Part Two: 7 Key Measurement Challenges and Case Studies: Keysight Technologies

PART TWO:
7 KEY MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES AND CASE STUDIES

Keysight Technologies OCT. 2018
Michel Gagne
1
• 5G Market Trend, New
Radio Specification, and
Implications
• 7 Key Measurement
Challenges and Case
Studies
• Q/A
© Keysight Technologies 2018 2

5G Boot Camp: 7 Key Measurement Challenges and Case Studies
K E Y M I L E S T O N E S A N D C A R D I N A L D AT E S
2017 Milestone Commercialization Announcements
Q4: Verizon Pilots 5GTF 28Ghz Fixed Wireless in 11 cities • Verizon: Fixed mm-Wave in 2017
• AT&T: Fixed mm-Wave in 2018
2017 Milestone • T-Mobile: Sub-6GHz 5G in 2019
Dec: 3GPP decided in Mar 2017 to accelerate NSA 5G NR (was in R15)
• KT: 5G in 2019
• DOCOMO: 5G in 2020
2018 Milestones 2020 Milestone
Feb: Winter Olympics, S. Korea • China Mobile: 5G in 2020
Jul/Aug: Summer Olympics Japan
Summer: World Cup, Russia Summer (likely): 1st 5G Commercial
2015 Milestones
Sept: 3GPP 5G Workshop 2018 Milestone
Nov: ITU WRC 15 H2: VZ & ATT launch 5G 2022 Milestone
Dec: 3GPP RAN Plenary NR Fixed mm-wave Summer: 2nd 5G Commercial
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

You are here
R13 R14 5G NR R15

NSA
Rel. 14 Rel. 15 Rel. 16 Rel. 17 & beyond

5G New Radio Specification and
Implications

I N I T I A L R E L E A S E D E C 2 0 1 7 , F I N A L R E L E A S E L AT E R 2 0 1 8
Waveform Flexible Numerology

CP-OFDM (UL/DL): QPSK, 16QAM, 15 kHz*2n Sub-carrier spacing
64QAM and 256QAM 1ms subframe
DFT-s-OFDM (UL): π/2-BPSK, QPSK, 10 ms Frame
16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM Normal & Extended Cyclic Prefix
New Spectrum Massive MIMO and

Sub-6 GHz (FR1) and 24.25 to 52.6 GHz (FR2) Beam Steering
Up to 400 MHz Bandwidth
Up to 8x8 MIMO
Up to 8 Component Carriers
Much greater # antennas on gNB than UE
Bandwidth Parts enables multiplexing of
services Beam sweeping

• 15 kHz*2n sub-carrier spacing
• 10 ms frame, 1 ms subframe (10 SF/Frame)
Slot length scales with the subcarrier spacing
EXPLOSION OF TEST CASES 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 1 𝑚𝑠ൗ2𝜇
• Scheduling – either Slot or mini-Slot
• A slot can be uplink, downlink, or flexible
• Normal slot has 14 symbols, extended has 12 symbols
• New mini-slots can be 2, 4, or 7 OFDM symbols and can start
Sub Carrier
Spacing immediately
Slots/ Symbols/
Subframe Subframe
1 14
FR1
Synch
2 28
Data
FR2 4 56
Data
8 112
Synch
240 kHz 62.5 us 16 224
M O R E R O B U S T A G A I N S T M U L T I P AT H E F F E C T S
A way to deal with
Desired Delay Spread
Inter-Symbol
Interference (ISI) 01 2 3 4 5 6
Rx
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tx
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Symbols
…0 CP 1
CP = Cyclic Prefix (Guard Interval) inserted before symbol in order to reduce ISI
F O R D I F F E R E N T S U B C A R R I E R S PA C I N G S
Delay Spread
Smaller
..0 CP 1 u=3
Carrier spacing = 120 kHz
Symbol = 1/120 kHz = 8.33 us
CP (≈10% of Symbol) = 0.83 us
Distance ≈ 250 m gNB (Cell)
Size
..0 u=2
CP 1
Carrier spacing = 60 kHz
Symbol = 1/60 kHz = 16.67 us
Distance ≈ 500 m
u=0
..0 CP 1 Carrier spacing = 15 kHz Larger
Symbol = 1/15 kHz = 66.67 us
Distance ≈ 2000 m 8
© Keysight Technologies 2018
M A X I M U M T R A N S M I S S I O N B A N D W I D T H C O N F I G U R AT I O N N R B
Spectrum utilization for FR1 (450 MHz – 6 GHz): 3GPP 34.38.521-1 table 5.3.2-1
5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz 25 MHz 40 MHz 50 MHz 60 MHz 80 MHz 100 MHz
SCS
NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB
15 kHz 25 52 79 106 133 216 270 N/A N/A N/A
30 kHz 11 24 38 51 65 106 133 162 217 273
60 kHz N/A 11 18 24 31 51 65 79 107 135
Spectrum utilization for FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz): 3GPP 34.38.521-2 table 5.3.2-1
50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MHz 5G NR Max number of

SCS
NRB NRB NRB NRB Sub Carriers = 3276
(273 PRBs)
60 kHz 66 132 264 N/A
120 kHz 32 66 132 264

M U LT I P L E X I N G O F S E R V I C E S O N A S I N G L E C A R R I E R
• Carriers sub-divided Overall carrier Overall carrier

bandwidth to support multiple
services BWP2
• Each BWP is a contiguous set

of PRBs and has its own
BWP BWP1
numerology
Reduced UE capability with Reduced UE energy usage
something new by using less bandwidth
• UE can be configured with up to
four carrier bandwidth parts (DL Overall carrier Overall carrier
and UL). Only can be active at a
given time .
• Introduces new issues with

carrier interference
BWP1 BWP2 BWP1 BWP2
Non-contiguous spectrum that can BWP with different numerologies
have unknown service inserted

K E Y AT T R I B U T E S O F R E L E A S E 1 5
Frequency Range 1: 450 MHz – 6000 MHz

• 5G NR Release 15 Frequency
Frequency Range 2: 24.25 to 52.6 GHz
Transmission FR1: 5 to 100 MHz
• A revolution from LTE-A
Bandwidths (CC) FR2: 50 to 400 MHz
FR1: 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz
• Key challenges Sub Carrier Spacing
FR2: 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz
• Bandwidth Maximum number of
3276 (up to 4096 FFTs)
Subcarriers
• mmWave frequency Up to 8 carriers, maximum BW of 400 MHz (FR1) and
Carrier Aggregation
1200 MHz / 1600 MHz (FR2)
• # subcarriers • CP-OFDM (UL/DL): QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and
256QAM
• Implementation of 256 Waveform & Modulation • DFT-s-OFDM (UL): π/2-BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM,
QAM and MIMO 64QAM and 256QAM
MIMO Up to 8 layers in downlink, up to 4 layers in the uplink

D I F F E R E N T I M P L E M E N T AT I O N S U N D E R 6 G H Z & M M W AV E
< 6 GHz (FR1) mmWave (FR2)

Deployment Macro cells Small cells
Scenario High user mobility Low user mobility
Less MIMO order
MIMO Order Up to 8x8
(typically 2x2)
Number of
Tens of users A few users
Simultaneous
Large coverage area Small coverage area
Users
Spatial multiplexing
Beam steering for
Main Benefit “Null-forming” for reduced
single user
interference
Channel
Rich multipath propagation A few propagation paths
Characteristics
Both sub 6 GHz MIMO and
mmWave MIMO will require
High, due to the spatial Lower spectral efficiency
Spectral Efficiency
multiplexing (few users, high path loss)
better beam management and
over-the-air validation

4G ENB VERSUS 5G GNB
“Headlamp”

HOW DOES THE UE IDENTIFY THE BEST BEAM
• Beam sweeping
transmission in DL
• Beam sweeping
reception to identify
strongest beam
• UE identifies the best

