MODULE 4

1 B Creatinine clearance is use to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

2 A Concentration / amount of the drug that reaches the receptor
3 C Liver
4 D Passive diffusion – Drug molecules usually penetrates by diffusing along a
concentration gradient
5 A Renal tubules
6 C Absence of pores in the brain capillary endothelium
7 A Concentration of drug in the blood
8 D Biotransformation / Metabolism aim to transform a drug to s more hydrophilic
metabolite which is essential for its elimination
9 A Biotransformation results in to the faster urinary elimination
10 B In liver disorder duration of drug action is increased since there is lesser liver enzyme
that is used to metabolize drugs
11 B Half – life depends on the rate of elimination, metabolism and concentration of the
drug
12 D Clearance of an organism from xenobiotic
13 D Elimination – Half life
14 B Absorption is a pharmacokinetic parameter
15 D Target protein can be either a receptor, ion channel or a carrier protein
16 A Agonist
• Binds to and activate the receptor
Full agonist
• Activates receptor-effector system to the maximum extent (Ra-D pool){activated
form
Partial agonist
• Binds to the same receptors and activate
them in the same way but do not evoke as great a response
17 A Weak acids dissociate to its charged, polar form in alkaline urine and cannot readily
diffuse back from the renal tubule back to the blood
18 A PHASE I
• Non-synthetic reactions
• Converts the parent drug to a more polar conjugate (water soluble) or inactive
product
• Introducing/inserting/unmasking a polar functional group
• -OH, -SH, -NH2
• In some instances, it may modify or enhance the activity of the drug
• Many phase I products are not eliminated rapidly and undergo a subsequent
reaction in which an endogenous substrate such as glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid,
acetic acid
PHASE II
• Synthetic reactions
• Endogenous substrate is conjugated to the parent drug to make it more polar
• Glucoronidation- glucoronic acid
• Acetylation-acetyl CoA
• Sulfation
• Methylation
• Glycine conjugation-glycine
• Glutathione conjugation
• H20 conjugation
19 C Protonation
20 D Hepatic metabolism and renal excretion are two of the most important mechanism
involved in termination of drug action
21 C Bioavailability - Fraction of the administered dose of the drug that reaches the
systemic circulation
22 D Area Under the Curve (AUC)
• Measure of the amount of drug in the body
• Reflects the total amount of active drug that reaches the systemic circulation
• Measures the extent of drug bioavailability
• Computed using the trapezoidal rule
23 C Noyes-Whitney – Rate of dissolution
Fick’s Law – Rate of diffusion
24 A • Absolute Bioavailability
(AUCEV x DOSEIV)/ (AUCIV x DOSEEV)
• Relative Bioavailability
(AUCtest x DOSEstd)/(AUCstd x DOSEtest)
25 C Oral
26 B Although equal area indicates that the same total amount of drug was made
available to the body, the areas alone give no information regarding the rate at
which the drugs were made available. Bioequivalence involves not only the amount
of drug that is available but also the rate at which it becomes available
27 B If the area under the respective curves are equal, it can be concluded that the total
amount of drug-delivered to the body by each dosage form is equal
28 D Gastric emptying time is speeded up by hunger, mild exercise, cold meals, diluted
solution and lying on the right side.
29 C Kinetic Orders
• Zero Order – Rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the drug
remaining
C = -k0t + C0
• First Order – Rate of reaction is dependent of the concentration of the drug
remaining
C = C0e-kt
Half Life - Time required to change the amount of drug in the body by one half
• Zero Order = t1⁄2 = 0.5C0/K0
• First Order = t1⁄2 = 0.693/K
30 C Cockroft – Gault is a very useful in estimating creatinine clearance
Cr Cl = (140 – age)x BW/ 72 Scr
31 C T1/2 = 4 hours
50
32 D Diazepam, Warfarin and phenytoin does not undergo first pass effect
33 D Renal elimination, drug metabolism and volume of distribution in decrease in geriatric
patients
34 A Nicardipine is used hypertension, and chronic stable angina,
35 D Finasteride is used for BPH, and androgenetic alopecia. It should not be used during
pregnancy
36 D Colestipol is a bile acid sequesterant use to lower down LDL level and is the drug of
choice for hyperlipidemia for pregnant women or women planning to be pregnant
37 A Simvastatin is an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor used for hyperlipidemia, it is
contraindicated in female who are pregnant or planning to get pregnant.
38 C Posterior pituitary hormone – Oxytocin and Vasopressin
39 D Increase dopamine – psychosis; decrease dopamine – Parkinson’s
40 B Buspirone is an anxiolytic agent not associated with sedation, cognitive or
psychomotor impairment or euphoria. It also does not possess anticonvulsant effect
Diazepam and Oxazepam are benzodiazepines used as anxiolytic and causes
sedation
41 D Sumatriptan is used for migraine headache
42 B Diflunisal is a salicylic acid derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity
43 D Clonidine is Alpha-adrenergic agonist use for hypertensive crisis
44 A Selegeline is a MAO inhibitor used in combination with levodopa and carbidopa for
Parkinson’s
45 A Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic used for severe cancer pain. It is available as
transdermal patch
46 D Magnesium antacid are known to cause diarrhea
Aluminum antacid causes constipation
47 D Propylthiouracil is used for hyperthyroidism similar to the use of methimazole
48 D Tolcapone -COMT inhibitor
Selegiline – MAO inhibitor
Disulfiram – Acet5aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
Carbidopa – Inhibitor of the DOPA decarboxylase
49 C

