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    11 views9 pages

    Index 2021

    Uploaded by

    Chawki Mokadem

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 9

    Index

    Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

    A pathogenesis, 88–89, 88t


    Acrylamide (ACR), 332–333 symptoms, 87
    Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 168 Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2
    Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ACE2), 255–256
    (ARDS), 262–264 Arsenic, 332
    Adipocytokines/adipokines, 207–208 Arterial hypertension, 170–171
    Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), Atherosclerosis, 166–167, 196–197
    207–208 Atrial fibrillation (AF), 168–169
    α-synuclein (α-syn) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 104
    Braak’s hypothesis, 126–127 Ayurveda
    dysbiosis, 18–19 ayurveda-herbal formulations (AHF),
    exocytosis, 125–126 288
    impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system biodiversity centers, 288
    (UPS), 127, 128f dysbiosis, 309
    Lewy body, 126, 128 gut microbiome (GM)
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 299–300
    amyloid, 106 amino acid metabolites, 291–292
    BACE1 inhibitor, 143–144 ayurgenomics, 308
    β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, 143–144, 149–150 brain function, 289
    cerebral blood flow (CBF), 143–144, chronic neuroinflammation, 290–291
    150–152, 151f curcumin, 301
    fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), 21 fecal microbiota transplantation
    gut microbiota (FMT), 294
    bacteroidetes, 144–146 flavonoids, 300
    dysbiosis, 144–146 human populations, 307–308
    firmicutes, 144–146 Huntington’s disease (HD), 298
    homeostasis, 144–146 microbial species, 289
    pathogenesis, 146–150, 148f microglia, 290–291
    SCFAs, 146 neurodegenerative disorders (NDD),
    lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 106 290, 301–307, 303s, 305–306t
    neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), 143–144 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 297–298
    sleep deprivation, 151f, 152–153 personalized nutrition (PN), 294
    trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 16–17 phytochemicals, 294–296, 295t
    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) prebiotics, 293
    gut microbiota, 90–92, 93f probiotics, 293–294
    kynurenine pathway (KP) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 291
    aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), spice herbs and neuroprotection, 301
    89–90 trimethylamine (TMA), 291
    3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 89–90 vitamins, 292
    pathogenesis, 90, 91f origin, 287
    quinolinic acid (QUIN), 89–90 terminology, 287
    tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, 89–90 tridoshas, 287–288
    lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 109–110 Ayurveda-herbal formulations (AHF), 288

    357
    358 Index

    B heart failure, 169–170


    Betaine, 55–57, 56f intestinal microbiome, 163–166
    Bile acids (BAs), 12–13 obesity, 212–215, 213–214f
    Bioactive lipids (BALs) treatment, 173–175
    beneficial actions, 244f, 245 trimethylamine oxide (TMAO),
    dietary needs, 235–236 163–166, 166f
    essential fatty acids (EFAs) Celiac disease (CD), 277
    alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 236–237, Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 143–144,
    241–242 150–152, 151f
    arachidonic acid (AA), 238–240, Cerebral vasodilation, 268–269, 270f
    239–240f Chemokines, 262–264
    COX-2 expression, 242–243 Choline, 55–57, 56f
    deficiency of, 238–240 Chronic migraine (CM), 267
    docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Colonization resistance (CR), 9–10
    236–237 Congestive heart failure (CHF),
    eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 198–200
    236–237 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
    gut microbiota, 243 acute respiratory distress syndrome
    linoleic acid (LA), 236–237, 241–242 (ARDS), 262–264
    lipoxin A4 (LXA4), 236–237, 243 angiotensin I converting enzyme 2
    human breast milk, 245 (ACE2), 255–256
    neurotransmitters, 240–241 cardiovascular changes, 261
    small-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 235, characteristics, 255
    240–241, 243–245 cytokine storm, 262–264
    gut microbiota and digestive tract, 258,
    C 259–260f
    Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) kidney damage, 261–262
    characteristics, 187 multiple organ failure, 262–264
    epigenetic factors, 188 respiratory tract and lungs, 257–258
    gut microbiome (GM) symptoms of, 256, 256t
    dysbiosis, 186–187, 190–200 Cortical spreading depression (CSD), 270f,
    functions, 185 271
    gluten-free diet (GFD), 190 COVID-19. See Coronavirus disease 2019
    gut–brain axis (GBA), 185, 186f (COVID-19)
    Mediterranean diet, 189–190 Cytokine, 262–264
    phyla, 185
    role of, 185, 186f D
    vegetarian diets, 189 Dairy products consumption, 75
    Western diet, 188–189 Diabetes mellitus
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs),
    acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 168 193–195
    arterial hypertension, 170–171 gut microbiota
    atherosclerosis, 166–167 dysbiosis, 160
    atrial fibrillation (AF), 168–169 enterotype hypothesis, 159–160
    environmental and internal factors, insulin resistance (IR), 160
    163–166 metagenomic sequencing, 171–172
    flavin monooxygenase (FMO), role of, 160
    163–166 treatment, 172–173
    Index 359