beam
• Always-on signals in NR Synchronization

Beam
Signal Blocks
refinement
(SSB)
“Lighthouse” “Flashlight”
DOWNLINK BEAM ACQUISITION
SIMULATE WHICH
NR SS/PBCH for FR2 LOS channel with AoD/AoA AWGN
SSBlock IS LARGEST
• Numerology = 120KHz • Modeling line of sight channel • thermal noise is added
• % offset RB index in Carrier bandwidth • Antenna array Tx at AOD onto each receiver
• SSB_RBOffset = 10; • Antenna array Rx at AoA antenna element
• %L = 64 • Antenna pattern file import • Add SNR at antenna
• SSB_Lmax = 2; input ports
• %5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 40ms, 80ms, 160ms Tx Beam Sweeping for SS/PBCH Blocks
Rx Beam Sweeping for SS/PBCH Blocks Synchronization and Beam Measurement
• SSB_Periodicity = 0;
O utp
tZ
u
#r ows # cols
O utp
tY
u
[ ] 123
Th e ta Swe e p {Wa v e Fo rm@Data FlowModels}
Ex p l i c i tVa l u e s =0 .524 V[ZoD/180*pi] O utp
tZ
u
LOS channel with AoD/AoA Th e ta Swe e p 1 {Wa v e Fo rm@Data FlowModels}
Ex p l i c i tVa l u e s =0 .524 V[ZoA/180*pi]
Offs et=0 V
The
ta
Beam f or mg
O utp
rWe
e
ts
h i
tX
u
Dynam ic
SSB_ Po we r{Si n k @Data FlowModels}
D3 {Dy n a m i c Un p a c k _M@Data FlowModels} Sta rtSto p Op tion=Samples
Offs et=0 V Pe ri o d ic=YES Phi Phas
s
e Fo rm a t=ColumnMajor
Pe ri o d ic=YES O utp
tY
u
M agni
s
e
d
tu
The
ta O utp
tX
u
Beam f or mg
ts
h
rWe
ei Weig
ts
h
Phi Phas
s
e
B5 {Be a m fo rm e rWe i g h ts@Data FlowModels}
M agni
s
e
d
tu ZoD/180* pi
ZoA/180* pi
Co n fi g u ra ti o n =Un i fo rm RectangularAray
Nu m El e m e n ts X=4 [RxNumRows] 123
Weig
ts
h Nu m El e m e n ts Y=4 [RxNumCols] SSBIn fo {Si n k @Data FlowModels}
Di s ta n c e Un i t=Wavelengths Sta rtSto p Op tion=Samples
B2 {Be a m fo rm e rWe i g h ts@Data FlowModels} Rx Ph i {Co n s t@Data FlowModels} Di s ta n c e X_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5
Co n fi g u ra ti o n =Un i fo rm RectangularAray Va l u e =0 .5 2 4 [ZoD/180*pi] Rx Ph i 1 {Co n s t@Data FlowModels} Ph i Swe e p 1 {Wa v e Fo rm@Data FlowMo Dide
sls}ta n c e Y_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5
Nu m El e m e n ts X=8 [TxNumRows] Va l u e =0 .5 2 4 [ZoA/180*pi] Ex p l i c i tVa l u e s =(1 8 4 3 2 0 0 x 1 )[-0.262; -0.26…V[RxPhi*pi/180]
O1 {Os c i l l a to r@Data FlowModels} Ph i Swe e p {Wa v e Fo rm@Data FlowModels} Nu m El e m e n ts Y=8 [TxNumCols] Offs et=0 V Ce n te rArra y AtOrigin=NO
Ro ta te Array=NO
3GPP NR SS/PBCH Signal Generation Fre q u e n c y =2 8 e +9 Hz [FCarier]
Po we r=-5 d Bm [Si g n a l Po wer_EPRE_dBm]
Ex p l i c i tVa l u e s =(6 1 4 4 0 0 x 1)[0; 0; 0; 0; 0] V[TxPhi*pi/180] Di s ta n c e Un i t=Wavelengths
Offs et=0 V
Pe ri o d ic=YES
Di s ta n c e X_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5
Pe ri o d ic=YES
Nu m An te n n a s PerLocation=1
Sa v e An te n n a Location=NO
Di s ta n c e Y_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5
Ce n te rArra y AtOrigin=NO
Ro ta te Array=NO
AoD/180*pi AoA/180*pi Noise Ph i =0 rad
Th e ta =0.524 rad
123
M u l ti Us e r=Shared Aray Sy n c Fl a g {Si n k @Data FlowModels}
Nu m An te n n a s PerLocation=1 Wi n d o w=None SSB_P
w
o
Sa v e An te n n a Location=NO Rx Th e ta {Co n s t@Data FlowModels} Rx Th e ta 1 {Co n s t@Data FlowModels} Sta rtSto p Op tion=Samples
Ph i =0 rad Va l u e =-0 .3 4 9 [AoD/180*pi] Va l u e =0 [Ao A/180*pi] M axSS
fo
In
B
Th e ta =0.524 rad Cont r ol Fr eq
[]
The
ta
M u l ti Us e r=Shared Aray [][] Phase
m
I
Channel
tsB
i
Noise Am p l ifer [][] []
Q SyncF
gl
a
Wi n d o w=None The
ta Phi Ou
tp I Phase O DeMod inp
t
u
Fr eq Ant ennaAr ra
x
R
y
Density [][] I
11010 PDSCH_B
tsi
M odSy mb
s l
o
T m
I Phase
Q
Q UAD
O UT Cont r ol Phi Ou
tp In
t
u
p
Sh i fter Am p
Re NR_DL_Fr ame
c
n
y
S
CorrMa
x
123
[]
NR_DL_Num er
rco
S
_
y
g
o
SSB
l
Ou
_ t Mod [][] Ant ennaAr ra
x
T
y
FO D
t
e
Co rrM a x {Si n k @Data FlowModels}
I O UT [] [][] Am p l ifer I Phase O In
t
u
p
A4 {An te n n a Arra y Rx @Data FlowModels} A3 {Ad d NDe n s i ty _ M @Data FlowModels} A5 P1 {Ph a s e Sh i fte r_ M@Data FlowModels} C2 {Co m b i n e r_ M @Data FlowModels} F1 {BPF_ Wi n d o w@Data FlowModelsD2 } {De m o d u l a to r@Data FlowModels}R1 {Re c tTo Cx @Da ta FlowModels}
Sta rtSto p Op tion=Samples
PortOu
t Re Am p
[][] Sh i fter Co n fi g u ra ti o n =Un i fo rm RectangularAray NDe n s i ty Ty p e =Constant noise density M o d e =FulAray Wi n d o w=Hamming Ou tp u tTy pe=I/Q Tim eD
t
e
B1 {Ra n d o m Bi ts @Data FlowModels} A1 {An te n n a Arra y Tx @Data FlowModels} D1 {De l a y @Da ta FlowModels} Nu m El e m e n ts X=4 [RxNumRows] NDe n s i ty =-6 5 .7 9 2 d Bm [NDensity_dBm] FCe n te r=1e9 Hz FCa rri e r=2 8 e +9 Hz [FCarier]
NR_ DL _ Nu m e rology_Src_1 S1 {Se tSa m p l e Ra te @Data FlowModels}C3 {Cx To Re c t@Da ta FlowModels} M 1 {M o d u l a to r@Data FlowModels} Co n fi g u ra ti o n =Un i fo rm RectangularAray N=10 Nu m El e m e n ts Y=4 [RxNumCols] Pa s s Ba n d wi d th =3 .84e+6 Hz [15.36e6/4] N1 {NR_ DL _ Fra m e Sy n c @5GAdvanced Modem Models}
Nu m e ro l o g y =u 3 _ 1 20kHz [Numerology] Sa m p l e Ra te =1 2 2 .9e+6 Hz [SampleRate] In p u tTy pe=I/Q S5 {Sp l i tte r_ M @Data FlowModels} A2 {Am p l i fi e r_ M @Data FlowMod
P2
els}{Ph a s e Sh i fte r_ M@Data FlowModels} Nu m El e m e n ts X=8 [TxNumRows] Ou tp u tTi m i n g =BeforeInput Di s ta n c e Un i t=Wavelengths Ord e r=30 Nu m Rx RFChains=1
Ov e rs a m p l i n g Option=Ratio 1 FCa rri e r=0.2e6 Hz M o d e =SubAray Ga i n Un i t=voltage Nu m El e m e n ts Y=8 [TxNumCols] Be a m Tra i n i n g Rx RFChainsList=0
Di s ta n c e X_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5
Ce l l ID=0 Nu m Ro ws =8 [TxNumCols] No i s e Figure=0 Di s ta n c e Un i t=Wavelengths Di s ta n c e Y_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5 Ce l l ID=0
Ca rri e rNu m RBs =5 0 [Ca rierNumRBs] Nu m Co l s =8 [TxNumRows] GCTy p e=none Di s ta n c e X_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5 Ce n te rArra y AtOrigin=NO Ca rri e rNu m RBs =5 0 [Ca rierNumRBs]
Nu m e ro logy_k0=0 Di s ta n c e Y_ i n _ Wavelengths=0.5 Ro ta te Array=NO Nu m e ro logy_k0=0
Cy c l i c Pre fix=Normal Ce n te rArra y AtOrigin=NO Nu m An te n n a s PerLocation=1 SSB_k0=0
Nu m BWPs=1 Ro ta te Array=NO Sa v e An te n n a Location=NO SSB_ Nu m e ro l o g y =1 20kHz [Numerology]
BWP_ RBOffset=0 Nu m An te n n a s PerLocation=1 El e m e n tPa tte rn Type=Isotropic Ov e rs a m p l e Option=Ratio 1
BWP_ Nu mRBs=50 Sa v e An te n n a Location=NO Ti m e De l a y Op ti on=Phase Shift Nu m b e rBe a m TrainingRounds=1
BWP_ Nu m Ports=1 El e m e n tPa tte rn Type=Isotropic El e m e n tFa ilure=None SSB_ Pe ri o d i c i ty =5 m s [SSB_Periodicity]
BWP_ Po rtL ist=1000
SSB_ En a b le=YES
Ti m e De l a y Op ti on=Phase Shift
El e m e n tFa ilure=None
Th e ta Angles=0 ° SSB_ Ti m e Ofset=0
SSB_ Sy m Sta rtOp ti on30K=Option1
123
Ph i An gles=0 °
SSB_ L m a x =L = 64 [SSB_Lmax] Th e ta An g l es=0.524 rad SSB_ RBOffs e t=1 0 [SSB_RBOfset] Fre q Offs e t {Si n k @Data FlowModels}
SSB_ RBOffs e t=1 0 [SSB_RBOfset] Ph i An g les=0 rad SSB_ L m a x =L = 64 [SSB_Lmax] Sta rtSto p Op tion=Samples
SSB_k0=0 Fi l te r_ En able=YES
SSB_ Pe ri o d i c i ty =5 m s [SSB_Periodicity] Fre q Sy n c _ Enable=YES
SSB_ Ti m e Ofset=0 Se a rc h Ra n g e =5 0 0 e-6 [SearchRange]
SSB_ Sy m Sta rtOp ti on30K=Option1 Tra c k i n g Range=1024
SS_ Po we rBoosting=0 Sy n c Th reshold=0.4
PBCH_ DM RS_ Po we rBoosting=0 PBCH_ De c o d i n g _Enable=YES
PBCH_ Po we rBoosting=0 Sy m _ Sta rtPos=-3
PDSCH_ En a ble=NO PBCH_ DM RS_ Po we rBoosting=0
PBCH_ Po we rBoosting=0
123
Tm a x =0.0000001 s Ti m e In d e x {Si n k @Data FlowModels}
Fm ax=10 Hz Sta rtSto p Op tion=Samples
Tx Beam Sweeping for SS/PBCH Blocks

• allocate different SS/PBCH block into Rx Beam Sweeping for SS/PBCH Blocks Synchronization and Beam Measurement
different azimuth angle theta angle • define different receiver beams in RxPhiTable • Measured power for each SS/PBCH block
• add additional impairments to RF and • Synchronization information
Phased array, such as phase shifter • measured the angles with maximum power in
quantization error Tx/Rx beam sets
Design and validate new algorithms

S U B 6 G H Z A N D M M W AV E
4.4 – 4.9 64 -71 GHz

0.6 GHz 2.5 GHz 3.4 - 3.8 GHz
GHz
ISM 28 GHz 39 GHz . . . 71 – 76 GHz
Sub-6 GHz mmWave
eMBB, URLL - Massive MIMO to increase eMBB - Fixed wireless broadband or low
capacity and throughput mobility
Challenges Challenges
• 5G NR coexistence with LTE and Wi-Fi • Wideband signal quality, mmWave frequencies
• Multi-mode devices and very large bandwidths
• Massive MIMO performance • mmWave initial access and beam management
QoS
• RF performance at higher frequencies and
bandwidth • Measurements without connectors
• UE battery life • 3D spatial channels

5G New Radio
7 Key Measurement Challenges

Signal Quality Lots of Channels Life Beyond Connectors
mmW, Waveform, Fidelity MIMO/Beamforming Over-the-Air
Scheduling
1 2 3
Channel Performance on the Network Cost of Test Field Testing and

Characterizing & Emulating Network Emulation Assets, throughput Drive Test
4 5 6 7
Protocol RF / RRM Functional
R&D DVT KPI

C H A L L E N G E S W I T H M M W AV E A N D B A N D W I D T H
• IQ modulator errors
• Phase noise
• OFDM close subcarrier spacing
10xLog[30 kHz/(273 PRB x 12 SC/PRB
Ch Power = 0 dBm x 30 kHz) ] = -35 dB
• Distortion -39 dBm
• Overdriving causes 15 kHz 60 kHz

Ch Power = 0 dBm
compression and distortion -39 dBm
-91 dBm
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio
• Wide BW systems with high noise figure coupled -94 dBm 100 MHz channel
with low RF power levels 100 MHz channel
• Amplitude flatness and phase linearity

Nt = k T B (Watts) = -124 dBW
• Frequency response of cables, gain horn, amplifiers,
filters, signal generator, signal analyzer, etc k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38E-23 J/˚K
T = temperature in degrees Kelvin = 290 (room)
B = overall bandwidth = example 100 MHz
E V M I S T H E S TA N D A R D M E A S U R E O F S I G N A L Q U A L I T Y
EVM (Error Vector Magnitude): The normalized ratio of the

difference between two vectors: IQ measured signal & IQ reference
(IQ reference is calculated value)
What’s considered Good?

• For the link to work: “At the limit for the scenario”
• For component test: “10 dB better than the
system as a whole“
• For system test: “3 dB better than the source
from radio standard” 5G NR Release 15 EVM Requirements
Mod Required EVM
Pi/2 BPSK 30% (-5.2 dB)
QPSK 17.5 % (-15.1 dB)
16QAM 12.5 % (-18.1 dB)
64QAM 8 % (-21.9 dB)
256QAM 3.5 % (-29.1 dB)
CHALLENGES AND TIPS
• IQ modulator errors Tips for mmWave Measurements
• Phase noise ✓ Minimize signal generation impairments

• OFDM close subcarrier spacing
correcting for IQ modulation, phase noise,
flatness and linearity errors
• Distortion
✓ Ensure adequate antenna gain
• Overdriving causes
compression and distortion ✓ Select test equipment with EVM and
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-Noise Radio better than your
• Wide BW systems with high noise figure coupled DUT
with low RF power levels ✓ Ensure proper use of cables and
connectors for the given frequency
• Amplitude flatness and phase linearity
• Frequency response of cables, gain horn, amplifiers, ✓ Perform system level calibration to ensure
filters, signal generator, signal analyzer, etc measurement is at DUT plane
Challenge: Dual-Mode operation. Verify
performance in- and out-of-band to
reduce interference
• How will the waveforms interact?
• How much out-of-band suppressions will be

required?
• How much guard band will be required?

5G NR LTE
• How can different scenarios be explored?
Solution: Simulate Wideband Source Wideband Analyzer Analysis
M9383A
Waveform 1
Waveform 2
.
Waveform n
Multiple LTE, 5G measurements
from 1 acquisition
N9040B 22
Spectrum – 956 MHz Span centered at 28 GHz
8CC 100 MHz each

Measured OTA EVM 1.1 to 1.2%
Modulation analysis of each 100 MHz carrier
Signal Creation Signal Analysis

DUT

OPTIMIZE EVM USING X -APPS AND VSA
Amplifier EVM performance;

• 5G NR DL 1CC/8CC, 64/256 QAM (high crest factor), 100 MHz bandwidth, 28 GHz & 39 GHz (FR2)
2 Use Signal Studio generated
1
.SCP file to configure 5G NR EVM
measurement in VSA and X-apps 89601B VSA with opt BHN
Generate 5G NR waveform
and playback on wideband
vector source N9085EM0E
3 X-App or VSA: X-Series
Optimize and measurement
measure EVM before application
Wideband Source and after AUT Wideband Analyzer
M9383A
AUT
N7631C Signal
Studio
Trigger
N9040B 24
M9383A PXI VECTOR SOURCE
M9383A is optimized by default.

Simply do the following: M8393A Soft Front Panel (SFP)
• Set Frequency
• Set Amplitude
• Set ALC:
• Freq < 20 GHz: Turn off
• Freq > 20 GHz: Set to very
slow M9383A (MCS) is optimized
• Select Waveform right out of the box!
• Turn ARB & RF on
Note: you can also use the waveform Markers to trigger the PXA
or UXA which greatly speeds up the demodulation measurements.
N 9 0 4 0 B X - S E R I E S A N A LY Z E R
Several things you can do to optimize EVM;
• Select frequency span that closely captures signal bandwidth

• Optimum phase noise method for wide bandwidth signals: Best Wide Offset
• Optimize front end path: if available use Full Bypass Mode (particularly at higher
frequencies around 28 and 39 GHz) – for EVM only
• Optimize attenuator: find best level at signal analyzer mixer input for optimum EVM
(same for ACLR)
• Optimize attenuator & IF gain: find best combination of both, rather than let Signal
Analyzer pick IF gain

Extensions
OPTIMIZE PHASE NOISE METHOD – 89601B VSA
Best Wide
Offset
Input
For wide bandwidth signals

optimize EVM performance by Phase Optimization = Best Close In
(Modulation = Off)
setting phase noise optimization
method to Best Wide Offset;
Phase Optimization = Best Close In
• Input  Extensions  (~2 MHz wide modulation turned on)
Phase Noise Optimization
Phase Optimization = Best Wide Offset

(Note cleaner spectrum)

O P T I M I Z E F R O N T E N D P AT H YTF loss at 40 GHz is ~10 dB.
YTF BW is ~40-60 MHz, must bypass
Things you should do to optimize signal path and for wide-BW EVM measurements.
improve EVM at mmWave; MPB, LNP, and FBP Don’t bypass for ACLR
YTF
50 GHz
Input Converter
Mech LNP MPB
0-50 GHz Digitizer
Atten Bypass Bypass
2.4mm Coax
E-Switches have
E-Sw
E-Sw
E-Sw
Band-0
<3.6 GHz
Band-0 YTF = YIG tuned filter
good performance at 1st IF
LNP = Low Noise Path
<6 GHz, but degrade 30 dB MPB = Microwave Preselector Bypass
SNR and limit EVM FBP = Full Bypass Path (LNP + MPB)
at 28 and 39 GHz.
Band-0 SW
When measuring
uW Pre-Amp
EVM, distortion in uW
NEW Pre-Amp will limit EVM Note: use uWave
floor. pre-amp only if signal
FBP allows by-passing both LNP and MPB at same time.
is low in power and
Factory cal data is applied for this new path.
UXA with #550 & #H1G only, start Apr-2018. improves EVM

