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bmrSruGmbl;/tJawmh bmjzpfv@kd rqvudk jzKwfcscv hJ v J @kd wd@k ajym&rSmyJ/ (vufcyk o f rH sm;)
usru jyefar;&r,f/ (vufcyk o f rH sm;) nSEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;r_ukd vufrcHEikd w f t hJ zJ@G tpnf; qdk
tJ'v D kd tay:u cdik ;f rS vkycf siw f ,fq&kd ifawmh wm 'Dru kd a&pDukd vufrcHEikd w f thJ zJ@G tpnf;yJ/ 'Dawmh nSd
rqveJ@yJ qufjyD;awmhomG ;aerS ydjk yD;awmht"dyg` vf &SOd ;D E_id ;f aqG;aEG;r_ukd b,fvq kd ifajceJ@yjJ zpfjzpf y,fwhJ tzJ@G
r,f/ usrwd@k u 'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G tpnf;/ tm;vH;k atmuf tpnf;qdw k m 'Dru kd a&pDukd y,fwt hJ zJ@G tpnf;yJ/ nSEd id_ ;f
ajcuaejyD;awmh ud, k whf m0efukd ud, k o f o d ed @J vkyEf ikd of r# aqG;aEG;r_ukd vufrcHoa&G@ e0w[m ygwpD kH 'Dru kd a&pD
ud, k f vkyo f mG ;&r,f/ usrwd@k tay:uvnf; ta&S@u vrf;pOfukd oGm;aewm r[kwb f ;l vd@k qH;k jzwf&rSmjzpfw,f/
acgi;f aqmifwo hJ al wGuvnf; usrwk@d wm0efukd usrwd@k (vufcyk o f rH sm;)
odoed @J vkyEf ikd o f r# vkyo f mG ;r,f/ 'D=um;xJrmS awmh t 'Dtwdik ;f yJ usrwd@k tzJ@G 0ifrsm;[m 'Dru kd a&pD
quf tpyfuawmh &S&d r,f/'D=um;xJrmS awmh tquf t oabmw&m;udk ,Hk=unfw,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if nSdE_dif;aqG;
pyf&zdS @kd bmta&;=u;D vJqakd wmh jynfe,fwikd ;f pnf;awGu aEG;r_e@J tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm oabmrwlnw D mawG&v dS @kd &dS
tifrwefta&;=uD;w,f/ jynfe,fwdkif;pnf;rsm;qdkwm &if 'gukd tajz&Sm&r,f/ tajz&SmEdik &f r,f/ tJ'[ D mudk
A[dek @J jrKd@e,frsm;=um;xJrmS qufo, G f ay;xm;wJh tzJ@G tajzr&SmEdik v f @kd &&dS if 'g usrwd@k 'Dru kd a&pDenf;usus rvkyf
tpnf;awGjzpfw,f/ 'ga=umifrh @kd tck usrwd@k jynfe,f Edik b
f ;l qdw k mudk jywmyJ/
wdik ;f pnf;rsm;udk jyefvnfjy;D zJ@G pnf;ay;vdu k w f mjzpfw,f/ tck jynfe,fwikd ;f pnf;awGukd usrwd@k ,m,D
'Dvjkd yefjy;D awmh zJ@G pnf;wJah e&mrSm t&ifwek ;f u vla[mif; 6 v qdjk yD;awmh jyefjyD;awmh zJ@G pnf;vdu k w f ,f/ tck jyef
awGvnf; ygw,f/ vlopfawGvnf;ygw,f/ jyD;awmh zJ@G pnf;vdu k w
f hJ jynfe,fe@J wdik ;f pnf;rsm;aygah v/
vkyw f u hJ ikd wf ahJ e&mrSmwOD;eJ@wOD; oabmxm; jynfe,fe@J wikd ;f tm;vH;k uawmhjyefjy;D awmh zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjy;D
rwlnw D hJ olawGvnf;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh oabmxm;rwlnD ao;ygbl;/ 'D ajcmufvtwGif;rSm b,favmuf xdxd
w,fqw kd m 'g 'Dru kd a&pD&@J tESpo f m&yJ/ oabmxm; wck a&mufa&muf 'D pnf;opfawGu vkyEf ikd v f nf;qdw k m us
wnf;eJ@ vkyw f t hJ zJ@G tpnf;qdw k m 'g 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G tpnf; rwd@k jyefjyD;awmh oH;k oyfrmS jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D xda&mufr_
r[kwb f ;l /oabmxm;rwlnaD omfvnf; nSEd id_ ;f Edik &f r,f/ ay:rSm rlwnfjyD;awmh 6 v=umwJt h cgus&if usrwd@k jyef

