,
respectively.
The amplitude ratios (A/D) of bluff bodies with different cross sec­
tions versus Reynolds number are shown in Fig. 18. It can be seen that
the amplitude response of bluff body with squa-cir cross section in­
creases with the increase of Reynolds number, and the bluff body with
squa-cir cross section shows more significant amplitude response after
Reynolds number is greater than 8000, and its maximum amplitude
ratio reaches 1.16 within the range of the studied Reynolds number. The
amplitude ratio of circular cylinder is in the synchronization region, and
the amplitude ratio fluctuates between 0.5 and 0.6. However, the bluff
body with cir-squa cross section shows a most weak amplitude response
Fig. 20. Lift coefficients for VIV acting on bluff bodies with different cross
under the same working conditions, whose maximum amplitude ratio of
sections versus Reynolds number.
0.16 occurs at Re ¼ 6000 and then decreases with the increase of Rey­
nolds number.
3 and elastic modulus of 2e7 Pa as an example. The wake vortex exhibits
The corresponding frequency ratios for VIV of bluff bodies with
a single-row 2S (two vortices with little difference in intensity but
different cross sections versus Reynolds number are shown in Fig. 19. As
opposite directions in each vibration cycle) mode at lower Reynolds
shown in Fig. 19, the frequency ratio of the bluff body with squa-cir
number (such as Re ¼ 3981), where the obtained amplitude response is
cross section increases from 0.4 to 0.7 as the Reynolds number in­
lower, leading to a lower vorticity, as shown in Fig. 17(a). When the
creases. That is to say, the bluff body with squa-cir cross section in the
amplitude response reaches the synchronization region, it will be
case of frequency ratio close to 0.7 shows larger amplitude response than
accompanied by a transition of wake patterns. That is, as the amplitude
that of circular cylinder whose frequency ratio close to 1, indicating that
response becomes larger, the wake vortex changes from a single-row 2S
the bluff body with squa-cir cross section shows a better amplitude
mode with a lower vorticity to a double-row 2S mode, as shown in
response under the same working conditions, which facilitates the VIV
Fig. 17(b). In the synchronization region, as mentioned before, the lift
energy harvesting. However, the frequency ratio of the bluff body with
coefficient first increases and then decreases. This phenomenon is also
cir-squa cross section increases from 0.96 to 2.13 with the increase of
accompanied by another transition of wake patterns, that is, the wake
Reynolds number. That is, the oscillation frequency is getting farther
vortex evolves from a double-row 2S mode to a single-row 2S mode, at
away from the natural frequency, which is why the amplitude response
which time causes a larger vorticity, as shown in Fig. 17(c). The results
is getting weaker with the increase of Reynolds number. Additional, the
indicate that there is an important relationship between the wake pat­
frequency ratio reaches 0.96 at case of Reynolds number of 6000, which
terns and amplitude response as well as lift coefficient.
means that the oscillation frequency is almost equal to the natural fre­
quency, but the corresponding amplitude response is still much weaker
than that of the circular cylinder under the same working condition,
which indicates that the bluff body with cir-squa cross section has a

Fig. 21. Wake patterns for VIV of bluff bodies with different cross sections at case of Re ¼ 11942.

13
M. Zheng et al.
great effect on VIV suppression, instead of VIV energy harvesting.
The lift coefficients acting on bluff bodies with different cross sec­
tions versus Reynolds number are shown in Fig. 20. As shown in Fig. 20,
in the range of the Reynolds number studied, the lift coefficients acting
on circular cylinder and cir-squa prism are of the same order of
magnitude, while the lift coefficients acting on squa-cir prism are
significantly larger than those on circular cylinder and cir-squa prism. In
addition, for cir-squa prism, during the range of Reynolds number
studied, the phase difference between the curve of lift coefficient with
time and the curve of amplitude ratio with time always remains 180� ,
therefore, the lift coefficient increases as the Reynolds number increases,
while the corresponding amplitude ratio decreases as the Reynolds
number increases.