UXA FRONT END - SIMPLIFIED VIEW
• Normally, wide BW measurements are noise limited, hence, bypassing both pre-selector & path for electronic
attenuator/preamp (Low Noise Path) can improve EVM.
• Normally analyzer selects IF gain depending on other analyzer settings, including the selected RF attenuation. For a
given signal BW and crest factor, manually setting both the RF attenuator and IF gain can improve EVM.
Optimize attenuator & IF gain together
Full Bypass
IF Gain -31dB to + 15dB
in 1dB steps
1 Pre-Selector Bypass EVM (%)
Switches 2
for e-atten
and Pre- ADC
amp paths 3
3 Sweet
RF Attenuation 70dB in 2
2dB steps
4 Spot
Simplified UXA Diagram 5
RF Atten / IF Gain
Set Mixer optimization
LO
Level
Typically -10
to -20 dBm
5 G N R 2 8 G H Z 1 0 0 M H Z 2 5 6 Q A M O P T I M I Z E D E V M R E S U LT
Full Bypass Path and optimized input

attenuation/IF gain
EVM
0.78%rms
EVM
0.71%rms
N9040B UXA with options 550 & H1G

5 G N R 3 9 G H Z 1 0 0 M H Z 2 5 6 Q A M O P T I M I Z E D E V M R E S U LT
Full Bypass Path and optimized input

attenuation/IF gain
EVM
1.31%rms
EVM
1.10%rms
N9040B UXA with options 550 & H1G

UXA KEY STEPS
• Do not use Full Bypass Path mode - the microwave preselector filter is needed for best ACLR
performance.
• Above 3.6 GHz enable Low Noise Path (LNP). This bypasses lossy switches.
• Optimize attenuator for best performance
• Turn on Noise Corrections

N O N - S I G N A L I N G : U P T O 1 G H Z B W S I G N A L G E N E R AT I O N & A N A LY S I S
PXI Source
M9383A PXI Microwave vector source, up to 44GHz
~1% EVM at 28 GHz w/1 GHz BW
Fully calibrated from factory across all BW’s
General purpose instruments (not banded)
Benchtop Analyzer
N9040/41B UXA analyzer, up to 50 / 90 / 110 GHz
~1% EVM at 28 GHz w/1 GHz BW (option H1G)
M9383A N9040B & N9041B

N O N - S I G N A L I N G : > 1 G H Z B W S I G N A L G E N E R AT I O N & A N A LY S I S
Widest BW Source Config

• M8195 AWG, direct to Low IF
• M9383A or N5183B analog LO
• VDI upconverter
DSOS804A
Widest BW Analyzer
N9041B UXA with external WB IF
Extremely low noise & spurs
Excellent for both modulated and
SEM testing AWG
External Digitizer
8, 33, 65 GHz oscilloscope, UXR LO
oscilloscopes (13 to 110 GHz), or
M9703/10 AXIe digitizer
M9383A N9040B & N9041B N9041B
VDI

K E Y S I G H T 5 G N R S O F T WAR E S O L U T I O N S
Software: SystemVue Signal Studio 89600 VSA X-Series Apps
ESL Design & Simulation Signal Creation Vector Signal Analysis Measurement Application
Category:
software software software software
Custom OFDM:
W1461B N7608APPC 89601B-BHF N9054EM1E
for 5G proto-typing
Pre-5G:
W1906E N7630APPC 89601B-BHN
for Verizon
N7631APPC
3GPP 5G NR: W1906E 89601B-BHN N9085EM0E
(N7631C)
Simulation users who R&D who needs test vector R&D who wants to get in-
R&D plus early MFG for
Target Customers: needs the world-best 5G waveforms on receiver or depth modulation analysis
simple pass/fail tests
NR PHY simulation component tests for transmitter tests

Signal Quality Lots of Channels
mmW, Waveform, Fidelity MIMO/Beamforming
Scheduling
1 2 3
4 5 6 7

Challenge: Understanding MIMO and Beamforming real-world performance including
handover and throughput
• Characterize beam patterns have proper phase and magnitude relationship and beams and nulls
are in the correct position
• Emulate real-world conditions in sub 6 GHz or mmWave

Weights _Table
V5G_DL_TxBeamManagement
BI
HARQ Beam index feedback
Weights
{Delay@Data Flow Models}

{V5G_DL_TxBeamManagement@5G Advanced Modem Models}
Weights _Table SYNC_En
V5G_DL_RxBeamManagement
Weights BI_Rx
5G TF {V5G_DL_RxBeamManagement@5G Advanced Modem Models}
5G physical layer mmW {Delay@Data Flow Models}
5G NR
Channel
TBS
Source
HARQ_Bits
HarqLogic
Channel Model SYNC_En
Rx BFWeights
HARQ_bits x PDSCH_Sy m_Tx weights Rx DigitalSig Rec eiv edSig BeamIndex _Rx
V5G_DL_Rx Beamforming
MIMO_3DChannel_RF
Noise
V5G_DL_Src Env elopSig Env SigIn V5G_DL_Rcv
V5G_DL_Tx Beamforming Density
DataIn OFDMSignal input BRSRP
11010 {V5G_DL_RxBeamf orming} BeamIndex _Tx
{V5G_DL_Src@5G Advanced Modem Models} {V5G_DL_TxBeamf orming} {3DChannel_5G}

SpectrumShapingType=TimeWindowing
{DataPattern@Data Flow Models} NumClusters=1 [NumClusters] x PDSCH_Sy m_Rx
WindowType=Tukey ClusterDelay=0 [ClusterDelay]

CyclicInterval=6 ClusterPowerindB=0 [ClusterPowerindB] {V5G_DL_Rcv@5G Advanced Modem Models}
CI_StartPos=-3 ClusterAoD=315 [ClusterAoD]
SpecShapingAntNum=16 ClusterAoA=30 [ClusterAoA]
ClusterZoD=75 [ClusterZoD] UE
ClusterZoA=90 [ClusterZoA]
Analysis & Visualization w/Beamform

x PDSCH_Sy m_Rx TBS
BeamAnalysis V5G_Throughput
V5G_EVM
x PDSCH_Sy m_Tx CRCParity
{BeamAnalysis}
{V5G_EVM} {V5G_Throughput@5G Advanced Modem Models}
[ V5G Downlink with 3GPP Channel Model ]

I N 4 - W AY S W I T C H I N G R X D I V E R S I T Y W I T H B E A M F O R M I N G
GPS 11ad WLAN1 Antenna 1

• Type: microstrip patch array
• Freq: 28Ghz
• # Element: 4
• Dual polarization
RFIC
Antenna 2
#1
• Type: dipole
• Freq: 28Ghz
Receive
• Cover area: left diversity
RFIC
#3
RFIC
Antenna 3
#2 • Type: dipole
• Freq: 28Ghz
RFIC
#4
Main, LB, MB, HB
• Cover area: right
Antenna 4
Origin(0,0,0)
• Type: dipole
Throughput: MCS3, Channel model: TR 38.901 • Freq: 28Ghz
• Cover area: bottom

GPS 11ad WLAN1
RFIC
#1
RFIC
#3
RFIC
#2
RFIC
#4
Main, LB, MB, HB
Origin(0,0,0)

• To what extent will
OTA spatial/sidelobe masks be
in the final Conformance docs? Increased side lobes
• Even if not, should you

still characterize them?
Sidelobes increase +15dBc

when Nonlinear instead
of Linear. Is that ok?
8 X 8 A R R AY, X - P A R A M E T E R D E V I C E
linear saturation
compression
9W GaN PA, 24% CW efficiency

X-parameters @ 28 GHz

Challenge: Base station vendor wanted < 1 % EVM CW Interfering 256 Element Phased
on a Wideband Signal Signal 3GPP NR Array DUT
‘wanted’ signal (RX mode)
• Is the waveform created with 5G compliant waveform
with numerology, UL, DL scheduling?
• Can the equipment produce clean mmWave signals?
Analog Vector
• Performance mmWave measurements?
M9383A Source GUI’s 89600 VSA 3GPP NR
Demod
Solution: Flexible Testbed

• 5G NR compliant waveform generation;
N7631C & M9383A
• Best-in-class EVM performance; M9383A M9393A
N9040B or M9393A with 89601B (VSA) Sources Analyzer
(Vector & Analog)
• Flexible configurations can scale as the
standards evolve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQBIxIw-nok

5G NR Downlink
3 G P P 5 G N R M E A S U R E M E N T D E TA I L W I T H V S A 100 MHz BW @ 28 GHz
256 QAM payload
CW Interfering Signal 256 Element Phased Array DUT

(RX mode)
3GPP NR ‘wanted’ signal
Constellation Allocation Table

Error Summary Frame Summary
Analog Vector
Spectrum/CCDF
M9383A Source GUI’s 89600 VSA 3GPP NR Demod
Antenna Sweep Power Antenna Sweep Power (3D)
EVM Time EVM Spectrum Antenna Sweep EVM
Antenna Sweep EVM (3D)
M9383A Sources M9393A Analyzer

(Vector & Analog)
T E S T A U T O M A T I O N W I T H P AT H W AV E T E S T
• Create & Playback 5G test
Pathwave Test SW User Interface showing results from Phased Array DUT waveform
• AUT control
• Mode; Tx or Rx
• Beam Steering or
Boresight
• Positioning
• Azimuth
• Elevation
• Measurements;
• Power / EVM
• Antenna beam pattern
(at boresight)
• Antenna beam power
surface over azimuth
and elevation
• etc
Conformance Test Measurements can be sequenced over frequency/amplitude etc to build
specific test plans for a given base station class and configuration
5G NR Downlink
100 MHz BW @ 28 GHz
3 G P P 5 G N R M E A S U R E M E N T D E TA I L ( E X A M P L E S ) 64/256 QAM payload
CW Interfering Signal
4x4
element
array
Analog Vector Antenna Pattern Power Surface

M9383A Source GUI’s 89600 VSA 3GPP NR Demod
16x16
element
array
Antenna Pattern
M9383A Sources M9393A Analyzer
(Vector & Analog)
Scheduling
1 2 3
4 5 6 7

3GPP NR UE Tx test requirement Minimum Conformance
Requirement Requirement
(2018-06) (2018-09 draft)*
Part 1: Range 1 Standalone TS38.101-1 v.15.2.0 TS38.521-1 v.1.0.1 FR1, Conducted
Part 2: Range 2 Standalone TS38.101-2 v.15.2.0 TS38.521-2 v.1.0.0 FR2, Radiated
Part 3: Range 1 and 2 TS38.101-3 v.15.2.0 TS38.521-3 v.1.0.0 FR1 and FR2 CA, EN-DC**
Interworking operation with other radios FR1 Conducted, FR2 Radiated
(*) v.1.0.x is still draft or pre-release status. (Official version should be v.15.x.x)
(**) EN-DC: E-UTRA and NR Dual Connectivity
3GPP NR BTS Tx test requirement Minimum Conformance

Requirement Requirement
(2018-06) (2018-09 draft)*
Part 1: Conducted testing TS38.141-1 v.1.0.0 FR1, Conducted
TS38.104 v.15.2.0
Part 2: Radiated testing TS38.141-2 v.1.0.0 FR1 and FR2, Radiated
(*) v.1.0.x is still draft or pre-release status. (Official version should be v.15.x.x)

TS38.141 OVERVIEW
DVT Conformance Installation &

R&D Manufacturing
(“I&V”) Test Maintenance
TROUBLSHOOTING FAILURE DIAGNOSIS NON-COMPLIANCE REWORK WARRANTY
Network Equipment Manufacturers must comply with 3GPP Specifications
5G NR Base Station Conformance Tests

Part 1: Conducted Part 2: Radiated
FR1: 450 MHz – 6 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 6 GHz
FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz
Chapter 6 – Transmitter Chapter 6 – Transmitter

(Power, Signal Quality, Unwanted Emissions, etc) (Power, Signal Quality, Unwanted Emissions, etc)
Chapter 7 – Receiver Characteristics Chapter 7 – Receiver Characteristics

(Dynamic Range, Sensitivity, Selectivity, Blocking, etc) (Dynamic Range, Sensitivity, Selectivity, Blocking, etc)
Chapter 8 – Receiver Performance Requirements Chapter 8 – Receiver Performance Requirements

(Throughput with fading & HARQ ACK/NACK) (Throughput with fading & HARQ ACK/NACK)

Active Antenna
System (AAS)
Free-space Path Loss
The Good News:

• Higher frequency antenna elements are smaller
• Easier to assemble into electronically steered arrays
• Reduced interference. Energy goes where it’s needed
• Improve performance in dense crowds (5G goal)
• Higher frequencies wider bandwidths: faster (5G goal)
Challenges:
• Antenna are directional
• Increased complexity with more elements, very small for
probing or conducted test
• Multiple antenna arrays required for spherical coverage 28 GHz RFIC*
• Traditional cabled test methods obsolete – OTA needed
* Image courtesy of Professor G. Rebeiz of U of Ca, SD

