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Characteristic of Arc Pressure in Ultrasonic-TIG Hybrid Welding

Article  in  Journal of Mechanical Engineering · January 2011


DOI: 10.3901/JME.2011.04.053

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Qingjie Sun
Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
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Ar
c pr
ess
ure 
of 
ult
ras
oni
c as
sis
ted 
TIG wel
ding
  65 

木 

Arc
 pres
sure of
 ul
tras
oni
c ass
ist
ed TIG wel
ding 

Sun Qi
ngf
ie,Xi
e Fen
gchun,Wang 
Bin and 
Feng 
Jic
ai 
孙清洁 ,谢 凤春 ,王 斌 ,冯吉 才 料 

Abs
trac
t I
n o
rde
r t
o s
tud
r t
he 
arc
 
for
ce 
dis
tri
but
ion
 0厂u
ltr
aso
nic
 as
si
st
ed 
tun
gst
en 
ine
rt
 ga
s(U-
TIG)we
ldi
ng 
and
 co
mpar
e 


 wi
th 
the
 co
nve
nti
onal
 tu
ngs
te
n i
ner
t g
as(T
IG) we
ldi
ng,a
 se
ri
es
  e
xpe
rime
nts
 ha
ve b
een
 car
ri
ed o
ut,u
sin
g o
ur 
se 
de
signed 
wel
ding 
and 
tes
ting 
sys
tem.The
 di
str
ibut
ion 
q厂ar
c pr
ess
ure
 is
 st
udi
ed,unde
r c
ondi
ti
ons
 s 
u r
adi
ati
on 
dis
tanc
e,whi
ch 

s t
he di
stanc
e b
etwee
n t
he ul
tras
oni
c hor
n  and wor
kpi
ece,an
d  we
ldi
ng cur
rent
.The
 val
ues
  ar
c pr
essur
e ge
ner
all
y 


ncr
eas
e as
 the
 curent
 incr
eas
es. Ot
her
 ex
per
iment
al phenomen
a ar
e al
so ac
count
ed 
for
 in de
tai
l i
n t
his
 pape
r. We
ldi
ng 

ara
et
m e
rs 
aye
 th
ough
t t
o b
e r
es
pon
sib
le 
for
 en
han
cin
g t
he 
wel
din
g e

ic
f i
enc
y a
nd 
impr
ovi
ng 
the
 ap
pea
ranc
e o
f we
ld.
 

Ke
y words
  TI
G wel
ding,uhr
aso
uic,a
rc 
pres
sur
e,r
adi
ati
on di
stance
 

0  Introduct
ion  wel
d do not
 occur
 as
 the heat
  i
ncr
eases[
  . Si
nee 

To i
mpr
ove t
he pr
oduct
ivi
ty,r
educe t
he cost
s and en—
  t
here
 has
 onl
y been res
earches
 of
 convent
ional
 TIG ar
c 

s he qual
ure t ity ar
e t
he ur
gent
 requi
rements
 of 
the moder
n  f
orce 
l11 f
urt
her
 researches
 on ar
c f
orce di
stibut
r ion of
 U.
 

wel
ding t
echnology  . For i
ts pr
omi
nent
 mer
its,such as
  TIG ar
e requi
red.
 


he s
tabi
lit
y of 
wel
ding process,excel
lent
 appear
ance
 and 

hi
gh qua
lit
y of
 t
he 
wel
ds,t
ungs
ten 
iner
t 
gas(TI
G)we
ld-
  1
  Experi
m ent
al procedure 


ng has been used wi
del
y  . The
 low penet
rat
ion and l
ow  1.1
  U-
TIG wel
ding system 

product
ivi
ty ar
e weakness
es owi
ng t
o t
he di
sper
sing of 
the
  The ul
trasoni
c syst
em i
ncl
udes
 ul
trasoni
c generat
or,
 

heat
 and 
low arc f
orce,and t
his
 phenomenon i
s especi
all
y  mechani
cal
 coupl
ing. The wel
ding sys
tem i
ncl
udes
 arc 

ser
ious
 when usi
ng t
he l
ow t
her
mal
 conduct
ivi
ty met-
  wel
ding machi
ne, wel
ding el
ect
rode, and wor
kpi
ece.
 