    type 1 (T1D), 162–163, 164–165t congestive heart failure (CHF),


    type 2 (T2D), 160–162 198–200
    Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diabetes, 193–195
    (DASH) diet, 111–112 gut microbiome (GM), 190–191
    Dietary fiber, human diet hypertension, 197–198
    beneficial effects, 53–54, 55f non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
    carbohydrate polymers, 51 (NAFLD), 195–196
    energy intake mechanism, 52–53 obesity, 192–193, 194f
    functions, 61–63 diabetes mellitus, 160
    GLP-1, 53–54 diet patterns, 29–32
    gut microbiota, 54–55 gut microbiota, 18–19, 18f
    insoluble fiber, 51–52 ischemic stroke, 221
    mean intake, 51 migraine headache and
    microbiota-derived bioactive molecules, celiac disease (CD), 277
    55–57, 56f gastroparesis, 277–278
    phytate, 51–52 Helicobacter pylori, 276
    prebiotics, 52–53 infantile colic, 278–279
    satiation, 53–54 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
    short- chain fatty acids (SCFA), 57–58 276
    soluble fiber, 51–52 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),
    sources of, 51–52, 52f 276–277
    trimethylamine (TMA), 58–61, 59f obesity, 209–210
    trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 58–61, Parkinson’s disease (PD), 128–131
    59f visceral and neurological disorders, 353
    tryptophan, 61, 62f
    Diet patterns E
    actinobacteria, 29–31 Episodic migraine (EM), 267
    bacteroidetes, 29–31 Essential fatty acids (EFAs)
    bidirectional communication, 31–32 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 236–237,
    dysbiosis, 29–32 241–242
    firmicutes, 29–31 arachidonic acid (AA), 238–240,
    ketogenic diet, 43–44 239–240f
    Mediterranean diet, 38–40, 39f COX-2 expression, 242–243
    microbiota-accessible carbohydrates deficiency of, 238–240
    (MACs), 32 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),
    proteobacteria, 29–31 236–237
    short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 32–34, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 236–237
    33f gut microbiota, 243
    symbiotic relationship, 29–31 linoleic acid (LA), 236–237, 241–242
    toll-like receptors (TLRs), 29–31 lipoxin A4 (LXA4), 236–237, 243
    trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 34
    vegetarian diet, 40–43, 42f F
    Western diet, 34–38, 35f Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT),
    Dysbiosis 114
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 144–146 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 21
    α-synuclein (α-syn), 18–19 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 21
    cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) visceral and neurological disorders,
    atherosclerosis, 196–197 349–350, 354
    360 Index