A S I L L U S T R AT E D B Y W I R E L E S S C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
Static Antenna Performance RF Parametrics Performance / Signaling

• Power vs. angle (EIRP) • Packet error-rates • Beam discovery
• Total Radiated Power (TRP) • EIS • Throughput
• Directivity • Error-vector-magnitude (EVM) • Blocking/interferers
• Efficiency/Gain • ACLR • Handovers (RRM)
• Spurious / harmonics

From Keysight White Paper: OTA Test for
Millimeter-Wave 5G NR Devices and
Systems
L O N G E R F A R - F I E L D A N D H I G H E R P AT H L O S S
Friis Transmission Equation
Ideal Plane 2
𝑃𝑟 𝑐
wave is at 
= 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
𝑃𝑡 4𝜋𝑅𝑓
What about
Path Loss?
Path loss proportional to R2
Fraunhofer
distance [R]
DFF= 2D2/𝜆 D DFF
What is D? DFF= 2 𝑓 D2/c 𝑓 DFF

Fastback Facebook
Networks V1000 Terragraph 52
H O W FAR I S T H E FAR F I E L D ?
D Freq. Far field Path Loss Freq. Far field Path Loss Freq. Far field Path Loss
(cm) (GHz) (m) (dB) (GHz) (m) (dB) (GHz) (m) (dB)
5 2 0.03 8.93 28 0.47 54.77 43 0.72 62.23
10 2 0.13 20.97 28 1.87 66.81 43 2.87 74.27
15 2 0.30 28.01 28 4.20 73.86 43 6.45 81.31
20 2 0.53 33.01 28 7.47 78.86 43 11.47 86.31
30 2 1.20 40.05 28 16.80 85.90 43 25.80 93.35
TR 38.810 Table 5.3-1: DUT Categories

Path loss
S U I TA B I L I T Y F O R M M W T E S T
Direct Far Field simulates behavior of real-world operation—in AUT

which DUT receives just a plane-wave. Rayleigh ranged defined as
2D2/𝜆. Source Horn
• Key questions: what is D? How large is the required
2D2/𝜆
chamber? Path loss.
Near-field test systems scan signals in the radiating near-field region
and employ mathematical transforms to recover the far-field antenna
pattern
Near Field Probing
• Key issues: Device RX, RF parametric, and signaling AUT
tests challenging with today’s technology.
Compact Test Range (CATR) or Indirect FF (IFF) uses reflectors to Plane wave
focus the RF energy into a plane wave—enables far-field Precision
measurements within a much shorter distance than would normally be Reflector
required.
AUT
• Key issue: precision reflector design and fabrication
Path loss
required
• Key benefit: True far-field in compact footprint Source Horn
Also referred to as
Indirect Far-Field (IFF)
QUIET ZONE
Paraboloid
Reflector
Section
Source
Path loss
Quiet Zone (QZ)
Plane Amplitude Taper & Ripple < ±0.5 dB

wave in DUT
QZ Quit Zone diameter
Collimated* (Uniform) Beam Illuminates the DUT

 Power does not decrease with distance of DUT
Phase Taper & Ripple
from reflector < ±2°
 Amplitude and Phase Uniform over DUT
Typical < 1dB Amplitude & < 10o Phase
*make (rays of light or particles) accurately parallel
Direct Far Field Indirect Far Field Near-Field Scanning
Absorber
Chamber
Measurement Distance
= far field
D 2𝐷2 Probe
≥
U λ antenna
T
Positioner
Image courtesy of NSI-MI
✓ Small, lower cost (at mmWave?)

✓ Simple design, mature ✓ Measurement flexibility
✓ Passive antenna;
✓ Measurement flexibility; ✓ Antenna beam pattern characterization
✓ Antenna beam pattern characterization
✓ Antenna beam pattern characterization ✓ Beamforming/beamsteering validation ✓ Beamforming/beamsteering validation
✓ Beamforming/beamsteering validation ✓ RF parametric tests ✓ RF parametric tests (with phase recovery)
✓ RF parametric tests (if S/N high enough)
✓ End-to-End performance (signaling)
✓ How devices operate
✓ Small footprint, even for larger devices × Requires highly accurate positioners for
✓ Lower path loss, better accuracy mmWave
× Subject to higher path loss
× Applicability to modulated signals
× Can get very large for smaller devices at
× Slow (limited by mechanical motion) × Tx tests for active devices
mmWave frequencies
× Expensive (slightly more than DFF) × Rx tests
× Can be slow (mechanical motion), expensive
× Can be slow
* http://allwavecorp.com/AntennaMeasurements.php
• Comparisons shown for high

and low gain horn antennas
• Comparisons show high

degree of correlation
22 dBi SGH 10 dBi SGH between the different types
of chambers
• 22 dB horn : Sage SAR-2013-34-S2

• 10 dB horn : Pasternack PE9851-10
GREAT CORRELATION !

3 G P P T R 3 8 . 8 1 0 S T U D Y O N T E S T M E T H O D S ( O TA )
DFF (Direct Far Field) IFF (CATR) NF-TF (Near Field with
Transform)
Single panel • Tx / Rx ✓ Tx / Rx • Tx Only

(Cat 1) • High MU ✓ Lowest MU • N/A for RX tests
• Max D= 5cm ✓ No Declaration • Max D= 5cm
• UE Declaration (Blackbox) • UE Declaration required
Required
Multi-panel • Tx / Rx ✓ Tx / Rx Not Applicable/Approved
with no • Additional MU factor ✓ Lowest MU
coherence on Rx ✓ No Declaration
(Cat 2) • Max D= 5cm (Blackbox)
• UE Declaration
Required
Multi-panel Not Applicable/Approved ✓ Tx / Rx Not Applicable/Approved
with ✓ Lowest MU
coherence ✓ No Declaration
(Cat 3) (Blackbox)
MU = Measurement Uncertainty © Keysight Technologies 2018 58
B A S E D O N C AT R / I F F
• The IFF test method based on compact

antenna test range (CATR) uses a parabolic
reflector to collimate the signals transmitted by
the probe antenna.
• Creates a far-field test environment in a much
shorter distance and with less path loss than
the DFF method.
• Verizon over-the-air (OTA) testing solution

using Compact Antenna Test Range Chamber
(CATR)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJOVIHHB9bw

C H A P T E R 6 , 7 , 8 M E A S U R E M E N T D E TA I L S
3GPP NR gNB Conformance Test Summary

(Conducted & Radiated)
Chap 6, Tx Characteristics Chap 7, Rx Characteristics Tests Chap 8, Rx Performance Requirements Tests
• Performance requirements for PUSCH
• Output Power • Reference sensitivity level
• Multipath fading propagation conditions
• Output Power Dynamics • Dynamic range • UL timing adjustment
(RE Power Control DR / Total Power DR / ...) • HARQ-ACK multiplexed on PUSCH
• Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) • High speed train conditions
• Transmit On/Off Power
(TX Off Power / TX Transient Period) • Blocking characteristics
• Performance requirements for PUCCH
• ACK missed detection for sing user PUCCH format 1a
• Signal Quality • Intermodulation characteristics • CQI missed detection for PUCCH format 2
(Freq Error / EVM / Time Alignment Error /...)
• ACK missed detection for multi user PUCCH format 1a
• In-channel selectivity • Performance Requirements for PRACH
• Unwanted Emissions
(Occupied BW / ALCR / Spurious /...)
• Spurious emissions
• Transmitter Intermodulation
Summary Summary Summary
• Requires time aligned digitizers • Tests are performed open loop • 3 tests performed closed loop (implies real-time sig gen)
Or digitizers with wide BW • Tests require interfering signals • Tests require fading of ‘wanted’ & ‘interfering’ signals
• Performance metric = BLER • Performance metric = throughput
(calculated by eNB) (calculated by eNB)
3GPP TS 38.141-1 (Conducted)
3GPP TS 38.141-2 (Radiated)
BASIC CONFIG FOR MOST TESTS
Conducted Parameters Metric

gNB (cable)
6.2, OTA Base Station Output Power EIRP
Test Equipment
Port 1 6.3 TRP
FR2 DUTs will 6.4 OTA Output Power Dynamics EIRP

Port 2 X
require OTA 6.5.1 OTA Transmit OFF Power EIRP/TRP

Port 3 X
6.5.2 OTA Transient Period EIRP
Port 4 X 6.6.2 OTA Frequency Error EIRP
OTA
6.6.3 OTA modulation quality EIRP
6.6.4 OTA Time alignment error EIRP
6.7.2 OTA Occupied Bandwidth EIRP
gNB transmits
appropriate 6.7.3 OTA ACLR TRP
Test Model 6.7.4 OTA Out of band Emissions TRP
(NR-TM) 6.7.5 OTA Transmitter Spurious Emissions TRP
gNB tests will likely follow the eNB very closely with changes added for FR2 OTA testing

Beam Position:
• gNB – declared BTS: 3GPP TR37.842 & 843
TRP AND EIRP
• UE - beam locked UE: 3GPP TR38.810
j Range (0 … 2p), M points

Total Radiated Power (TRP) value for the uniform
TX Beam Peak
measurement grid:
EIRP x
Spherical
𝑵−𝟏 𝑴−𝟏
𝝅 DU coordinate
T
𝑻𝑹𝑷 = ෍ ෍ 𝑬𝑰𝑹𝑷𝜽 𝜽𝒊 , 𝝋𝒋 + 𝑬𝑰𝑹𝑷𝝋 𝜽𝒊 , 𝝋𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒊 system
𝟐𝑵𝑴
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟎
EIRP measured at two orthogonal polarizations

q Range (0 … p), N points
where N is the number of angular intervals in the nominal
q range from 0 to π and M is the number of angular Signal Analyzer Power Anechoic Chamber
combiner
intervals in the nominal j range from 0 to 2π.
v
mmW DUT
h
EIRP = Effective (or Equivalent) Isotropic Cross polarized
horn antenna
Radiated Power (usually in dBi).
Measurement taken at one setting of q and j This case, SA can make power/spectrum measurement
with the Total EIRP directly

O T A A A S B S D E C L A R AT I O N Example from 3GPP TR 37.843
Example declarations of an OTA Active Antenna System (AAS) BS with multiple beam widths and beam steering capability;
- For the minimum beam width case: beam width (θ and ϕ) =10°, maximum steering (θ and ϕ) = ±32.5°
- For the maximum beam width case: beam width (θ and ϕ) =35°, maximum steering (θ and ϕ) = ±25°
Some Tx measurements Minimum
Minimum beam width case
beam width case Maximum beam
Maximum width
beam width case case
made at peak beam
position and/or max 40 40
steering direction; (0,32.5)

OTA coverage range
OTA coverage range (0,32.5) OTA coverage
OTA coverage range range
- Tx Power and
and 30 30
OTA peak directions set

- Freq Error OTA peak directions
20 20 10 OTA peak directions
OTA peak directions set
set ±32.5° set ±25°

- EVM 10 10
(-32.5,0) (32.5,0) (-32.5,0) (32.5,0)

Other measurements -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 10 -10 10 20 30 1040 50
made at peak beam

ϕϕ ϕϕ
-10 -10
(0,0) (0,0)
position and over grid -20 -20
(TRP); -30
Beam at -30
- Tx Power
10
(0,-32.5)
Beam at
-40 (0,-32.5) maximum -40
maximum
- ACLR Beam at
steering
maximum
Beam at
maximum
- Out-of-Band
-50 -50
steering
θ
steering steering
θ direction
direction
θ
θ direction
T S 3 8 . 1 4 1 - 1 V 1 . 0 . 0 S E C . 4 . 9 . 2 A N D T S 3 8 . 1 4 1 - 2 V. 1 . 0 . 0 S E C . 4 . 9 . 3
• Duration: 1 radio frame (10 ms) for FDD, 2 radio frames (20 ms) for TDD
• Normal CP
• Virtual RB: Localized type
Test Model TS38.141-1 TS38.141-2
NR-TM1.1 4.9.2.2.1 BS Output power, 4.9.3.2.1 BS output power,

OBW, ACLR, OBUE, Spur, Intermod OBW, ACLR, OBUE, Spur
NR-TM1.2 4.9.2.2.2 ACLR, OBUE
NR-TM2 4.9.2.2.3 Total power dynamic range (min pwr), 4.9.3.2.2 Total power dynamic range (min pwr),
64QAM EVM, Freq error (min pwr) 64QAM EVM, Freq error (min pwr) PHY channel
NR-TM2a 4.9.2.2.4 Total power dynamic range, parameters
256QAM EVM, Freq error have not been
NR-TM3.1 4.9.2.2.5 Total power dynamic range (max pwr), 4.9.3.2.3 Total power dynamic range (max pwr), defined yet.
64QAM EVM, Freq error (max pwr) 64QAM EVM, Freq error (max pwr)
NR-TM3.1a 4.9.2.2.6 Total power dynamic range (max pwr), Editor’s note:
256QAM EVM, Freq error (max pwr) Physical channel
parameters for TM2
NR-TM3.2 4.9.2.2.7 Freq error, 16QAM EVM to be added.
NR-TM3.3 4.9.2.2.8 Freq error, QPSK EVM