al
[。一
  . W el
ding penet
rat
ion i
mproves when wel
ding cur
.  Fi
g.1
 is
 the
 schemat
ic di
agram of 
our 
sel
f-desi
gned U—
TIG 

rent
 increases. Meanwhi
le t
he 
wel
d wi
dth i
ncr
eases
 fur
ther
  hybr
id wel
ding syst
em.The ul
trasoni
c source,mechani
cal
 
and t
he grai
n gr
ows
 rapi
dly,whi
ch debase
 the mechani
cal
  coupl
ing and wel
ding el
ect
rode are
 coaxi
a1.
 

pr
oper
ti
es 
of 
the
 we
lded 
joi
nt -
61.
  The ul
tras
oni
c i
s t
ransmi
tted t
o t
he wel
ding zone di
- 

Many ki
nds
 of
 TIG wel
ding t
echni
ques,e.g. act
iva—
  rect
ly t
hrough a 
mechani
cal
 coupl
ing t
hat
 is t
o ensur
e con-
 


ing f
lux TI
G wel
ding  ,hi
gh f
requency pul
se gas
 tung-
  duct
ivi
ty,t
ransmi
ssi
on of 
ult
rasound 
and compact
 st
ruct
ure
 
st
en arc
  wel
ding『
81 and doubl
e.si
ded arc wel
ding[
  of
 the weldi
ng 
tor
ch.In 
thi
s cas
e.t
he at
tenuat
ion of
 ul
tra.
 
, ,
 

have been devel
oped t
o i
ncr
eas
e t
he wel
ding product
ivi
ty.
  soni
c i
n t
he mechani
cal
 coupli
ng can be i
gnored.The arc
 

They al
l have r
est
ict
r ions.TIG added 
ult
rasoni
c can obt
ain  wel
ding machi
ne and ul
trasoni
c power
 suppl
y ar
e i
nde-

 

hi
gher
 ar
c f
orce and i
ncr
eas
e wel
ding penet
rat
ion. Mean—
  pendent
 and cont
rol
led by a cont
rol
 syst
em. The maxi
mal
 
whi
le,ensur
ing coar
se gr
ain and decr
easi
ng proper
ties
 of
  out
put
 power of
 the ul
tras
oni
cat
or i
s 300 
W ,and i
ts work-
 

Thi
s s
tud
y wa
s s
upp
ote
r d
 by
 Na
tio
nal
 Na
tur
al 
Sci
enc
e F
oun
dat
ion
 of
 Chi
na(
511
051
09),t
he 
Maj
or 
Sta
te 
Bas
ic 
Res
ear
ch 
Dev
elo
pme
nt 
Pr
ogr
am 
of 
Chi
na(
973
Pro
ra
g m)(
No.
201
3CB0
355
00)a
nd 
Nat
ura
l Sc
ien
tif
ic
 Re
sea
rch
 Inn
ova
ti
on 
Foun
dat
ion
 in
 Ha
rbi
n I
nst
it
ute
 of
 Te
chn
olo
gy 
(HI
T.NSRI
F.201
006).
 
Sun Qi
ngj
ie,Wang 
Bin 
and 
Feng
 Ji
cai,Shandong 
Pro
vinci
al La
bor
ator
y of
 Speci
M Wel
ding
 Techno
logy.Har
bin 
Inst
it
ute 
of 
Techno
log
y 

t W ei
hai,W ei
hai
,26
4209. Xi
e Feng
chun,I
nte
rnat
iona
l Af
fai
rs Depa
rtment,Chi
na Pet
rol
eum 
Pipel
ine 
Bur
eau, Langf
ang,065000.
  Sun 

Qi
ngj
ie,Co
rre
spo
ndi
ng 
aut
hoe
r,E—
mai
l:s
unq
ing
ji
e@ g
mai
l.C
OB 

Ar
c pr
essur
e of
 ul
tra
soni
c a
ssi
sted TI
G wel
ding  67 

di
stance bet
ween t
he ul
trasoni
c hor
n t
ip and cool
ed copper
  f
ound t
hat
 the va
l ue of
 peak pressur
e of
 U・