a&S@aqmifw,fqw kd m wdik ;f yJjzpfjzpf jrKd @e,fyJ


jzpfjzpf/ vklyk*~KdvfwOD;wa,mufyJjzpfjzpf a&S@
aqmifjyDqrkd jS zifh ud, k [f m wjcm;olawGxufyjkd yD;
awmh =uKd;pm;&r,f/ wjcm;olawGxufyjkd yD;awmh
pGef@v$wf&r,f/ wjcm;olawGxufydkjyD;awmh pGef@
pm;&r,f/ ud, k &hf @J a&S@aqmifaeygw,fqw kd hJ tae
txm;udk udk,fuaejyD;awmh oduQm&Sd&Sde@J xdef;
odrf;oGm;&r,f/
(7)

w,f/ {&m0wDvkd cufcw J ahJ e&mrSm v_y&f mS ;Edik rf ,fq&kd if


wwdkif; jynfvHk;rSm v_yf&Sm;EdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/ 'ga=umifh
{&m0wD wdik ;f [m a&S@aqmifwikd ;f tjzpf rdru d , kd u f kd rdrd
owfrw S f xm;&r,f/
a&S@aqmifw,fqw kd m wdik ;f yJjzpfjzpf jrKd @e,fyjJ zpf
jzpf/ vkyl *k K~ v d f wOD;wa,mufyjJ zpfjzpf a&S@aqmifjyDqrkd jS zifh
ud, k [ f m wjcm;olawGxuf ydjk yD;awmh =uKd;pm;&r,f/ w
jcm;olawGxuf ydjk yD;awmhpeG @f vw $ &f r,f/ wjcm;olawG
xufyjkd yD;awmh pGe@f pm;&r,f/ ud, k &hf @J a&S@aqmifaeygw,f
qdw k t hJ aetxm;udk ud, k u f aejy;D awmh odumQ &S&d edS @J xde;f
odr;f oGm;&r,f/
'Dvkd a&S@aqmif&wJw h ikd ;f rd@k v@kd igw@kd awmh emawmh
jyD;awmh oH;k oyfjyD;awmh ydjk yD;awmh uspv f pfcikd rf mwJh jynf rSmyJv@kd pdw"f gwu f sp&m r&Syd gb;l / em&ifvnf; emayg/h cH
e,fwikd ;f pnf;rsm;udk usrwd@k jyefjyD;awmh zJ@G rmS jzpfygw,f/ vku d &f akH yg/h cHEikd w f ,fq=kd uyg/ (vufcyk o f rH sm;)
tJ'aD wmh 'D=um;xJrmS tvkyv f yk =f uyg/ tvkyf cH&ekH @J awmhrjyD;bl;aemf/ cH&w J ,fqw kd m owWq d kd
vkyw f ,fqw kd m 'Dru kd a&pDt& tvkyv f yk w f ,fqw kd m p wm rSeyf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh vky&f w J o hJ wWv d nf; usrwd@k &&dS
um;ajymwmvnf; yg&ygw,f/ wcsK@d u pum;yJ ajymae ygr,f/ cHae&Hek @J awmh r&bl;/ (vufcyk o f rH sm;) vkyv f nf;
w,f tvkyrf vkyb f ;l vm;vd@k ajymvd@k 'Dru kd a&pD enf;usus vky&f r,f/ cHvnf; cH&r,f/ ud, k v f yk v f @kd ud, k cf w H ,fayg/h
qdw k m pum;vnf; ajym&w,f/ tvkyv f nf; vky&f w,f/ rvkyfyJeJ@ cHwmawmh cH&usKd;reyfbl;/ tJ'Dawmh yxr
usr&Si;f jyzl;ygw,f/ ygvrD ef/ ygvrD efqw kd hJ pum; vkyv f u dk /f vkyjf yD;rScrH ,f/ (vufcyk o f rH sm;)
vH;k [m pum;ajymw,fqw kd hJ pum;vH;k u vmwmyg/ pk bmrSrvkyyf eJ @J cH&w,fqw kd mawmh t"dyg` vu f kd
aygi;f jy;D awmh pum;ajymqdw k hJ tzJ@G tpnf;wcku ygvrD ef vH;k vH;k r&Sb d ;l / cH&w J m owWq d w kd m ud, k v f yk &f if ud, k cf &H J