TS38.141-1 SECTION 4.9.2 NR TEST MODELS FOR FR1 TDD
Table 4.9.2.2-1:
Configurations of TDD gNB test models for NR FR1
Test model for FR1 TDD frame structure is SCS Number of DL slots Number of DL Number of UL Number of UL slots
[kHz] symbols in S slot
defined but not the physical parameters. 15 3
symbols in S slot
10 2 1
30 7 6 4 2
60 (Note) 14 12 8 4
We can generate this frame structure and Note: There are two S slots. First S slot has 12 DL symbols followed by 2 flexible symbols; second S slot
populate PRB with any modulation type has 6 flexible symbols followed by 8 UL symbols.
(eg 64 QAM)
NR FR1 D D D S U D D D S U
TDD SCS 15 kHz 10 sym.
NR FR1 D D D D D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U U
TDD SCS 30 kHz 6 sym.
NR FR1
TDD SCS 60 kHz
DDDDDDDDDDDDDD S UUUUDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S UUUU
12 sym.
Reference: Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #3 Slot #4 Slot #5 Slot #6 Slot #7
LTE TDD D D D S U D D D S U
UL/DL Config = 2 DwPTS
10 symbols
Special Sf Config = 7
5 msec © Keysight Technologies 2018 65
TS38.141-2 SECTION 4.9.3.2 NR TEST MODELS FOR FR2 TDD
Table 6.1.2-1:
Configurations of TDD gNB test models
Test model for FR2 TDD frame structure is SCS Number of DL slots Number of DL Number of UL Number of UL slots
[kHz] symbols in S slot symbols in S slot
defined but not the physical parameters. 15 3 10 2 1
30 7 6 4 2
60 (Note 1) 14 12 8 4
We can generate this frame structure and 120 (Note 2) 29 10 2 9
240 (Note 3) 59 6 4 18
populate PRB with any modulation type Note 1: There are two S slots. First S slot has 12 DL symbols followed by 2 flexible symbols; second S slot
(eg 64 QAM) has 6 flexible symbols followed by 8 UL symbols.
Note 2: There are two S slots. First S slot has 10 DL symbols followed by 4 flexible symbols; second S slot
has 12 flexible symbols followed by 2 UL symbols.
NR FR2 Note 3: There are three S slots. First S slot has 6 DL symbols followed by 8 flexible symbols; third S slot has
TDD SCS 120 kHz D slots: 29 S:2 U: 9 D slots: 29
10 flexible symbols followed by 4 UL symbols.
S:2 U: 9
10 sym.
NR FR2 S: S:
TDD SCS 240 kHz D slots: 59 2 U: 18 D slots: 59 2 U: 18
6 sym.
Reference: Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #3 Slot #4 Slot #5 Slot #6 Slot #7

LTE TDD
UL/DL Config = 2 D D D S U D D D S U
DwPTS
Special Sf Config = 7 10 symbols
5 msec
Used signal studio for
5G NR to generate a
FR1 TDD NR-TM
VSA DEMOD OF NR TEST MODEL FOR FR1 50 MHZ TDD 64QAM frame and filled all
PRBs with 64QAM.
Then used VSA to
demodulate the frame.
SCS Number of DL Number of DL Number of UL Number of UL

[kHz] slots symbols in S slot symbols in S slot slots
15 3 10 2 1
D D D S U D D D S U
10 sym.
1 Frame = 10 ms = 10 slots
BASIC TEST CONFIG 3GPP TS 38.141-1 (Conducted)
Conducted (cable)
gNB Calculates
Frame trigger throughput Parameters Metric
gNB based on received 7.3 OTA Reference Sensitivity Level EIS
Source AWGN Port 1 CRC
7.4 OTA Dynamic Range EIS
Port 2
Port 3
7.5.1 OTA adjacent channel selectivity EIS
Source generates FR2 DUTs will
required Fixed Port 4 7.5.2 OTA in-band blocking EIS
require OTA
Reference Port n 7.6 OTA Out-of-band Blocking EIS
Channel (FRC) 7.7 OTA Receiver Spurious TRP
Emissions
OTA
7.8 OTA Receiver Intermodulation EIS
Receiver 7.9 OTA In-channel Selectivity EIS
Sensitivity &
Dynamic Range EIS = Effective (or Equivalent)
Tests Isotropic Sensitivity

ADDITIONAL TEST CONFIGS 3GPP TS 38.141-1 (Conducted)
Conducted (cable)
Frame trigger gNB Calculates
gNB throughput Parameters Metric
Source Port 1 based on received 7.3 OTA Reference Sensitivity Level EIS
Wanted Signal
Port 2
CRC
(FRC) ∑ 7.4 OTA Dynamic Range EIS
Port 3
7.5.1 OTA adjacent channel selectivity EIS
Source Port 4
FR2 DUTs will 7.5.2 OTA in-band blocking EIS
Interference Signal#1 Port n require OTA
7.6 OTA Out-of-band Blocking EIS
Source 7.7 OTA Receiver Spurious TRP
Emissions
Interference Signal#2 OTA
7.8 OTA Receiver Intermodulation EIS
Intermodulation Tests 7.9 OTA In-channel Selectivity EIS
(Blocking & Selectivity
tests similar)

TIS AND EIS
Effective Isotropic Sensitivity (EIS) is the measured sensitivity j Range (0 … 2p), M points
in a single direction (fixed 𝜽 and 𝝋). Usually expressed in dBm.
Total Isotropic Sensitivity (TIS) value for the uniform DU

measurement grid: T
𝟐𝑵𝑴
𝑻𝑰𝑺 =
𝟏 𝟏 q Range (0 … p), N points
𝝅 σ𝑵−𝟏 𝑴−𝟏
𝒊=𝟎 σ𝒋=𝟎 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒊
𝑬𝑰𝑺𝜽 (𝜽𝒊 , 𝝋𝒋 ) 𝑬𝑰𝑺𝝋 (𝜽𝒊 , 𝝋𝒋 )
This summation approximation is

valid for TIS in the same way as
for TRP.

DEFINED IN ANNEX A.X IN TS 38.141-1 & 38.141-2
FRC Quick Setup
Signal Studio Pro for 5G NR

N7631C
EXAMPLE 4X2 TEST CASE
UE Emulation
(Layer 1 with Transport Channel Coding) 2x simultaneous real-time feedback (Timing Adjustment & HARQ ACK/NACK)
BW TBD
(likely 100 MHz for FR1 & FR2 - Designers may want 400 MHz, regardless of 3GPP Spec)
Wanted gNB
BBG Fader
Signal (Real-time) Port 1
Fader
Interferer #1 BBG Fader ∑ AWGN RF
Port 2
(ARB)
Fader
Interferer #2 Fader X Port 3

BBG
Fader
(ARB) ∑ AWGN RF
Fader X Port 4
Interferer #3
BBG Fader
(ARB)
3GPP Channel Models gNB Calculates
throughput
(based on CRC)
• FR2 DUTs will require OTA
• Legacy LTE supports 8x8 spatial multiplexing (not required in conformance test but of interest in R&D)
• Depending on gNB capability, some tests require: 1x2, 4x2, 2x2, 3x2, 3x4, 3x8

T S 3 8 . 5 2 1 - 2 V. 1 . 0 . 0 ( V. 2 0 1 8 - 0 9 ) - D R A F T
TS38.521-2 Transmitter Test Measurement OTA

6.2.1 UE maximum output power Chan Power EIRP, TRP
3GPP TS 38.521-2 (Radiated) – UE FR2
6.2.2 UE maximum output power Chan Power <FFS>
reduction (MPR) TS38.521-2 Receiver Test Assumed Link
Metrics
6.2.3 UE maximum output power with Chan Power <FFS> Direction
additional requirements Reference sensitivity Each beam peak
7.3 EIS CDF
level search grid
6.2.4 Configured transmitted power Chan Power EIRP, TRP
RX beam peak
6.3.1 Minimum output power Chan Power EIRP 7.4 Maximum input level Beam peak
direction
6.3.2 Transmit OFF power Tx On/Off Power TRP Adjacent Channel RX beam peak
6.3.3 Transmit ON/OFF time mask Tx On/Off Power EIRP 7.5 Beam peak
Selectivity (ACS) direction
6.3.4 Power control EIRP? RX beam peak
7.6.2 In-band blocking Beam peak
6.4.1 Frequency error Mod Analysis q- & j- each direction
6.4.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude Mod Analysis q- & j- each Out-of-band blocking
7.6.3, 7.7 FFS FSS
6.4.2.2 Carrier leakage Mod Analysis EIRP? and Spurious response
6.4.2.3 In-band emissions (IBE) Mod Analysis <FFS> Receiver Spurious TX beam peak
7.9 FFS
6.4.2.4, EVM equalizer spectrum Mod Analysis <FFS> emissions direction
6.4.2.5 flatness, 7.10 Receiver image FFS FFS
EVM spectrum flatness for pi/2
BPSK with spectrum shaping
6.5.1 Occupied bandwidth OBW EIRP
6.5.2.1, Spectrum emission mask SEM TRP
6.5.2.2 Additional Spectrum emission
mask
FFS – For Further Study
6.5.2.3 Adjacent channel leakage ratio ACP TRP
6.5.3 Spurious emissions Spur Emissions TRP
3GPP TS 38.521-2 (Radiated) –
UE BEAMLOCK FUNCTION (UBF)
UE FR2
Without UE Beamlock Function (UBF), the UE The UBF is intended for making the UE to lock the UE
keeps forming the beam towards the SS antenna pattern once it has formed a beam towards
the base station (SS) direction
• Required for Spherical Coverage, TX & RX
Beam Peak Searches, EIS, EIRP • Required for TRP measurements
measurements • Recommended to prevent the beam from moving
when performing measurements at low SNRs
SS SS SS SS
Activate Beamlock
UE Activate Beamlock Complete SS

DIFFERENT QUESTIONS DIFFERENT APPROACHES
How good is my How good is my

antenna? Is my RF working? Is my chipset working? device?
Tput
%age
• Meet QZ requirements
• Speed of test Connectivity to the modem Replicate the spatial field
• Accuracy
FF/IFF Cable Replacement Spatial OTA

FROM R&D TO CONFORMANCE TO CARRIER COMPLIANCE
Rack Mount Test Compact Antenna Test 2D MPAC 3D MPAC

Chamber (RMTC) Range (CATR) or IFF
• Multiple AoA • Multiple AoA
• Fits in 19” rack • Multiple sizes • Far-field • Far-field
• 5-cm QZ size • Single AoA • 3-4 dual polarized probe • 4 out of 6 X-polarized
• Single AoA • Indirect Far-field • 45o 2D arch probes
• Direct far-field • 1x dual polarized probe • Benchtop installation • 180o basic 3D or
• 1x dual-polarized probe sectorized
Light weight, Cable Black-box testing - 3GPP
replacement Approved Solution for RF Test
Antenna / RF Parametric / TRP & Performance test (with fading –

UE Calibration / Array Calibration Functional (beam forming/
TIS / Functional (incl. beam 38.901) / RRM (HO & Throughput) /
/ Functional / Protocol Signaling / Protocol testing
tracking) / Protocol testing / Virtual drive test / Beam
Performance / Demod tests
Throughput (clean channel) Management
K E Y VA L U E S
5G Testbed Hardware 5G Testbed Software
Solution Value
• Validated gNB conformance tests
• Test Automation Platform enables testing over wide range of conditions
• Flexible solution upgradable as standard continues to evolve
C O V E R I N G T H E 2 8 A N D 3 9 G H Z M M W AV E B A N D S Generate Test Automate
Wideband Transceiver Test Solution

• One Vector Signal Analyzer (VSA), one Vector Signal Generator (VSG) in 2U form
factor saves precious rack space
Signal Studio X-Series App PathWave
• Simultaneous signal generation and analysis with independent frequency and power Pro for 5G NR 5G NR Test
• Two bi-directional IF ports

• Six RF ports for multiple device testing
mmWave Transceiver, 28 GHz and 39 GHz
• Tunable between 24 GHz and 43.5GHz bands
• EVM < 1% (depending on number of component carriers)
• Two full duplex ports
Software
• 5G NR and 5G TF measurements based on X-Series measurement applications
integrated in the wideband transceiver
• Keysight Signal Studio applications for signal creation
mmWave RF Performance Test Solution
• Over-the-air (OTA) characterization and validation of mmWave device under test.
• EIRP, TRP, TRS, RF parametric measurements

ACROSS ENTIRE PRODUCT DESIGN CYCLE
Simulate Generate Analyze Test Automate IST Solutions
SystemVue Signal Studio 89600 VSA X-Series App PathWave Cloud, KMF
5G Library Pro for 5G NR 5G NR 5G NR Test and more
EMERGING HW
EMERGING SW
KEY EXPERTISE
PathWave is uniting
these areas int a flow

Scheduling
1 2 3
Channel
Characterizing & Emulating
4 5 6 7

U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E C H A N N E L I S O B V I O U S LY C R I T I C A L T O S U C C E S S

Channel
ℎ 𝑡
Radio Channel = Propagation path between Tranceivers =>

Antenna beam pattern * Multipath Propagation * Mobility + Interference
INTERFERENCE
PROPAGATION
Noise
– Thermal Noise
– Broadband noise from PAs
Adjacent cells/Users
Modulated waveforms
– Co-channel interference
– Adjacent channel
interference

Channel models have been developed over
• 2G <3 GHz, 200 kHz BW many decades based primarily on channel
measurements (sounding)
• Non-spatial TDL
• 3G <3 GHz, 5 MHz BW More recently, Ray Tracing of modelled
• Non-spatial TDL environments has become possible
• 4G < 6 GHz, 20 MHz BW

• Non-spatial TDL – conducted tests
The trend is from
non-spatial to spatial
• SCME CDL – MIMO OTA (radiated)
models which
• 3D MIMO (for BS elevation beamforming studies) implies testing has to
• 5G 0.5 – 100 GHz, >1 GHz BW be done OTA
• Spatial CDL
TDL - Tapped delay line (time only)
CDL – Cluster delay line (time and space)
SCME – Spatial channel model extended
Where is my next Beam?
Fast & reliable beam
management needed
• BTS and UE(s) need to have seamless
interoperability on beam refinement Fast fading filtered out on gain
curves to have clearer visual
and change, and eventually handover
to next cell and/or fallback to LTE
• Highly blocking channel conditions – high
BTS
probability on link collapse - how to
mitigate?
UE speed 30km/h
Fading Cluster AoD’s are dynamic

Click video © Keysight Technologies 2018 84
CORNER DIFFRACTION STUDY
ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_84b/Docs/R1-162872.zip
How well do 60 GHz signals bend round corners?