TIG 
wel
ding i
n..
 
pl
ate.El
ect
rode angl
e i
s t
he cone angl
e of 
the t
ungs
ten e.

  cr
eases
 47.3% .The 
wel
1.mat
ched r
adi
ati
on di
stance
 is
 24 

ect
rode;Ul
trasoni
c power
 is
 the ener
gy of
 ul
trasoni
c gen  m m .
 

erat
or r
ead f
rom t
he vol
tmet
er and t
he ammet
er Pl
atf
or
.m 

di
amet
er i
s t
he di
amet
er of t
he pl
atf
or
m  i
nto whi
ch t
he  2・2  The di
stri
but
ion of arc pressure under wel
ding 
coni
cal
 ti
p of
 the el
ect
rode i
s st
uck.Bef
ore wel
ding t
he  , current
 

urf
ace of
 the base 
met
al st
ict
r ly i
s cl
eaned Ar
. gon i
s used  Fi
g.5 shows
 the radi
al di
stibut
r ion of arc pr
ess
ure 
as t
he shi
eldi
ng 
gas.
  wi
th wel
ding curent
 rangi
ng f
rom 30 
A t
o 110 
A . By 
cor
n 
Fi
g.4 shows
 the di
stibut
r ion of 
arc pr
essur
e ai
ded ul
—  par
ing t
he curves,i
t can be f
ound t
hat
 the ar
c pr
essure of 

rasoni
c wi
th di
ffer
ent
  and t
hat
 of convent
ional
 TI
G  convent
ional
 TIG wel
ding and U-
TIG wel
ding ar
e al
ways 
wel
ding under
 ar
gon at
mos
phere,whi
ch i
s s
imi
lar
 to t
he  cent
ral
ly and symmet
rica
lly di
stibut
r ed. And t
he ar
c pr
es.
 
convent
ional
 arc pressur
e. The peak val
ue ar
ea i
s 1
ocat
ed  sur
e of
 U-TIG wel
ding i
s al
ways
 hi
gher
 than t
hat
 of con.
 

n t
he mi
ddl
e of
 the wel
ding arc,and t
he pressur
e val
ues
  vent
iona1
 TIG wel
ding. Ten cur
v es
 over
lap at
 radi
al di
s. 
decr
ease f
rom t
he mi
ddl
e t
o t
he edge. The arc pres
sure  t
ance of ± 3 mm. Radi
us r
ange of
 the arc
 ar
e 6 mm . 


evel
 incr
eases
 under r
isi
ng ul
tras
oni
c ener
gy, and t
he  whi
ch exceeds
 the wi
dth of wel
d. The met
hod of
 U.
TIG 
ef
fect
 caused by t
he ul
trasoni
c ener
y  i
g s s
imi
lar
 to t
hat
 of
  wel
ding can i
ncrease pr
ess
ure l
evel
 above t
he wel
ding 
wel
ding cur
rent
s.The ar
c pressur
e i
ncr
eases
 wi
th t
he i
n  pool,and t
he angl
e bet
ween t
he t
angent
ial
 of 
cur
ves and 
crease of radi
ati
on di
stance under
 the same 3 mm ar
c  t
he hori
zont
al di
rect
ion i
s larger t
han convent
ional
 TI
G 

engt
h.The peak 
val
ue of 
arc 
pressure 
of 
U.TIG 
wel
ding i
s  wel
ding. Axi
al ar
c pres
sure and arc
 pres
sure
 radi
us i
n 

up t
o 99.3 Pa,whi
le convent
ional
 ar
c pr
ess
ure i
s 67 4  . crease under
 ul
tras
oni
c ener
y .The overal
g l t
rend of
 di
str
i. 
Pa. Compar
ed wi
th convent
ional
 TI
G wel
ding i
t can be 
, but
ion of arc
 pressur
e under
 di
fferent
 wel
ding cur
rent
 is
 

Tabl
e 1
  W el
ding 
paramet
ers
  si
mil
ar.
 