u jzpfvmwmyg/ tJ'aD wmh bmjzpfv@kd pum;ajym&vJ qdk w,fqw kd mudk jywm/ bmrS rvkyyf eJ @J cHaewmudk ajymwm
awmh usrwd@k pum;ajymjcif;tm;jzifh tajz&Smcsiv f @kd y/J r[kwyf gb;l / usrwd@k vnf; wu,fawmh vkyaf ewmyJ/ vkyf
jyoemawGukd ajz&Si;f csiv f @kd y/J usrwd@k u jyoemudk cJe@J aew,fqw kd m trsK;d rsK;d ayg/h a[majymyJG vkyw f ,fqw kd m
aygujf y;D wkwef @J &u kd jf y;D aoewfe@J ypfjy;D ajz&Si;f csiw f hJ vlpm; vnf; vkyw f myJ/ 'Dvkd aqG;aEG;yJ vkyw f ,fqw kd mvnf; vkyf
rsK;d r[kwb f ;l / tJ'v D kd ajz&Si;f wJeh nf;awGuv kd nf; usrwd@k wmyJ/ 'Dawmh 'DrmS wifrubl;/ 'D+cHxrJ mS wifrubl;/ 'D
vH;k vH;k tm;ray;Edik b f ;l / 'ga=umifrh @kd pum;ajymjyD;awmh &efuek rf mS wifrubl;/ 'Dyo k rd rf mS wifrubl;/ 'D wkid ;f wwdik ;f
jyoemawGukd ajz&Si;f &r,f/ 'gayr,fh pum;ajymjyD;awmh rSm wEdik if v H ;kH rSm wcsed v f ;kH vkyaf e&r,f/ vkyv f @kd c&H r,f
jyoemawG ajz&Si;f jy;D awmh tajzwckay:&ifawmh 'Dtajz qdk &ifvnf; cHayg/h wu,fh pnf;&H;k a&; tiftm;qdw k m[m
t&awmh usrwd@k tvkyv f yk &f r,f/ pum;ajym&Hek @J awmh uk, d ahf &S@u b,fEpS af ,mufyyJ gomG ;oGm; aemufuwuf
rjyD;ao;bl;/ pum;ajymw,fqw kd m bmvky&f rvJqw kd m Edik rf ,fh &JabmfawGvnf; &S&d r,f/ 'g usr 1988 uwnf;
udk tajz&Smzd@k yJ ajymwm/ tajz&jyDq&kd ifawmh usrwd@k u ajymcJw h myg/ usrwd@k pnf;&H;k a&; xGuw f t hJ cgus&if +rKd@
tvkyv f yk &f r,f/ usrwd@k trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G csKyf e,fawGu tzJ@G 0ifta&twGuf b,favmuf&jyD/ b,f
[m wwdik ;f jynfv;kH rS tvkyv f yk af ewmyJ usrwd@k jrifcsif ESpaf ,muf&ygjyD/ b,fEpS af xmif&ygjyD/ b,fEpS af omif; &
w,f/ tck {&m0wDwikd ;f qdv k @kd &&dS if jynfe,fwikd ;f pnf;awG ygjy/D 'Dvykd J ajymw,f/ usrajymygw,f/ 'D axmife@J aomif;
jyefjyD; zJ@G jyD;wJt h cg yxrqH;k pjyD;awmh pkpnf;wJw h ikd ;f jzpf eJ@ ajymaevd@k tvum;yJ/ axmif*%ef;yJ&&dS /dS aomif;
w,f/ yxrOD;qH;k pjyD;awmh v_y&f mS ;Edik w f w hJ ikd ;f jzpf&r,f/ *%ef;yJ&&dS ?dS aomif;*%ef;yJ&&dS dS 'gawG[m t"du uswm
tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;r_u=kd unfjh yD;awmh usrwd@k tzJ@G csKyf[m b,f r[kwfygbl;/ 'DtzJG@0ifawGxJrSm wu,f xdxda&muf
avmufxd xda&mufEikd w f ,fqw kd m cef@reS ;f Edik rf mS jzpfyg a&muf vkyEf ikd w f o hJ l b,fEpS af ,muf&v dS /J ta&S@wef;u
(8)