    Fermented foods firmicutes, 144–146


    adverse effects, 80 homeostasis, 144–146
    beneficial effects, 70–71, 70f pathogenesis, 146–150, 148f
    bioactive peptides, 71 SCFAs, 146
    dairy products, 75 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
    definition, 69–70 90–92, 93f
    disease-protecting effects, 71, 71f ayurveda
    edible bacteria, 69–70 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 299–300
    food safety issues, 70 amino acid metabolites, 291–292
    functional foods/nutraceuticals, 69–70 ayurgenomics, 308
    kefir, 74 brain function, 289
    kimchi, 79–80, 79f chronic neuroinflammation, 290–291
    kombucha, 75–76 curcumin, 301
    miso, 77 fecal microbiota transplantation
    nattō, 77–79, 78f (FMT), 294
    neuroactive metabolites, 71–73, 72f flavonoids, 300
    sauerkraut, 76 human populations, 307–308
    tempeh, 76–77 Huntington’s disease (HD), 298
    Flavin monooxygenase (FMO), 163–166 microbial species, 289
    Free fatty acids (FFAs), 209–210 microglia, 290–291
    neurodegenerative disorders (NDD),
    G 290, 301–307, 303s, 305–306t
    Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, 274–279, 275t Parkinson’s disease (PD), 297–298
    Gastroparesis, 277–278 personalized nutrition (PN), 294
    Gluten-free diet (GFD), 190 phytochemicals, 294–296, 295t
    Gut–brain axis (GBA), 269f prebiotics, 293
    definition, 279 probiotics, 293–294
    dysregulation, 279–280, 280f short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 291
    gut microbiota, 16–17 spice herbs and neuroprotection, 301
    neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) trimethylamine (TMA), 291
    autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 104 vitamins, 292
    bi-directional signaling network, 103–104 bile acids (BAs), 12–13
    brain development, 104 breast-fed/formula-fed infants, 5
    composition and function, 105 cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs)
    germ-free (GF) animals, 104 dysbiosis, 186–187, 190–200
    irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 104 functions, 185
    neurotransmitters, 280–281 gluten-free diet (GFD), 190
    nitroglycerine (NTG)-induced migraine- gut–brain axis (GBA), 185, 186f
    like pain, 281 Mediterranean diet, 189–190
    Parkinson’s disease (PD) phyla, 185
    chronic constipation, 136 role of, 185, 186f
    prebiotics, 135 vegetarian diets, 189
    probiotics, 134–135 Western diet, 188–189
    symbiotics, 135–136 classification, 2–3, 3f
    Gut microbiome (GM) colonization resistance (CR), 9–10
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diabetes mellitus
    bacteroidetes, 144–146 dysbiosis, 160
    dysbiosis, 144–146 enterotype hypothesis, 159–160
    Index 361

    insulin resistance (IR), 160 Huntington’s disease (HD)


    metagenomic sequencing, 171–172 gut microbiota, 96
    role of, 160 molecular mechanisms
    diet, 5–6 kynurenic acid (KYNA), 94–95
    dysbiosis, 18–19, 18f L-tryptophan metabolites, 94–95
    energy gain and expenditure, 13–14 mutant huntingtin (mHTT), 92–94
    fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), 21 pathogenesis, 92–95, 95f
    fetal development and mode of delivery, symptoms, 92–94
    4–5 neurodegenerative disorder (NDD),
    functions, 6, 7–9t 108–109
    gut–brain axis (GBA), 16–17 Hypertension, 197–198
    host protection and immune- system Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
    development, 14–15 axis, 15–16
    Huntington’s disease, 96
    hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) I
    axis, 15–16 Indole pathway, 61, 62f
    intestinal colonization, 1 Indolepropionic acid (IPA), 13–14
    intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), 10–11 Infantile colic, 278–279
    intrinsic and extrinsic factors, 4, 4f Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 276
    ischemic stroke Insulin resistance (IR)
    aging, 229–230, 229f gut microbiota, 160
    bacterial metabolites, 227 obesity, 209–210, 211f
    blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), 10–11
    229 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 104, 276–277
    pathophysiology, 226–227 Ischemic core, 221–222
    structural components, 225–226 Ischemic penumbra, 221–222
    trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), Ischemic stroke
    227–229, 228f DAPK1 inhibitors, 222–225, 224f
    neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) dysbiosis, definition, 221
    firmicutes and bacteroidetes, 102 endocrine organ, 221
    functions, 103 gut microbiota
    Parkinson’s disease (PD) aging, 229–230, 229f
    dysbiosis, 128–131 bacterial metabolites, 227
    gut–brain axis (GBA), 131, 133f, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption,
    134–136 229
    prebiotics, 19–20 pathophysiology, 226–227
    probiotics, 20–21 structural components, 225–226
    visceral and neurological disorders trimethylamine oxide (TMAO),
    bioactive substances, 348–349, 349t 227–229, 228f
    composition of, 345–347, 347f hemorrhagic stroke, 221–222
    pathogenesis of, 350–353, 352f ischemic core, 221–222
    role of, 345–347, 346f ischemic penumbra, 221–222
    microglia, 222–225
    H neuroinflammation, 222–225
    Heart failure, 169–170 nitric oxide (NO), 230–231
    Hemorrhagic stroke, 221–222 pathogenesis, 222–225, 223f
    Human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. See Gut stroke-mediated injury, 222–225
    microbiota symbiotic balance, 221
    362 Index