2 


 
99.
29 
79.
67 
2 

52l
72 

34.
89 

23.
09 

15.
28 

10.
11 

6  —4  —2  0  2  4  6 

6.
691
 
Radi
al 
dist
ance |mm 
4.
428 

2.
930 
Fi
g.5  Ef
fect
 of
 wel
ding 
cur
rent
 on 
radi
al 

di
stri
but
ion of
 ar
c pres
sur
e 

Fi
g.6 shows
 the ar
c pressur
e peak of
 convent
ional
 

TIG wel
ding under di
ffer
ent
 wel
ding curent
 compared t
o 
Fi
g.4  Rad
i al
 di
stri
but
ion of
 ar
c pres
sur
e i
n  t
hat
 of
 U_
TIG wel
ding wi
th t
he same wel
ding par
amet
ers . 

di
fer
ent
 radi
ati
on d
ist
ance 
and 
3 ai
r n 
arc 
lengt
h  Wi
th wel
ding curent
 in t
he r
ange of 
30 — 110 A


he i
n. 
68  CHI
NA W ELDI
NG 
V01
.21
 No.
4 December
 2012 

  一露 一
霉  ∞4 
Jo苫 暑aJ
。口H
 

cr
ement
 of
 peak val
ue r
educes
 fr
om 120% t
o 5% .The i
n。  TIG wel
ding, but
 arc pressur
e di
stri
but
ion shape
 has
 
加  ∞  ∞  ∞  加  加  0 
crement
al ext
ent
 of
 arc
 pr
essur
e peak decreases
 wi
th t
he  changed i
n t
he hybr
id wel
ding,as
 shown i
n Fi
g.5.I
t va—
 


ncrease of 
wel
ding curr
ent
 under t
he same condi
tions. It
  r
ies f
rom ar
c cur
ving t
o wedged as
 the cur
rent
 incr
eas
es i
n 


s resul
ting f
rom el
ect
romagnet
ic f
orce of
 ar
c col
umn dr
a—  t
he peak val
ue area. Then,t
he rel
ati
ons
hip of ar
c pr
es・
 

mat
ical
ly i
ncr
easi
ng as
 the pi
nch ef
fect
 and t
he growi
ng a—
  sur
e peak of
 the TIG wel
ding wi
th or
 wi
thout
 ul
trasoni
c 

mount
 of
 par
ticl
e i
n t
he ar
c st
ream zone. The
 excl
usi
on  and wel
ding cur
rent
s i
s shown i
n Fi
g.6. As
 seen i
n t
he 

and col
lis
ion bet
ween i
ons become mor
e vi
olent
ly. Then  cur
ve,t
he rat
io of
 U-TIG wel
ding ar
c pressure t
o t
hat
 of 


he mut
ual
 for
ce approaches 
bal
anced.Rel
ati
ve t
o i
nter
nal
  TI
G wel
ding 
decl
ines,f
rom 1.2 
to 
0.05,wi
th t
he 
incr
ease 


orce of wel
ding ar
c st
ream ,t
he i
nfluence of
 ul
tras
oni
c  of
 curr
ent
. Thi
s shows
 that
 the compr
essi
on 
effect
 of 
ult
ra-
 

iel
f d appl
ied out
side i
s weakened. Compr
essi
on of
 the  s
oni
c t
o ar
c pl
asma 
get
s weakened wi
th t
he 
incr
ease of 
cur—
 


ame vol
ume of
 pl
asma needs mor
e energy wi
th uhr
asoni
c  rent.
 

power 
cons
tant,r
esul
ting i
n t
he ef
fect
 of
 ul
trasoni
c con—
  For
 furt
her
 consi
derat
ion, t
he arc power
 has
 gr
eat
ly 

pressi
on reduces, and i
ncr
ement
 of
 arc pres
sure
 peak de-
  i
ncreased i
n arc col
umn 
along wi
th t
he i
ncr
ease of 
cur
rent.
 