ae ygomG ;vd@k &&dS if aemufwcg 'kw, d vdik ;f uae vdu k Ef ikd f taES;eJ@ tjrefawmh atmifjrifr,fv@kd usrwd@k ,H=k unf
wJo h l b,fEpS af ,muf&v dS /J 'g[m t"duyJ/ usrwd@k pnf; w,f/ 'gayr,fh jrefwmawmh ydak umif;r,fxifw,f/ bm
&H;k a&; vkyw f t hJ cg ud, k u f vkyw f o hJ wW&d v dS eG ;f vd@k cHomG ;&vd@k jzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh &SpEf pS q f w kd mvnf; 'g enf;wJu h mv
&S&d if ud, k ahf emufuaevnf; vkyrf ,fo h al wG&adS tmifawmh wckr[kwyf gb;l / Edik if &H @J ordik ;f eJ@pm&if 8 ESpq f w kd m odyf
pn;f&;kH xm;&r,f/ aemufq;kH awmh usrwd@k &@J pnf;&H;k a&;[m r=umbl;qdak yr,fh vlwOD;wa,muf&@J oufwrf;eJ@ pm
jynfov l x l k pnf;&H;k a&;yJ/ jynfov l x l k trsm;pkuaejyD; vdu k rf ,fq&kd ifawmh 8 ESpq f w kd m[m enf;wJu h mvr[kwf
awmh rm;rm;rwfrwfe@J tzJ@G csKyftaemufuaejyD;awmh ygb;l / 'D 8 ESpv f ;kH vH;k usrwd@k &ke;f uefc&hJ wmawG tepfem
&yfwnfaer,fq&kd if usrwd@k vyk if ef;[m rkcs atmifjrif& cHc&hJ wmawG[m tepfemcH&usK;d eyfatmifv@kd usrwd@k xyf
r,f/ jyD;awmh ydjk yD;awmh 0d&, d xkwjf yD;awmh =uKd;pm; oGm;&rSm
tck tus,fcsKyftm;jzifhawmh 46 oef;vkH; jzpfygw,f/
aygah v/ 46 oef;vH;k tus,cf sKyf csKyfcaH e&w,fv@kd 'Dvykd J usrwdk@ tzJG@csKyftaeeJ@ wwfEdkifor# Oya'
ajym&rSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh axmifawGxu J akd wmh 46 oef;rajym abmifxu J vkycf yhJ gw,f/ 'gayr,fh w&m;wJh Oya'eJ@ rw
eJ@ 1 oef;awmifrS xnfEh ikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l / axmifxu J kd &m;wJh Oya'qdw k mawmh&w dS ,f/ usr wd@k a[majymyJrG sm;
0if&w J ,fqw kd hJ vl 1 oef;/ axmifcs&ifcs vkyrf ,fqw kd Jh udk wm;qD;wmrsK;d udak wmh w&m;w,fv@kd usrwd@k vufrcH
vl 1 oef;&Srd ,fqv kd @kd &&dS ifawmif usrwd@k &@J v_y&f mS ;r_[m bl;/ bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh w&m;a[myJv G yk w f ,fqw kd m
r=umcif atmifjrifrmS yg/ tJ'aD wmh vl 1 oef; pnf;&H;k zd@k EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;tm;vHk; vkyfydkifcGifh&SdwJhudpPwckjzpf
[m 'Davmufcufovm;/ wu,fawmhusrwd@k tzJ@G csKyf w,f/ }u@H cikd zf @HG +zK;d a&;tzJ@G vkd bmudk bmrSe;f vJrod Edik if aH &;