CORNER DIFFRACTION STUDY
AT 3 . 5 G H Z T H E S H A D O W
EFFECT IS MUCH LESS
PRONOUNCED
E V E N AT 2 M D I S TA N C E
W I T H 4 0 C M O F T R AV E L :
• 6 0 G H Z I S AT - 2 5 D B Sharp attenuation
• 3 . 5 G H Z I S AT - 8 D B at 60 GHz

CHANNEL MODEL FOR UP TO 100 GHZ
• Extended from existing sub-6 GHz channel models: 3D MIMO model

(3GPP TR 36.873) or IMT-Advanced (ITU-R M.2135).
• Developed for performance evaluations of 5G physical layer
techniques
• Designed to cover testing of both Mobile Equipment and Access
Network of 3GPP systems
LOS / NLOS
• Supported scenarios are urban microcell street canyon, urban
macro cell, indoor office, and rural macro cell
• Key properties of the models
• Frequency range from 0.5 to 100 GHz
• Bandwidth is supported up to 10% of the center frequency but no larger
than 2 GHz
• Spatial consistency is supported
• System-level, Link-level CDL-models and non-spatial TDL-models

3GPP TR 38.901 CHANNEL MODEL SCENARIOS
UMi Outdoor to Indoor (O2I) UMa Outdoor to Indoor (O2I)

Urban Microcell
(UMi)
UMi street canyon (O2O) UMa street canyon
Urban Macrocell
(UMa)
BSs mounted below rooftops BSs mounted above rooftops

C L U S T E R E D D E L AY L I N E ( C D L ) M O D E L S
• TR 38.901 specifies five different CDL channel PROPSIM UI

profiles;
• CDL-A, CDL-B and CDL-C are constructed for NLOS
• CDL-D and CDL-E are constructed for LOS
• The RMS delay spread values of both CDL models

are normalized and they can be scaled in delay for a
desired RMS delay spread
CDL Models

TR 38.901 Table 7.7.1-1. CDL-A
• Example: TR 38.901 CDL-A

• CDL-A is a non line of sight
Cluster 1 (C1)
(NLoS) model
Cluster
• Each CDL comprises 23 clusters
Rays
C1 departure angle Angle Spread
• Each cluster comprises 20 multipath spread (ASD)
Arrival (ASA)
components (rays) around the Rays C1 arrival angle
spread (ASA)
cluster perimeter AoDs
C1 AoD
• Each cluster has an AoD and AoA.
LOS AoD
These values are used to create the C2 AoD LOS path
LOS AoA
C1 AoA
ray AoAs within a spread (ASA or gNB AoAs
ASD) defined by CASA and CASD in C2 departure angle
spread (ASD)
the table. C2 AoA
Angle Spread C2 arrival angle
• Etc - Full details is in TR 38.901 Departure spread (ASD)
(ASD) Cluster 2 (C2)

• Diagram to the right shows the
concept of the CDL models but
showing only two clusters.
ENABLES REAL-WORLD LIKE END-TO-END PERFORMANCE TESTING IN LAB
Real Time Emulation of radio wave

propagation and interference to multiple
BTS and Mobile simultaneously Base stations Mobile terminals
✓Attenuation
✓Shadowing
✓Fast fading
✓Doppler effect
✓Noise and Interference
✓Antenna pattern embedding -
Adaptive antenna systems
✓3D Beamform channels

QUALITY OF SERVICE & TIME TO MARKET = SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS.
Each Mobile/Base Station/Device version Radio Channel Emulation enables

(HW/SW) must be tested for quick End-to-End full signaling
✓ Receiver sensitivity and AGC Validation and Interoperability test in Lab
✓ Channel Estimation algorithms
✓ Min/max delay-Doppler (velocity scenarios)
✓ Diversity/MIMO DSP Algorithms Base stations Mobile terminals
✓ Intersymbol/Intercarrier Interference, SNR mitigation

✓ Synchronization
✓ Radio Link Control, Radio Resource Management
$$$
✓ Mobility Management
✓ Network Vendor Interoperability, Device Vendor
Interoperability Standard & Advanced Test Scenarios
Field to Lab Test Scenarios

Challenges Solutions
Complex RF conditions at field FR1 and FR2 PROPSIM Geometric Channel Modeling (GCM) 5G Tools
Verification of the 5G NR BS performance ✓ Channel modeling science ready & proven
Sub-6GHz massive MIMO 16TRX, 32TRX, 64TRX, 128TRX ✓ Antenna array modeling incl. patterns and DUT orientations in the scenario
MU-MIMO performance optimization up to 4/8/16/32 layers PROPSIM 5G Channel Emulation solutions
mmWave hybrid beamforming with wide signal BWs ✓ Capacity 16/32/64/128 element massive MIMO solutions sub 6 GHz
Beam management testing under various channel conditions ✓ All 5G NR BWs from 5 MHz up to 400 MHz
Wide bandwidths up to 400 MHz per carrier, CA 800/1200 MHz ✓ CA up to 1.2 GHz Contiguous, 16CC non-contiguous
Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA) operating modes ✓ Sub 6 GHz and mmWave solutions (CIU + RRH)
✓ Complete performance test solutions with UEE’s and real UE’s
Coexistence and mobility tests ✓ RF, IF and OTA*) connectivity methods
Scheduling and load management at network level
Internet Internet 5G NR CIU

FR2 gNB - OTA
5G NR UE(s) or UEE
EPC FR1 gNB Mobile terminals EPC DUT RRH Intermediate
gNB Frequency
LTE eNB RF cable

RF cable connectivity
connectivity LTE eNB

Challenges Solutions
5G Channel Modeling PROPSIM Geometric Channel Modeling (GCM) 5G Tools
• Complex modeling science ✓ Channel Modeling Science ready & proven
5G Channel Emulation PROPSIM 5G Channel Emulation solutions
• Realtime channel emulation ✓ Realtime very low insertion delay
• Wide Bandwidths 100/200/400MHz ✓ BW 100/200/400 MHz up to 1.2 GHz
• CA 8CC/12CC/16CC ✓ CA up to 12CC (1.2 GHz)
• Network Emulator and Real gNB support (NV-IOT) ✓ Seamslessly integrates with UXM 5G, validated with 5G BTS
• mmW OTA solutions ✓ Complete mmWave OTA solutions using CIU with RRHs
• Sub 6 GHz solutions ✓ Complete Sub 6 GHz performance test solutions
✓ Device NV-IOT solutions (Network Vendor Interoperability)
CIU
RRH
mmWave

• Single F8800A platform up to 64TRX, 1024 MIMO ch.
• HW configurations 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 TRX
• 64 TRX up to 100 MHz BW (160 MHz WLAN opt.)
• 32 TRX up to 200 MHz BW
• 16 TRX up to 400 MHz + 16 TRX up to 100/160 MHz BW
• Carrier Aggregation TDD & FDD
• Non-contiguous CA up to 16CC
• Contiguous up to 1200 MHz, other 200/400/600/800 MHz
• RF range up to 450 - 6000 MHz per TRX port
• HIGH-IF 6-12 GHz with external HW (CIU)
• mmW bands 28/39GHz with external HW (RRH)
• 5G Channel Models and test scenarios
• PROPSIM GCM 5G channel modeling software
• Advanced channel modeling science ready & proven
• TR38.901 channel models available
• Integrated calibration, no need for external VNA

Scheduling
1 2 3
Channel Performance on the Network

Characterizing & Emulating Network Emulation
4 5 6 7
R&D DVT KPI

Challenges
• Validate designs when standards are
incomplete and still evolving
• Test the many different use cases
introduced with numerology
• Troubleshoot issues between RF,
Baseband, and Protocol
• Validate PHY control, link adaption, beam
management
• Optimizing performance to meet KPI goals

Functional RF Antenna &
MIMO OTA
Performance Parametric Conformance
Cable
OTA OTA OTA
Modem Test, EVM, ACLR
Throughput,
Full Stack Testing, PER, Emissions Antenna Virtual Drive Test,
Data Throughput, Parameters
Handover TRP, TIS
Is my chipset working? How good is my How good is my

Is my RF working?
antenna? device?

Categories of Radio
Requirements
RF Demodulation RRM
(Radio Resource Management)
What to Power, signal quality, Throughput Signal acquisition, CSI,

measure sensitivity… tracking, handover…
Channel
Basic line of sight 3D Spatial channel Dynamic multi-signal
to apply no channel model model 3D spatial channel
model
TA R G E T I N G C H I P S E T A N D D E V I C E W O R K F L O W
5G Interactive R&D Solutions 5G Device Acceptance Solutions 5G MFG Solutions
Protocol RF / RRM Functional Protocol RF/ RRM Carrier Manufacturing
R&D DVT KPI Conformance Conformance Acceptance
May’18 Sep’18 Dec ‘18 Oct-18 Dec-18 Future Apr ’18
Keysight 1st Solutions across the entire device workflow EXM – E6640A
RRH
VXT-II
CIU
UXM 5G – E7515B M9410/11A
PROPSIM RMTC / CATR / MPAC
Network Emulator Channel Emulator mmWave OTA Solutions Non-Signaling Solution
Seamless RF and Protocol Solution Embodies ecosystem insights

Accumulates engineering know-how Spans ecosystem with continuous releases
… ACCELERATE TOWARDS NEW 5G DEVICES

P L AT F O R M H A R D W A R E B U I L D I N G B L O C K S
Sample tests
5G Interactive
Test cases packages

Application
Protocol RF/RRM Virtual Drive Carrier RF/ RRM Protocol Manufacturing

Functional KPI Conformance Conformance Tools
R&D DVT Testing Acceptance
Protocol, Manufacturing Tools
Scripting Tool, Automated RF E2E IP data, Replicate live network Performance, GCF/PTCRB support
GCF/PTCRB validated
L1 App measurements Application test scenarios Supplemental validated, Regulatory
RF/RRM UE calibration
Common scripting engine 5G

Common measurement science
Non sig
Signalling Stack Test
Network Emulation Platform Host

interface
RF
IF/
Network Emulation IQ
IF
IQ
RF
Common
Logging &
Automation support
Channel Emulation mmW support Chambers

PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT
Network
Emulator Channel
5G Interactive R&D 5G Device Acceptance Emulator mmWave OTA Solutions
Protocol RF DVT* Functional Protocol RF/ RRM Carrier

R&D* KPI Conformance Conformance Acceptance
Early protocol development while Key Features:

keeping up with evolving 5G
✓Earliest availability of new 5G features
standards;
✓Replicate desired network behavior whilst
• Progress stack and gain insights to
reducing test complexity with Built-in Protocol
optimize performance
State Machine and Dynamic Control Points
• Customize scripts, automate
✓L1/L2 parameter change without programming
efficiently, and debug quickly
✓Flexible automation and logging
• Leverage work across workflow
stages, stay current with standards ✓Results viewer
cost effectively
Sub-6 GHz and mmWave - Conducted and OTA
5G PROTOCOL R&D TOOLSET
• Built-in Protocol State Machine and Dynamic Control

Points simulates a “Live Network”
• Allows for interactive testing where the behaviour of a
device can be investigated in an easy manner to
facilitate debugging

• Allow dynamic L1/L2

parameter changes without
the need for programming
• Very useful in early
development testing of
prototypes

• Displays all layers of the

protocol stack; PHY, MAC,
RLC, RRC, PDCP
• Filtering allows the user to
view the data of interest
• Advanced search features
and bookmarks make
debugging easier
• User friendly as all
information needed is
available in one view

• Customised view with

multiple graphs
• Enhanced debugging as
relationship between
various KPIs such as data
rate and BLER can easily
be seen graphically
• Link from graph to relevant
location in the log to
facilitate debugging
• Report generation to share
results with other teams

R&D CHALLENGES – RF DVT
Network
Emulator Channel

More RF bands, wider bandwidths, Key Features:

and beamforming; ✓ 5G NR support
• Wideband calibration and verification ✓ RF Test Application
• New waveforms, flexible numerology ✓ Automation & Scripting
• Beamforming & beam management ✓ Pre-conformance ready
• More band combination complexity ✓ Traceability to conformance
DVT = Design Validation Test

Test Automation Platform (TAP)
5G RF DVT TOOLSET
• Sub-6 GHz and mmWave

Create test plans
• Deployed standalone or with LTE
anchor
• Flexible numerology
• High directivity phase-array antennas
and beamforming
• OTA test challenges
5G NR X-App

5G RF DVT TOOLSET
• Flexible manual testing

• On-a-call UL RF measurements
• Common Keysight measurement
science through X-Apps measurement
application
• Automate test set up Keysight 5G
Interactive tools
5G NR RF Test Application on UXM 5G