The wake patterns of bluff bodies with different cross sections at
different Reynolds number are also compared. Fig. 21 shows the wake
patterns of bluff bodies with three different cross sections at case of Re ¼
11942. As shown in Fig. 21, the circular cylinder exhibits a single-row
larger 2S vortex structure; the bluff body with cir-squa cross section
exhibits a double-row 2S vortex structure, and the bluff body with squa-
cir cross section and exhibits a P þ S (a vortex pair and a counter-
rotating vortex are shed at both sides of the cylinder) vortex structure.
In addition, as we can see, the separation points of circular cylinder are
distributed on both sides of the circular cylinder, as shown in Fig. 21(a);
the separation points of bluff body with cir-squa cross section are at its
tail, as shown in Fig. 21(c); and the separation points of bluff body with
squa-cir cross section are in its front end, as shown in Fig. 21(b). It is
worth emphasizing that from Fig. 21, there is no reattachment of the
shear layer occurs on the bluff body with squa-cir cross section, other­
wise, the wake patterns of the bluff body with squa-cir cross section
should be similar to that of circular cylinder. By comparison, it can be
concluded that the vortex shedding position of the bluff body with squa-
cir cross section is the most forward, while the vortex shedding position
of the bluff body with cir-squa cross section is the most rearward. In
addition, as we can see from Fig. 18, although the bluff body with squa-
cir cross section and the bluff body with cir-squa cross section show the
same natural frequency, their amplitude responses are quite different.
The results indicate that the influencing factors of amplitude response of
bluff bodies with different cross sections are not only limited to the
natural frequency of the structure, the vortex shedding position deter­
mined by the shapes of cross section is also one of the key influencing
factors that cannot be ignored.
4. Conclusions
In order to design a self-generating device used in the long-distance
transport pipelines, which harvests energy from directional flow of
pipelines based on the enhancement of VIV and converts it into electrical
energy through the energy conversion module, to provide uninterrupted
power supply for low-power monitoring sensors that are sporadically
installed along the pipelines, the amplitude response and frequency ratio
for vortex induced vibration of a circular cylinder with different elastic
modulus as well as different mass ratios and that of bluff bodies with
different cross sections are investigated using 2D URANS equations with
the k-ω SST turbulence model at the Reynolds number ranging from
2000 to 50000 in this paper. The numerical simulation is based on
Fluent code, in which Newmark-β method is embedded to solve the
mass-spring-damper oscillator model. Based upon the simulation results,
the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) The elastic modulus of a material affects the amplitude response
of the system by changing the natural frequency of the system.
The range of synchronization increases with an increase in elastic
modulus, and the onset of synchronization is more gradual for
systems with higher natural frequency. A higher amplitude oc­
curs in a limited lower Reynolds number region at case of smaller
elastic modulus. On the contrary, it is the opposite.
14
Ocean Engineering 213 (2020) 107624
(2) The maximum amplitude ratio and the range of Reynolds number
corresponding to the synchronization region all increase with the
decrease of mass ratio, indicating the strong dependence of VIV
on mass ratio of structure, which is also one of the important
factors affecting the natural frequency.
(3) Among the studied bluff bodies with three cross-sectional shapes,
the bluff body with squa-cir cross section has a better VIV per­
formance with the highest amplitude response of 1.16D due to its
forward vortex shedding position, while the bluff body with cir-
squa cross section has the weakest VIV performance with
amplitude response lower than 0.2D due to its rearward vortex
shedding position, thus indicating that the vortex shedding po­
sition caused by the different cross-sectional shapes is also an
important factor to change the VIV response.
The preliminary research results in this paper can provide a certain
reference for the design of the flow-around structures, including the
recommendation of cross-sectional shapes of the flow-around bluff
bodies and the selection of the range of natural frequency to obtain a
larger VIV response and harvest energy more efficiently in wider flow
velocity ranges in pipelines. In order to explore more related mecha­
nisms more clearly, experimental and three-dimensional numerical in­
vestigations will carry out later, hoping to get more exciting results.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Mingrui Zheng: Methodology, Investigation, Writing - original
draft, Writing - review & editing. Dong Han: Supervision. Sijie Gao:
Validation, Supervision. Jincheng Wang: Data curation, Supervision.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (No. NP2018107).
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