0if pm&if;xJrmS 1 oef;xufru &Scd yhJ gw,f/ 'D 1 oef;xuf tzJ@G vv kd kd bmvdv k kd tzJ@G awmifrS olw@kd nDvmcHawG a[m
ru &Sw d v hJ pl m&if;xJrmS b,fEpS af ,mufu xdxad &muf ajymyJaG wG vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf w dS ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if usrwd@k vkd jynfol
a&muf wu,fyJ tepfemcHjyD;awmh vkyEf ikd w f mvnf;qdk vlxu k axmufcrH &_ w dS hJ Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;wck[m bm
wm 'gukd usrwd@k ar;cGe;f xkw&f rSmjzpfygw,f/ 1 oef; jzpfv@kd rvkyEf ikd &f rSmvJ/ 'g usrwd@k vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf w dS ,f/ wwf
awmif rvdb k ;l / 1 aomif;qd&k ifawmifrS renf;ygb;l / usr Edik of r# usrwd@k vkyo f mG ;rSmyJ/ 'Dv[ kd mrsK;d uef@owf csKyf
wd@k tck tusO;f axmifawGxrJ mS Edik if aH &;tusO;f orm; cs,w f mudak wmh usrwd@k vufrcHygb;l / rw&m;ojzifh uef@
rsm;[m 2000 avmuf &Srd ,fv@kd cef@reS ;f &w,f/ wcsK@d u owfcsKyfcs,rf u _ kd usrwd@k cHaer,fq&kd ifawmh 'DtzJ@G [m
vnf; 1 axmifausmf&Sdr,f/wcsKd@uvnf; 3 axmif wjznf;jznf; tiftm;awG avsmo h mG ;rSmyJ/ tiftm;awG
avmuf&rdS ,fqakd wmh ysr;f r#jcif;tm;jzifh 2 axmifavmuf vnf; avsmch yhJ gw,f/ t&if 8 ESpt f wGi;f tiftm;awG
&Srd ,fqykd gawmh/ 'DEikd if aH &;tusO;f orm;rsm;[m 2 axmif avsmch w hJ mawG trsm;=uD;&Sw d ,f/ 'Dtiftm;awGjyefjyD;
avmuf&w dS ,fqw kd mawmifrS usrwd@k &@J v_y&f mS ;r_ukd w awmh yHyh ;kd zd@k qjkd yD;awmh jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;a&;vkyw f myg/ jyef
urBmvH;k u todtrSwjf yKvdu k Ef ikd w f t hJ ajctaexd usr vnfz@GJ pnf;a&; vkyjf yD;wJt h csed u f ae pjyD;awmh usrwd@k
wd@k vkyEf ikd cf w hJ ,f/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f orm;rsm; 1 aomif; tzJ@G csKyf&@J tvkyaf wG[m t&Sed t f [kew f ;kd vmwmudk us
axmuf &SEd ikd w f thJ ajctaetxd ('guawmh axmifxrJ mS rwd@k jrifcsiw f ,f/ t&Sed t f [keu f svmwmudk usrwd@k vH;k
ae&m&Sw d mr&Sw d m ajymwmr[kwb f ;l aemf) axmifcs&if vH;k r=unfch sib f ;l /
csqw kd hJ vl 1 aomif;avmuf&w dS ,fq&kd ifawmh bmrSajym t&Sed t f [kew f ;kd vmvd@k tm%mydik rf sm;zufu
p&mrvdb k ;l / usrwd@k atmifjrif&rSm rkcsy/J jrefjrefjzpf&r,f/ aejyD;awmh ydjk yD;awmh wd;k jyD;awmh zdEydS cf sKyfcs,v f mr,f