5G RF DVT TOOLSET
• Automate complete test set up including

device and mmWave OTA measurements
• Test cases scripting with Keysight
measurement tools or customized test
steps
• Examples
• Initial Access
• Beam Management
• Downlink Channels demodulation
• UE reporting
• Total Radiated Power (TRP)

More RF bands,
wider bandwidths,
SIGNALING and beamforming
1 Establish the 5G NR Call

• Configure; Cell, Beam, DL/UL channels and signals, scheduler
• Complete PRACH

S I N G L E C E L L A N D C A R R I E R A G G R E G AT I O N
Main Cell
(LTE)
Frequency range,
band, bandwidth…
Secondary
Cells (NR)
Power, Timings,
Antenna Ports
Note: Maximum number of Cells may depend on technology, bands and HW configuration
B E A M C O N F I G U R AT I O N
5 m s window
15 kHz
(L = 4)
15 kHz
(L = 8)
30 kHz
(L = 4)
30 kHz
(L = 8)
120 kHz
(L = 64)
FR1, L = 8 240 kHz

(L = 64)
0.5 m s Slot cont aining 2 SS- Set of t wo slot s

blocks cont aining 4 SS-blocks
Slot cont aining 2 SS- Set of t wo slot s

1 ms blocks cont aining 4 SS-blocks
48 subcarriers 48 subcarriers
(i.e. 4 PRBs) 144 subcarriers (i.e. 12 PRBs) (i.e. 4 PRBs)
127 subcarriers
PSS
4 OFDM Sym bols

PBCH
PBCH SSS PBCH

PBCH
Select SSB position, FR1 FR2, L = 64 240 subcarriers (i.e. 20 PRBs)
and FR2 has different SSB includes 1 PSS, 1 SSS and 2 PBCH OFDM
bitmaps symbols the random access, transmitted over the
same single antenna transmission scheme

P H Y S I C A L L AY E R P A R A M E T E R S
Define DL and UL Bandwidth

parts; starting CRB, duration
expressed in PRBs, Sub Carrier
Spacing, Code Prefix
Each BWP consist on a group of contiguous PRBs

P H Y S I C A L L AY E R P A R A M E T E R S
HARQ, DL and UL
channels and signals
configuration

SCHEDULING

RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
UE gNB
PRACH
Msg 1
PDCCH/PDSCH
Msg 2
PUCCH/PUSCH
Msg 3
PDCCH/PDSCH
Msg 4

More RF bands,
wider bandwidths,
RF TEST and beamforming

• Complete PRACH
2 Test Tx and Rx
• Transceiver; Channel Power, EVM, Freq Error, In-band RF tests
emissions, ACLR, SEM, OBW
• Receiver; BLER statistics

TRANSMITTER
Channel Power Occupied Bandwidth Modulation Parameters
Power Statistics IQ Waveform

Spectrum Emission Mask

RECEIVER
Rx Measurements
• Cell Power Selection
• Sensitivity through
ACK/NACK count
• BLER is the Rx
performance metric
• Throughput

More RF bands,
wider bandwidths,
SIGNALING RF TEST and beamforming

• Complete PRACH
2 Test Tx and Rx
• Transceiver; Channel Power, EVM, Freq Error, In-band
emissions, ACLR, SEM, OBW
• Receiver; BLER statistics
3 Automate test for thorough verification
• Create Scripts using Keysight Measurement blocks
• Test with power, frequency sweeps
• Test Executive Environment

TA P S T E P S T O C O N T R O L U X M 5 G A N D C H A M B E R
KS8360A

TA P S T E P S T O C O N T R O L U X M 5 G A N D C H A M B E R

TA P S T E P S T O M E A S U R E R F T X A N D R X C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
C870250AA RFT

TA P P L A N E X A M P L E S
NR NSA Connection
Measurements Conditions
Positioning
Measurement

Solution
Common Components
SCPI SCPI
DAPI Driver
E7515B
mmW

FUNCTIONAL KPI
Network
Emulator Channel

Support for sustained maximum E2E Key Features:

throughput, meet power ✓ Easy to use GUI enables complex tests without the need to
consumption goals; define protocol scripts
• Stress test the device at maximum ✓ Network configurations optimized to measure device
performance
E2E data throughput
✓ Throughput, Battery life, Beam management
• Benchmark battery life performance
✓ Flexible automation, including use of external measurement
for different 5G use cases equipment
✓ Simple Test case development
KPI = Key Performance Indicators ✓ Use results viewer for off line analysis
D E V I C E A C C E P TA N C E
5G Interactive R&D 5G Device Acceptance

Protocol RF/RRM
RF Rx/TX Test cases Future
Future Radio Resource

Management (RRM)
Performance testing
PCT Test Manager

RCT Test Manager
TTCN-3 Editor / Viewer Log Viewer Sequencer Log Viewer

Demonstrated at MWC 2018
Challenge: Measure the 5G download

throughput rate OTA with full protocol
stack
Solution: CATR with UXM and Protocol

Toolkit
• Qualcomm x50 5G Modem
• 4 Gbps download speeds
• Full protocol stack
• 8 x 100 MHz Carriers
• 800 MHz aggregated bandwidth

How good
Is my RF
is my
working? CATR
antenna?
Cable
Is my Replacement
UXM 5G chipset 2D MPAC
RMTC
working?
Spatial
MPAC
EXM 3D MPAC
How good
is my
device? FR2 mWave
support
PNA-X
Optional Title of the Presentation © Keysight Technologies 2018 130

5G DEVICE END-END SOLUTIONS
Protocol/Functional Beamforming with Mobility and

RF/Antenna
Single Link Clean channel Performance
CATR RMTC 3D MPAC

2D MPAC

3 KEY BUILDING BLOCKS
UXM 5G Wireless Test Platform (E7515B)

• <6GHz Frequency range
• Scalable bandwidth 8Tx/4Rx @800MHz, 4Tx/2Rx @1600MHz
• Integrated RFIO + Internal fading
• Support for RF, IF, Host and BBIQ interfaces (slow and full rate)
• Support for 10GbE connectivity
Common Interfacing Unit (E7770A)

• Same unit for both PROPSIM CE and UXM 5G
• Supports up to 8x heads, with scalability for more
• Flexibility to add new heads to support new bands
• Supports high IF connection (6-12 GHz)
mmWave Transceiver for 5G (RRH)

• Supports 28, 39 and 40GHz bands
• Compact, bi-directional

Scheduling
1 2 3
Channel Performance on the Network Cost of Test

Characterizing & Emulating Network Emulation Assets, throughput
4 5 6 7
R&D DVT KPI

Challenges Enablers
• 5G NR Standard Complexity ✓ Greater modularity (SW, API, HW)
• LTE-A has grown to 3500 pages. 5G?
• 10x Bandwidth. 1-100x Channels ✓ Cloud acceleration

• If measurements were slow for LTE, now what?
✓ Ease of Automation
• Flexibility, Ease of Automation
• How to quickly develop apps, APIs?
✓ Data Analytics
• Compressed timeframes, cost envelopes
• How to continue to evolve with the Industry, 3GPP ✓ Services and whole-enterprise approaches
• How to transition from R&D  DVT  MFG volumes
• How to leverage Industry 4.0 technologies & approaches

109.5 ms
EVM 15
ms
31ms 15
ms
47.5 ms  - - - - - - - -- -Reduced analysis time
using cloud acceleration
32 MHz Sample Rate
0.012s Time Span
263.5 ms
ACP 15
ms
93ms 15
ms
140ms
125 MHz Sample Rate

0.040052s Time Span
LAN Transport
Acquire IQ Data
✓ Algorithm Acceleration
Measurement Calculation
✓ Multi-threading & Server farms
Store to database
✓ Centralized data processing & analytics

Test Executive
BASELINE
Measurement calculation is
performed on instrument
(using X-App)
DUT COST $10.17
OF TEST
HANDLING WARM-UP CAL TEST HANDLING

IDLE BUSY

Process Algorithms
Test Executive
BASELINE Acquire IQ data
+ Add Server CPU
Instead of X-App
processing on-instrument,
process acquired IQ
samples on external server DUT COST -16%
OF TEST
Process in parallel
𝚫t Process on a fast CPU
IDLE BUSY

Test Executive
BASELINE
+ Add Instruments
The RF portion of the test

plan is accelerated as
additional spectrum
analyzers are added. COST -10%
OF TEST
𝚫t DUT
HANDLING WARM-UP CAL TEST HANDLING

IDLE BUSY

Test Executives
BASELINE
+ Add DUTs
Share a test station

to test multiple DUTs
in “pipeline” fashion
DUT
DUT
COST -26%
DUT OF TEST
DUT
BUSY BUSY BUSY BUSY

MAKE IT
BASELINE SCALEABLE
+ Add Server CPU
+ Add Instruments
+ Add DUTs
Share a test station

to test multiple DUTs
in “pipeline” fashion
COST -38%
OF TEST

MAKE IT
BASELINE FLEXIBLE
+ Add Server CPU
+ Add Instruments
+ Add DUTs
Test development / test

execution are decoupled
from test system
configuration.
Test systems can be

“software defined” to
execute any test plan.

K S 8 4 0 0 A T E S T A U T O M A T I O N O N P AT H W AV E ( T A P )
• Fast execution and test flow analysis

• User interfaces
• GUI
• Command line interface
• API
• Modular “plug-in” software architecture
• Microsoft .NET test step development
Powerful Speed and Results Analytics
Create Custom GUIs Efficient Data Exploration

M U LT I P L E M E A S U R E M E N T S ( A C P R , E V M , S E M , P O W E R )
Big Data
Insights
• Across org
CONSTELLATION VS. TEST OPERATOR • Across tools
• Processes
• Predictive
SPECTRUM VS. INPUT VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY RESPONSE VS.

Software Revision AND Vin

MULTI-DUT MULTI-INSTRUMENT SERVER CPUs CPU SHARING
DUTs PER TEST INSTRUMENTS PER ACCELERATION TEST STATIONS

STATION TEST STATION SERVER SPEED PER SERVER CPU
DUT DUT
DUT
DUT
DUT
“ L E A N E N O U G H F O R M F G - P O W E R F U L E N O U G H F O R D E S I G N V A L I D AT I O N ”
✓ Sub-6GHz, easily scalable to 24-44 GHz bands

no wasted modules in order to cover both FR1, FR2  highest asset utilization
✓ Extremely lean, compact design

Smallest footprint, easy to expand up to 8x8 MIMO in 1 chassis without the size, cost, or
overkill of R&D benchtop boxes
✓ High quality EVM, including millimeter wave

< 0.7% at 28 GHz in loopback mode for accurate DVT and fewer false positives in MFG
(5G NR signal, 100MHz bandwidth, OFDM signal type with 12dB PAPR)
✓ Fast and Easy to Automate (“cloud ready”)

- Blazing fast PXIe transfer rates & clean API streamline your 5G automation
- Accelerate your 5G DVT, then transition quickly to MFG (time to market)
✓ Flexible and Versatile (“OTA ready”)

Remote millimeter wave heads deliver highest OTA
measurement quality at the chamber
✓ Keysight system integration

- S9100A systems can be customized.
- Delivered pre-assembled, calibrated,
with typical system-level performance

VSA SENSITIVITY – BENCHTOP WITH HIGH LOSSES
@VSA receiver @Chamber
VSA sensitivity
EVM
Received signal level

after mmW cable losses
Benchtop VSA
Degraded S/N
mmW LOSS
CABLE LOSS Power

True DUT
output pwr
at the chamber

VSA SENSITIVITY – REMOTE HEAD WITH LOW LOSSES
@VSA receiver @Chamber

true receiver level
VSA sensitivity
EVM
Benchtop VSA
 Keysight
Modular VSA+head
Higher received level
due to lower cable losses Full S/N
LESS LOSS
LESS LOSS Power
True DUT
output pwr
at the chamber

VSG DELIVERED POWER – BENCHTOP WITH HIGH LOSSES
@VSG source @Chamber
VSG delivered power

EVM
true delivered power

(apparent EVM curve at the chamber)
Lost power
Benchtop VSG  for a given
distortion level
mmW LOSS
LOSS
mmW Power
at the
mmW Power Source
at the DUT

VSG DELIVERED POWER – REMOTE HEAD WITH LOW LOSSES
@VSG source @Chamber

Keysight
VSG delivered power VSG+head
EVM
Higher delivered power

at the chamber
true delivered power

(lower power for a given EVM)
Less loss
Benchtop VSG 
LESS LOSS
mmW Power
at the
source
mmW Power
at the DUT

OPTIMIZED FOR 5G DVT & VOLUME MFG
Best-in-class integrated vector transceiver for DVT & volume Mfg, with
combined advantages of performance, cost and size:
• Frequency range up to 6 GHz with 2-slot size

• Frequency extension to cover mmWave (FR2) with M1740A mmWave
transceiver
• Built-in 1.2 GHz signal generation and analysis bandwidth
• Phase coherent & timing synchronization for multi-channel RF tests
• Built-in Half Duplex (HD) port for different test scenarios.
• Signal Studio for signal creation, and 89601B and X-Series measurement
apps for signal analysis
• The 3-slot VXT M9411A adds optical data Interface for IQ data streaming,
and custom FPGA (PathWave FPGA) for measurement acceleration and
proprietary signal processing for extended applications beyond measurement.