    K hypertension, 197–198
    Kefir consumption, 74 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
    Ketogenic diet, 43–44 (NAFLD), 195–196
    Kimchi consumption, 79–80, 79f obesity, 192–193, 194f
    Kombucha consumption, 75–76 Migraine headache
    Kynurenine pathway (KP) celiac disease (CD), 277
    aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), 89–90 challenges, 282–283
    3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 89–90 chronic migraine (CM), 267
    pathogenesis, 90, 91f cortical spreading depression (CSD),
    quinolinic acid (QUIN), 89–90 270f, 271
    tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, 61, 62f, dysbiosis and, 274–279
    89–90 episodic migraine (EM), 267
    gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, 274–279,
    L 275t
    Lead (Pb), 331 gastroparesis, 277–278
    Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) gut–brain axis (GBA), 269f
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 106 definition, 279
    amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysregulation, 279–280, 280f
    109–110 neurotransmitters, 280–281
    Lou Gehrig’s disease. See Amyotrophic nitroglycerine (NTG)-induced
    lateral sclerosis (ALS) migraine-like pain, 281
    Helicobacter pylori infection, 276
    M infantile colic, 278–279
    Manganese (Mn), 330–331 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 276
    Mediterranean-DASH Intervention of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),
    Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) 276–277
    diet, 112 neurological theory, 268, 269f
    Mediterranean diet physiopathology, 268
    cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), probiotics, 282–283
    189–190 risk factors, 267–268
    diet pattern, 38–40, 39f symptoms, 267
    visceral and neurological disorders, trigeminovascular system
    347–348 antimigraine drugs, 272
    Mediterranean Diet (MeDi), 111 aura phase, 272
    Metabolic disorders, 159 headache phase, 272
    Metabolic syndrome (MetS), 211f, 212 neurovascular theory, 273
    Metagenomic sequencing, 171–172 premonitory phase, 272
    Methylmercury, 331–332 prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2) i, 273
    1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- vascular theory
    tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 328 cerebral vasodilation, 268–269, 270f
    Microbiota, gut. See Gut microbiome pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
    (GM) peptide-38 (PACAP38), 269–270
    Microbial dysbiosis serotonin (5-HT), 268–269
    atherosclerosis, 196–197 Triptans’ mechanism, 269–270
    congestive heart failure (CHF), Miso consumption, 77
    198–200 Mitochondrial dysfunction, 143–144,
    diabetes, 193–195 150–152
    gut microbiome (GM), 190–191 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 110–111
    Index 363