vkyfvnf; vkyf&r,f/ cHvnf; cH&r,f/udk,fvkyfvdk@


udk,fcHw,faygh/ rvkyfyJeJ@ cHwmawmh cH&usKd; reyf
bl;/ tJ'Dawmh yxr vkyfvkduf/ vkyfjyD;rScHr,f/
(9)

qd&k ifawmh 'gawGukd usrwd@k cHEikd af tmifv@kd awmh vHv k


xkw&f r,f/ 0d&, d xkw&f r,f/ ajrmif;jru OD;aZ,s ajym
oGm;ovdyk J taumif;qH;k udk ar#mv f ifjh yD;awmh tqd;k qH;k
twGuf t+rJ jyifqifxm;&r,fqw kd m / 'g usr c%c%
ajymcJzh ;l wmyJ/ Ekid if aH &;orm;tm;vH;k [m 'Daqmify'k af v;
udk ud, k hf &J@ ukwifacgi;f &if;rSm csw d x f m;oifw h ,f/ t+rw J rf;
t aumif;qH;k twGuf ar#mv f ifjh yD; tqd;k qH;k twGuf jyif
qif xm;&r,f/ 'Dvkd pdw"f gwef @J usrwd@k vyk rf S atmifjrifr_
usrwd@k u Edik if aH &;orm;awGy/J
&Srd mS yg/ Edik if aH &;t& vl@tqift h wef;udk usrwd@k
aemufjy;D awmhvnf; 'DvEkd ikd if aH &;twGuf ud, k hf u jrSifhwifEdkif&r,f/ EdkifiHa&;t& vl@ t
&J@ b0udk tepfemcH pGe@f vw $ &f w,fqw kd m 'g tifrwefrS
odumQ &Syd gw,f/ tifrwefrv S nf; auseyfr&_ pdS &myg/ tm; qifhtwef;udk jrSifhwifEdkifrS usrwdk@ [m
vH;k jyefjy;D awmh pOf;pm;=uyg/ 'Db0rSm bmvdck si=f uvJ/ arG; vljzpf&usK;d eyfw,fv@kd owfrw S Ef ikd f r,f/
vmw,f/ =uD;vmw,f/aeoGm;w,f tdo k mG ;w,f- 'gyJ
vm;vd@k usrwd@k trsm;=uD;pOf;pm;p&mjzpfw,f/ 'Db0rSm
'D vdkpdwfxm;rxm;Edkif&ifawmh
vljzpfvmjyDqdkrSjzifh bmtwGuf vljzpfvmw,fqdkwm ud, k u hf ,
kd uf , kd f Edik if aH &; orm;vd@k vnf;
usrwd@k pOf;pm;zd@k vdyk gw,f/ vljzpfvmw,fqw kd m vmbf rac:oifb h ;l / Edik if aH &;e,fxrJ mS vnf; 0if
pm;jyD;awmh tdraf wGtrsm;}uD;aqmufjyD;awmh um;awG
trsm;}u;D 0,fjy;D awmh vlrsm;tay:rS a=umzd@k jzpfvmwm jyD;awmh rvkyfoifhbl;/
vm;qdw k m pOf;pm;&r,f/ wcsK@d u 'Dv[ kd mrsK;d udk ae&usK;d udk a&SmifvE$J ikd rf mS r[kwb f ;l / usrwd@k b,favmufa&Smif
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(10)

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(11)

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wd@k reS u f efwm vkyv f @kd axmufcyH gv@kd / 'gyJ usrwd@k ajym u axmufcrH mS vJ/
w,f/ b,fEikd if u H rkd S 'Dru dk a&pD&&if b,fvt kd cGit hf a&; 'Dru kd a&pD vdck siw f ,f/ tajymif;tvJ vkw d ,f/
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(12)

r,f/ vkyt f m;ay;udpaP wG[m wu,fjzpfaewJu h pd aP wGy/J


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(13)
(14)

usrwd@k
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