B E S T- I N - C L AS S R F P E R F O R M AN C E
Keysight M9410A/M9411A PXI vector transceiver (VXT) integrates a

vector signal generator (VSG) and analyzer (VSA) in a 2/3-slot PXI
module. It delivers best-in-class RF performance with:
• High output power up to +23 dBm

• Excellent SSB phase noise < -131 dBc/Hz at 1 GHz (10 kHz offset)
• Amplitude accuracy < ±0.5 dB for both generator and analyzer
• <0.5 % EVM of 100 MHz bandwidth OFDM signal for 5G test

EXTENDING YOUR FR1 SYSTEM TO FR2
• One head covers FR2 bands (24-44 GHz)

(No need to purchase multiple heads)
• Integrated bi-directional ports, with
TX & RX swapping (select V vs. H polarizations)
• Integrated signal conditioning
(gain & attenuation)
• OTA-Ready design (low loss at IF, configuration flexibility)
FRONT PANEL – mmW to DUT BACK PANEL – LO, IF, Control

Scheduling
1 2 3
Channel Performance on the Network Cost of Test Field Testing and

Characterizing & Emulating Network Emulation Assets, throughput Drive Test
4 5 6 7
R&D DVT KPI

Keysight Classic Ixia Anite/Nemo Wireless Solutions
COMPONENTS & DEVICES BASE STATIONS HYPERSCALE AND ENTERPRISE

CHIPSETS DATA CENTERS
End to End QoE Testing
Layers Mobile Network Test (CN/IP)

2-7 Mobile Device Test Network Test, Visibility and Security
RAN Field Testing
Layer 1 Electrical, Optical and Wireless Test
Channel Emulation

F R O M R F M E A S U R E M E N T S T O A N A LY T I C S
Network
Network
Optimization &
Benchmarking
Roll-out
Network Control
& Monitoring
Post-Processing,
Reporting, and
Analytics

Network Analytics
Monitoring
& Network
Data Benchmarking
Correlation
Workflow Vendor
Automation Agnostic
Network
Network Optimization
Acceptance

Drive Data
Drive Test Reporting
Preparation Management
• Script errors • 2 people in car • Manual • Can be done late

management after drive test
• Setup time • Deviation from
planned route • No central • Most often include
• Drive Route repository manual steps
preparation • Tool issues:
o Antennas • Repetitive (e.g. in-
o Instabilities building)

Scripts are proven and
Drive stored centrally Data
Scripts are associated

Script errors
Preparation to measurement units
Setup
worktime
in by the DT coordinator
Route
control beforehand
preparation
Quality up Route can be
automatically
Reduced generated from an
OPEX existing DT
Route is automatically
sent to team GPS
Only one person is
needed
Drive Data Analysis
Preparation
Measurement units Management
Alarms are
can also be fully immediately triggered
unattended
Reduced cost
2 people in car
structure
Deviation from
(OPEX Real-time monitoring
planned route
reductions) of 200 KPIs enables
Tool issues
- Antennas checking the DT in
No more
- Instabilities real time
redrives
- 20+
(OPEX Alarms generated
reductions) when abnormal
behavior

Drive Data
Data is automatically
sent to Postprocess
Reduced cost
Manual
structure Drive Test Data
management
(OPEX
repository
Noreductions)
central
repository
Sharing DT Different teams (e.g.
data across QoS, engineering,
functions customer care) can
(OPEX
access the database
reductions)
for post-processing

Drive Data
Preparation Carried out Management
automatically after
DT
Reduced cost
Canstructure
be done
late(OPEX
after drive
test
reductions)
Most often
include many
Quality up
manual
(OPEXsteps
Fully automated
Canreductions)
be very
repetitive (e.g.
In-building)

PROJECT DASHBOARD

FCC 5G frontier bands up to 71 GHz
• 5G mm-wave link budget is quite

different from traditional sub 6 GHz
wireless link budget
• Extra losses due to rain fade,
shadowing loss, foliage, atmosphere
absorption, humidity and, Fresnel
blockage

Beam sweeping: PSS, SCC, PBCH
• Paradigm shift from cell
coverage to beam Beam sweeping: Minimum System information over PBCH
coverage
Measure with scanner
• There are many kind of
beams, static and dynamic, RACH request
mobile, and network side

• DL reference beams UE-specific PDSCH beam: RACH response & System
• UL beams (UE/CPE-specific) information, RRC connection setup
• DL/UL traffic beams qNB requests beam/CSI reporting

• Vendor-specific
Data transmission on beamformed PDSCH (with DMRS)
UE responds with beam/CSI report
PSS = Primary Synchronization Signal

PSS/SSS/PBCH Beam switch (handover) SSS = Secondary Synchronization Signal
PBCH = Primary Broadcast Channel
PBCH DMRS = PBCH Demodulation Reference Signal
CSI-RS (DL) = Channel State Information Reference Signal
TRS = Tracking Reference Signal
SRS (UL) = Sounding Reference Signal
Measure with mobile PDSCH = Physical Downlink Shared Channel

DOWNLINK
• Common (visible in scanner and UE
measurements):
• PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
• SSS (Secondary Synchronization
Siqnal)
• PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
• User level (UE measurements only):
UPLINK
• CSI-RS (Channel State Info Reference
Signal) • User level (UE measurements only)
• DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) • PUSCH (Physical UL Shared Channel
• PTRS (Phase-tracking Reference • PUCCH (Physical UL Control Channel)
Signal) • PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
• PDSCH (Physical UL Shared Channel) • DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal)
• PDCCH (Physical UL Control Channel) • PTRS (Phase-tracking Reference Signal)
• SRS (Sounding Reference Signal)

S S B L O C K R E F E R E N C E B E A M D E M O D U L AT I O N - M U L T I P L E B E A M S
View from Nemo Outdoor, measuring one cell (PCI 0) with 8 beams, beam ids 0-7
• Reference beam coverage and

quality measurements, demodulated
reference signals
• Reported per Sync beam (SS block):
• Channel
• Physical Cell Identity (PCI)
• Beam ID (BI)
• SS-RSRP
• SS-RSRQ
• SS-CINR
• RSSI

SINGLE BEAM WITH DRIVE ROUTE

• Link budget and cell range calculation to optimize
the number of gNB sites
• Estimate maximum allowed path loss on radio path to
calculate cell range
• Evaluate UL and DL separately due to imbalance in 5G
directions Fresnel
R Zone
• Measure also indoor signal penetration
 optimize number of gNB sites - save CAPEX
• Nemo solution works up to 50 GHz

• Lightweight, portable and battery operated FieldFox with FieldFox & Nemo Outdoor
preamplifier - FF for reception and Nemo
• No need for external down converters, heavy AC power or
- for 5G NR signal Outdoor for logging
separate TX and RX
transmission measurement data and
• Open ASCII format log file that integrates with 3rd party tools location for post-processing
• Impressive post-processing and visualizations

gNB
- Alternative for 5G NR
signal transmission
• Network planning statistical model to estimate field
coverage
• Inputs are gNB transmission power, receiver sensitivity,
environment, antenna parameters, cable length, etc.
• Import drive test results to the planning tool to

calibrate the propagation model
• Compare coverage prediction results generated by a tool against
real measurement results
• Calibrate for more accurate coverage
• Nemo compact measurement solution up to 50 GHz

• FieldFox up to 50 GHz as transmitter and receiver solution
• No external down converters, signal generator or spectrum
analyzer
• Robust, compact and battery operated
• Nemo Outdoor stores GPS coordinates
• ASCII log file that can be easily exported to network planning
tools
• Massive MIMO is a cell capacity feature for sub 6GHz
• Gain achieved only when multiple UEs simultaneously generating downlink traffic
• Many variables:
• Distribution of users in the cell (horizontal and vertical)
• Multi-path radio environment
• Network configuration
• NEM implementations
• Field testing needed to verify the capacity gain provided
• Test setup is complicated, involving multiple UEs doing coordinated active data transfers

FIELD TESTING
Field units distributed Control Data analytics tools

measurement coordination Aggregated cell-level KPIs
in the cell area Real time monitoring Per-UE drill down
Analytics
Collection

A N A LY T I C S
• Automated aggregation of cell-level Total cell throughput

KPIs
• Total cell throughput
• PRB utilization
• Etc. Throughput per UE
• Per-UE analysis
• SNR, RSRQ, transmission mode,
throughput, Rank, number of MIMO Map visualization, stationary test example
streams UE2
• Map visualization of all UEs
UE1
UE3

T O TA L C E L L T H R O U G H P U T

• Building Access
• Hard to get access to the walk location due to security or other
concerns
• Walk Verification
• Hard to know if walk was successful after finishing testing
• Data Management
• Too much data to process and anaylze
• Antenna Verification
• Hard to quickly and easily verify that all of the antennas are
radiating and working properly

I N S T A N T C E L L V E R I F I C AT I O N
• Real Time Antenna Verification

• Green/Red status allows for immediate cell verification
• Works with .ibwc iBWave files that include antenna
information or Nemo BTS files.
• Configurable for different venues and design
specifications
• Choose the technologies, signal strength levels, and
distance required to pass/fail an antenna.

REAL TIME REPORTING
• Verify Collection
• Use instant reports statistics to verify collection
• Verify Results
• Use instant reports to sign off on inbuilding walks without post processing the data
• Know before you go
• Use instant report to make sure data collection was successful, use instant reports to make changes
while still on site, rewalk if any issues are found
• Save Opex
• With better faster reporting Opex can be saved by reducing post processing time, reducing rewalks,
and reducing repeated trips to the same site.

5 G A N A LY T I C S
✓ Spectrum analysis: show RSSI of 5G

channel
✓ Plot total RSSI on a indoor floor plan

(markers) or outdoor map with GPS
info
✓ Enables signal measurement in

multivendor environment
✓ Statistical analysis for signal level

comparisons
✓ Complete measurement system for

millimeter wave propagation
✓ Including the necessary software
and hardware to collect, post-
process, analyze and visualize
the data

A N A LY T I C S
• 5G power level can be viewed on graphs, over a floor

plan or on maps
• Statistical analysis of the power level and signal quality
can be done during post-processing

WHERE TO GO FOR HELP
www.keysight.com/find/5GNR
• Simulation • Channel Emulation:
• www.keysight.com/find/Systemvue • www.keysight.com/find/Propsim
• Signal Generation: • DVT and Manufacturing;

• www.keysight.com/find/N7631C • www.keysight.com/find/E6640A
• www.keysight.com/find/N5182B • www.keysight.com/find/M9410A
• www.keysight.com/find/N9383A • www.keysight.com/find/M9411A
• www.keysight.com/find/M8190A • www.keysight.com/find/S9100A
• www.keysight.com/find/M8195A • Contact your local Field Engineer for;
• Signal Analysis: • gNB Emulator for UE Testing: (UXM 5G – E7515B)
• www.keysight.com/find/89601B • Test chambers
• www.keysight.com/find/N9085E • mmWave extenders (CIU and RRH)
• www.keysight.com/find/N • Field Testing;
• www.keysight.com/find/M9393A • www.keysight.com/find/Fieldfox
• www.keysight.com/find/PXA • www.keysight.com/find/NEMO
• www.keysight.com/find/UXA
5G Boot Camp presentations available from: www.keysight.com/find/5GBootCampPresentations


Part Two: 7 Key Measurement Challenges and Case Studies: Keysight Technologies

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PART TWO:

7 KEY MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES AND CASE STUDIES

© Keysight Technologies 2018 2

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

R13 R14 5G NR R15

Rel. 14 Rel. 15 Rel. 16 Rel. 17 & beyond

© Keysight Technologies 2018 3

© Keysight Technologies 2018 4

Waveform Flexible Numerology

New Spectrum Massive MIMO and

© Keysight Technologies 2018 5

Desired Delay Spread

50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MHz 5G NR Max number of

© Keysight Technologies 2018 9

• Carriers sub-divided Overall carrier Overall carrier

• Each BWP is a contiguous set

• Introduces new issues with

© Keysight Technologies 2018 10

Frequency Range 1: 450 MHz – 6000 MHz

MIMO Up to 8 layers in downlink, up to 4 layers in the uplink

© Keysight Technologies 2018 11

< 6 GHz (FR1) mmWave (FR2)

© Keysight Technologies 2018 12

© Keysight Technologies 2018 13

• UE identifies the best

• Always-on signals in NR Synchronization

Tx Beam Sweeping for SS/PBCH Blocks

Design and validate new algorithms

© Keysight Technologies 2018 15

4.4 – 4.9 64 -71 GHz

Sub-6 GHz mmWave

© Keysight Technologies 2018 16

© Keysight Technologies 2018 17

Channel Performance on the Network Cost of Test Field Testing and

© Keysight Technologies 2018 18

• Overdriving causes 15 kHz 60 kHz

• Amplitude flatness and phase linearity

EVM (Error Vector Magnitude): The normalized ratio of the

What’s considered Good?

• IQ modulator errors Tips for mmWave Measurements

• Phase noise ✓ Minimize signal generation impairments

• How much out-of-band suppressions will be

• How much guard band will be required?

8CC 100 MHz each

Modulation analysis of each 100 MHz carrier

Signal Creation Signal Analysis

© Keysight Technologies 2018 23

Amplifier EVM performance;

M9383A is optimized by default.

• Turn ARB & RF on

Several things you can do to optimize EVM;

• Select frequency span that closely captures signal bandwidth

© Keysight Technologies 2018 26

For wide bandwidth signals

Phase Optimization = Best Wide Offset

© Keysight Technologies 2018 27

© Keysight Technologies 2018 28

Full Bypass Path and optimized input

N9040B UXA with options 550 & H1G

© Keysight Technologies 2018 30

Full Bypass Path and optimized input

N9040B UXA with options 550 & H1G

© Keysight Technologies 2018 31