cl
ines. The resul
ts i
ndi
cat
e t
hat
 the advant
age of U—
TIG  As
 a 
resul
t,t
he cur
rent
 densi
ty and t
he conduct
ive
 sect
ion 

wel
ding makes
 it
 more sui
tabl
e f
or medi
um and smal
l cur
—  r
adi
us i
ncreas
e,resul
ting i
n t
he di
stibut
r ion radi
us of
 the 

rent
 in aspect
 of
 arc pres
sure di
stri
but
ion. And t
he ul
tra-
  ar
c pressur
e i
ncrease.The el
ect
romagnet
ic 
for
ce 
that
 is
 the 


oni
c ef
fect
 is
 si
gni
icant
f ly wi
thi
n t
he reasonabl
e r
ange of  dr
ivi
ng f
orce of
 the f
lui
d f
low of
 the arc plasma i
ncr
eases 

at
1trent.
  al
ong wi
th t
he i
ncrease of
 curr
ent
 densi
ty,so t
hat
 the i
n— 

crease of
 the el
ect
romagnet
ic f
orce wi
ll resul
t i
n t
he i
n- 

500  crease of 
the ar
c pr
ess
ure.
 

4  Concl
usi
ons
 
、  

2 
(1)The
 ar
c pr
ess
ure
 me
asur
ement
 of
 U—
TIG we
ldi
ng 
磊 
器  i
ndi
cat
es t
hat
 ther
e are si
gni
icant
f  di
ffer
ences
 bet
ween t
he 
邑 
di
stri
but
ion of ar
c pr
ess
ure i
n TI
G wel
ding and U—
TIG 
器 
wel
ding.
 


2)Compar
ed 
wit
h TI
G we
ldi
ng,t
he U—
TIG 
wel
ding
 
O 
has
 much hi
gher
 ar
c pressur
e wi
th t
he s
ame par
amet
ers.
 
30  50  70  90  110 
Besi
des,t
he peak val
ues
 of
 the arc
 pr
ess
ure present
 is
 re—
 
W el
ding
 cur
rent/A 

ated t
o r
adi
ati
on di
stance.Thi
s i
s t
he i
mport
ant
 feat
ure
 of
 


he U—
TIC wel
ding.
 
Fi
g.6  Com par
ison of
 peak 
pres
sure
 in 
(3)Va
lue
s of
 ar
c pr
ess
ure
 ge
ner
all
y e
nha
nce
 as
 the
 
di
fer
ent
 wel
ding 
curre
nts
 
curent
 increases. Di
stibut
r ion of
 pressure
 near
 peak val
— 

ues
 changes
 from ar
c curvi
ng t
o a wedged di
stibut
r ion 
3  Experi
m ent
al anal s of param et
ysi ers
 af
fect
ing arc 
gradual
ly,becomi
ng much more
 concent
rat
ed on t
he t
re—
 
pres
sure di
stri
but
ion 
mendous
 pot
ent
ia1. The advant
age
 of U-
TIG wel
ding i
s 
The r
elat
ions
hip bet
ween di
stibut
r ions
 of
 ar
c pr
essure 
more sui
tabl
e f
or medi
um and smal
l curr
ent
 in aspect
 of
 
wi
thout
 and wi
th 
ult
rasoni
c vi
brat
ions
 and wel
ding curent
s 
ar
c pr
ess
ure di
stibut
r ion.
 
ar
e shown i
n Fi
g.5 and 6.The ef
fect
 of 
radi
ati
on di
stance 


s descr
ibed i
n Fi
g.4,and ot
her wel
ding paramet
ers
 ar
e 
Ref
erences
 

he same as
 Tabl
e 1.W i
th 
the i
ncr
ease of
 the wel
ding cur
— 
[1]
  Ga
o H M,Wu
 L.Ho
w t
o i
ncr
eas
e we
ldi
ng 
pro
duc
tiv
it
y.
 
rent,t
he ar
c pr
essur
e val
ue ai
ded ul
tras
oni
c i
ncreas
es and  We
ldi
ng& J
oini
ng,20
00(
2):6—1
0.(
in 
Chi
nes
e) 
radi
al di
stance expands.so does
 that
 of
 the convent
ional
  [
2] L
eng
 X 
S,Zha
ng 
G J,Wu
 L.Th
e c
har
act
eri
st
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