    N manganese (Mn), 330–331


    Nattō consumption, 77–79, 78f methylmercury, 331–332
    Neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) microbial influence, neuroimmune
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 106–107 function, 327
    amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), microbial regulation, neuroactive
    109–110 metabolites, 326–327
    antibiotics, 113 microbial transformation, 324–326
    ayurveda microbiome alterations, 320–323,
    nanoformulations, herbal extracts, 307 321–322t
    polyherbalism–polyherbal neurotoxic outcomes, 319–320, 325f
    formulations (PHFs), 304–305, organic compounds
    305–306t acrylamide (ACR), 332–333
    prevalence of, 302 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 333
    triphala, 302–303, 303s, 306–307 pesticides
    definition, 105 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
    Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 328
    (DASH) diet, 111–112 organophosphate (OP), 329–330
    fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), paraquat (PQ), 329
    114 rotenone, 328–329
    gut–brain axis (GBA) prebiotics, 334–335
    autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 104 probiotics, 335–336
    bi-directional signaling network, Nitrosative stress, 230–231
    103–104 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
    brain development, 104 cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs),
    composition and function, 105 195–196
    germ-free (GF) animals, 104
    irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 104 O
    gut microbiome (GM) Obesity
    firmicutes and bacteroidetes, 102 adipocytokines/adipokines, 207–208
    functions, 103 adipose tissue, 207–208
    Huntington’s disease (HD), 108–109 adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs),
    Mediterranean Diet (MeDi), 111 207–208
    microbiota-gut-brain axis, 104–105 gut–brain axis homeostasis, 215–216
    multiple sclerosis (MS), 110–111 blood-brain barrier (BBB), 215–216
    Parkinson’s disease (PD), 107–108 cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs),
    placental microbiome, 101–102 192–193, 194f
    prebiotics, 112–113 cardiovascular disease (CVD), 212–215,
    probiotics, 112–113 213–214f
    in utero colonization hypothesis, diet and microbiota, 210
    101–102 metabolic syndrome (MetS), 211f, 212
    Western diet, 112 microbiota composition, 210–212, 211f
    Neurological disorders molecular mechanism, 209–210
    dietary factor, 333–334 plant-based and animal-based diet
    environmental pollutants, 319 consumption, 207–208, 208f
    gut–brain axis (GBA), 323 type2 diabetes, 210–212, 211f
    metals and inorganic compounds Obstructive sleep apnea, 151f, 152–153
    arsenic, 332 Organophosphate (OP), 329–330
    lead (Pb), 331 Oxidative stress, 146–152, 230–231, 328
    364 Index

    P R
    Paraquat (PQ), 329 Rotenone, 328–329
    Parkinson’s disease (PD)
    α-synuclein S
    Braak’s hypothesis, 126–127 Sauerkraut consumption, 76
    exocytosis, 125–126 Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
    impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 146
    (UPS), 127, 128f bioactive lipids (BALs), 235, 240–241,
    Lewy body, 126–128 243–245
    dopaminergic neurons, 123 diet patterns, 32–34, 33f
    fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), gut microbiota, 13, 17
    21 microbial regulation, 326–327
    gut microbiota visceral and neurological disorders,
    dysbiosis, 128–131 348–349
    gut–brain axis (GBA), 131, 133f, Stroke. See Ischemic stroke
    134–136
    incidence of, 125–126 T
    motor symptoms, 123, 124f Tempeh consumption, 76–77
    neurodegenerative disorder (NDD), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 14–15
    107–108 Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid
    nonmotor symptoms, 124–125, 124f cells (TREMs), 146–149
    olfactory dysfunction, 127–128 Trimethylamine (TMA)
    phosphorylation, 126 dietary fiber, 58–61, 59f
    synuclein propagation gut microbiota, 13–14
    α-synuclein, 133–134 Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
    dopaminergic neurons, 133–134 cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), 163–166,
    prion concept, 134 166f
    Pesticides dietary fiber, 58–61, 59f
    1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- diet patterns, 34
    tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 328 gut microbiota, 16–17
    organophosphate (OP), 329–330 ischemic stroke, 227–229, 228f
    paraquat (PQ), 329 Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), 162–163,
    rotenone, 328–329 164–165t
    Phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), 58–61 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), 160–162,
    Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating 210–212, 211f
    peptide-38 (PACAP38), 269–270
    Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 333 V
    Prebiotics Vascular dysfunction, 150–152
    gut microbiota, 19–20 Vascular theory
    neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), cerebral vasodilation, 268–269, 270f
    112–113 pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
    neurological disorders, 334–335 peptide-38 (PACAP38), 269–270
    Probiotics serotonin (5-HT), 268–269
    gut microbiota, 20–21 Triptans’ mechanism, 269–270
    neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), Vegetarian diets
    112–113 cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), 189
    neurological disorders, 335–336 diet patterns, 40–43, 42f
    Index 365

    Visceral and neurological disorders short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs),


    dysbiosis, 353 348–349
    fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), spatial distribution, 345–347, 346f
    349–350, 354 Western diet, 347–348
    gut microbiota
    bioactive substances, 348–349, 349t W
    composition of, 345–347, 347f Western diet
    pathogenesis of, 350–353, 352f Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 144–146,
    role of, 345–347, 346f 150–152
    histone deacetylase (HDAC), 348–349 cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), 188–189
    gut–brain axis (GBA), 354 diet patterns, 34–38, 35f, 112
    Mediterranean diet, 347–348 visceral and neurological disorders, 347–348

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