50 D These endorphins interact with the receptors in your brain that reduce your
perception of pain. Endorphins also trigger a positive feeling in the body, similar to
that of morphine.
51 A Milk of Magnesia is a saline laxative
52 C Mesalamine -Use for the treatment of IBD
Misoprostol – Used for stomach ulcer
Ritodrine – Tocolytic drug used to stop premature labor
Metoclopram,ide – Anti-emetic
53 A Pregnancy – refer to number # 37
54 D

55 B Prednisone – used for arthritis, can also be used for Crohn’s disease
56 B

57 C Pure narcotic antagonist – Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalmefene

58 B

59 C
60 D Vidarabine is an antiviral active against herpes viruses
61 B

62 A Famotidine is a H2 Antagonist
63 B

64 D Zafirlukast is a drug classified as Leukotriene inhibitor used as treatment for Asthma

65 D Sotalol is a non-selective beta-blocker that could cause bronchospasm
66 D Dihydrotachysterol is a ssynthetic vitamin D analog used for hypocalcemia and
hypoparathyroidism
67 B
68 D Deferoxamine – Iron containing product
Organophosphate poisoning – Anticholinergic
BAL / Dimercaprol – Heavy metal poisoning
Flumazenil - Benzodiazepine
69 A Activated charcoal and ipecac syrup have been proven to be effective in the
treatment of many types of poisoning. The universal antidote is a mixture of activated
charcoal, magnesium oxide and tannic acid. Only the charcoal is effective in this
combination.
70 B Toxic effect is more intense pharmacologic effect
71 C A toxic effect which endangers life by markedly affecting the vital function is called
poison
72 A SH group of dimercaprol binds to heavy metal
73 D Naphthalene
74 B

75 D
76 B Cholelithiasis
77 B Diazepam is used for seizure induced by cocaine overdose
78 D Saxitoxin – Neurotoxin best known for parasitic shellfish poisoning
79 D Hypertensive emergency, stroke
80 D All of the following
81 D Verapamil overdose and hyperkalemia
82 D Amitryptyline – is a drug used for major depressive disorder.
83 B BAL/Dimercaprol is an antidote for Heavy metal poisoning
84 B

85 D Antagonize the paralyzing action of cobra venom

86 D Naltrexone is used for alcohol withdrawal
87 B

88 A
89 B Refer to number 84
90 B

91 A

92 C Naltrexone
93 C Ethanol
94 A Anticholinesterase - Neostigmine
95 B

96 C Pentazocine
97 B Physostigmine
98 C Respiratory depression
99 D EDTA – heavy metal poisoning
100 D Malathion poisoning antidote – Pralidoxine or Atropinbe