Become an Instructor INTERNAL HEAT GAINS (IHG) Blog About The sources of internal heat gains (IHG) include: 1, PEOPLE (sensible and latent heat gain) 2. LIGHTS (sensible heat gain only) 3, EQUIPMENT (@) Receptacles or electrical plug loads (sensible heat gain only) (b) Processes such as cooking (sensible and latent heat gain) IHG can be a major component of the total building cooling load, This is particularly true of non-residential (commercial, institutional and industrial) buildings. IHG for lights can be calculated if the type and number of lighting fixtures are known. This is also true for electrical equipment. IHG for people and process loads are approximate since the level of activity varies. IHG loads for each hour of the year is estimated on the basis of percent of peak design load, Like the hourly weather data that affects energy loads due to the building envelope, infitration and ventilation, internal loads can vary from hour to hour and year to year. A range of IHG design hour values from low, average and high can estimated on the basis of type of building. This is the type of information that is available. Such estimates apply to a particular region, country, economy and society. After the building is designed and built, it can be under-used or over-used. The building can be used for purposes other than what it was designed for. In the case of office buildings, lighting loads have decreased due to more efficient lighting and equipment loads have increased due to computers and telecommunication equipment. In the case of under-usage, building's control system will adjust the cooling system at the expense of inefficient use of the cooling equipment. In the case of over- usage, the building's cooling capacity must be increased. Poor judgment in estimating IHG can result in unsatisfactory operation. As with building envelope loads, IHG estimating procedures are therefore rigorous and precise using the best information available for the given type of building Back to Course Course Lessons Standards, Guidelines, Codes Energy Usage Analysis of Buildings Azimuth Angles of Building Surfaces The Earth and Sun, Gases & Liquids (Fluids) and Solids: Psychrometric WEATHER DATA User's Manual forLatent heat (moisture or water vapor) from people and equipment added to the space is an instantaneous cooling load. Sensible heat generated by internal heat sources (people, lights and equipment) is a time-delayed cooling load. As with solar radiation heat entering the space, part of sensible heat generated by internal sources is first absorbed by the surroundings and then gradually released into the air increasing it's temperature. The air temperature is sensed by the control system (thermostat) which operates the cooling system and equipment. So there is a time- delay in the corrective action also, To allow for the time delay due to thermal storage, Cooling Load Factors (CLF) were developed to estimate the heat gains from internal heat emitting sources. CLFs are based on the time (hour) when the internal source starts to generate heat load and the number of hours it remains in operation. This information is expressed as hourly intemal load profiles (percent of design) PEOPLE (P) Qps =N-p*Fu*gs* CLF-h (sensible heat gain Q-pl_ =N-p* Fu ql (latent heat gain) Q.ps_ = Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) from people Q-pl_= Latent Heat Gain (LHG) from people lumber of people (maximum or design from occupancy criteria for building) Np = Diversity factor or percentage of maximum design for each hour of the day = Owhen there are no people in the room = 1 when the maximum design number of people are in the room O<=Fd<=1 Fu = sensible heat gain (SHG) per person for the degree or type of activity in the space (ASHRAE Table 8.18 ). Examples, 245 btu/hr per person when working in an office and 580 btu/hr per person performing heavy manual work in a factory. qs = latent heat gain (LHG) per person for the degree or type of activity in the space (ASHRAE Table 8.18 ). Examples, 155 btu/hr per person when working in an office and 870 btu/hr per person performing heavy manual work in a factory. q Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for given hour. This depends on zone type, CLF-h hour entering space, and number of hours after entering into space (ASHRAE Table 8.19). The sensible heat has to be first absorbed by the surroundings and then released into the air. The cooling load factor accounts for this time delay. The latent heat is an instantaneous cooling load so there is no cooling load factor associated with it. The following table gives examples of SHG and LHG from people. It demonstrates the range of heat gain values due to people. When this information is combined with design space occupancy density (25 ft2/person for an aerobics class and 250 ft2/person for an apartment) the heat gain from people becomes very significant. TMY2s Comfort Heat Transfer ‘Summer Cooling Loads HEAT GAINS and LOSSES ROOFS and WALLS HEAT GAINS and LOSSES WINDOWS and SKYLIGHTS (Glass) INTERNAL HEAT GAINS (IHG) VENTILATION INFILTRATION & EXFILTRATIO Glass Information Building Science Insight PSYCHROME CHART CARRIER PSYCHROME CHART TRANE INSULATION Map of DOE'sLevel of Activity Typical Heat Gain / Persoa btuh) Application | SHG(qs)_| LHG (al) Seated at rest Theater 245 105 Seated, light work Office 245 155 Moderate office work Office 230 200 Standing, walking slowly | __ Retail Sales 250 250 Light bench work Factory 275 475 Dancing Nightclub 305 545 Heavy work Factory 580 370 (isites/alfles/advanced-pages-30886/internal-heat-gains-hg-1.png) Figure 2? Example The following example is for the 5 zones of a rectangular building where the solar heat gain (240N latitude) for each zone peaked at different hours. Assume that the design number of people enters the space at 8:00 AM and remains in the space until 6:00 PM (10 hours). In reality the number of people per hour will vary and this, must also be taken into account. Building | 1201 x1 SHGPPerson 250 Proposed Climate Zones Understanding Vapor Barriers Advanced HVAC Course Zone Peak People Cooling Loads a People Zoae 10 Zone | Peis [Hts] cur [Tom CI MocthDay: Tay 21 x [ov | 2 oe | aso = | atid: 2408 e {> | 1 | 0m | tss0 Zone Type = s_ [1s [_7_|_ 089 | 2aas Qipcople)=SHGP*Np*CLF Total Hours in Space =10 wim [9 | om | 2300 (ntpifeneray-models.com/stes/alfles/advanced-pages-30996sintemal-heat-gaine-hg-2.pn9) Building Envelope (Walls and Windows) Cooling Loads mm s |? |e] un] ef] | | 1% N_| 13.600 | 14,720 | 16.560 | 18.480 | 19.920 | 21.600 | 22.000 | 22.320 | 23.120 | 24.000 | 21.680 E_| 43,920] 48,320 | 46.480 | 30,760 | 33,120 | 30,960 | 28,880 | 27,040 | 25,040 | 22.480 | 19.040 s_[ 9920 [12,320 [ 14,640 [17.440 [ 19440 [21 aa0 | 21,920 | 22,240 | 21,440 | 49,080 | 17.200 w_[ 10320 | 12,720 | 15,040 | 17.200 | 19.200 | 26.320 | 37.000 | 48.880 | 50,560 | sa.sz0 | 46.480 (bitpsfenergy-models.comsites/alfiles/advanced-pages-30896/intemal-neat-gains hg-3.pna) Cooling Load Factors for PeoplePeople ZONE Type = C Hours: 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM (10 Hours Total) Tora | Time of Day = Hours| § 2 10 ll 12 13, 14 1s 16 17 18 19 Tle 1 [2 [3 [s «(7 1s |» [a [o 2 cm [om | or [oir om | wer | one [wos | ome | ons 4 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.23 | 0.18 | O14 | O12 | 010 | 0.08 A asi [0s [074 | 079 | 08s | 086 | 028 | 022 | 018 | 015 8 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 086 | 089 | O91 0.32 | 0.26 i ose [070 [07s [oxo [oss [oss | oa [ost] 02 [ose 7 ass [072 [077 | 082 | 08s | oe | 090 | 092 | 093 | 004 16 am [ore [082 | oss | oss | 090 | 092 | 093 | 094 | 09s Oesianey Baek) Cnsttiy ead eich Zan | Sucevm (NESE) nooowrte [EEE Cooling 1.550 | 1.750 | 1.875 | 2.000 | 2.0" 2.150 | 2.225 | 2.275 | 2.300 | 2.350 (hitp:sfenergy-modets.comsites/alfles/advanced-pages-30996Vintemal-neat-gains-hg-4,png) LIGHTS (L) Ql = (W*3.412)* Fu* Fs * CLF-h (sensible heat gain) Q1 = Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) from lights W = Lighting power output in Watts (Btu/hr = W * 3.412) Usage factor or percentage of maximum design for each hour of the day Fu = Owhen all lights are off = 1 when the maximum design number lights are on 0 <= Fu <= 1 Example Fu = 0.5 when 50% of lights are on. = Service Allowance Factor or Multiplier (accounts for ballast losses in Fs fluorescent lights and heat returned to return air ceiling plenum in the case of airslight fixtures) cur-h = Oobling Load Factor (CLF) for given hour. This depends on zone type, total hours that lights are on, and number of hours after lights are tumed on,Example Section through Lights, Ceiling and Space Pan View of Flourescent Lights Light ON Light OFF Light Ceiling Plenum Light Soa yoo 2 = Ballast Factor Retum Air from Space Ceiling 8 ~Light Heat to Plenum (20% to plenum) (only 80% of light heat emters space) Fs=Fsl *F2=12*08=096 ‘Two48" x 24" flourescent light fixtures at 100 watts / fixture. Fu= 0,50 (50% of lights are on) QU= W*3412* Fut Fs * CLF-L = 200 * 3412 * 0.50 * 0.96 * CLD = 327.5 * CLE (ttpsfenergy-models.comsites/allfles/advanced-pages-30096vintemal-neat-gains-hg-5.png) Example The following example is for the 5 zones of a rectangular building where the solar heat gain (240N latitude) for each zone peaked at different hours Builing 1200 x WOW x20H Wan? 15 Zone Peak People Cooling Loads Watts 2.000 Zone | Phir [its ON] CLF [ BTUH CI Moat: JuBy21 ee ee Linde: 24 E [oe [2] 00s [aazse Zone Type=D s [as | 7 | 086 | is06 diss) =Wate*3412*CLE Total Hours Light 0 wf |e _| ese [asas0 (hitp:sfenergy-models.comvsites/alfles/advanced-pages-30996/intemal-neat-gains-hg-6.png) Building Envelope (Walls and Windows) Cooling Loads zur] 8 ° wf ule los fu fu [ow fv [ow | 13.00 | 14.720 | 16.560] 18,480 21,900 | 22,000 | 22.320 | 23,120] 24.000] 21,080 E_ [43.920 48,20] 46.480 | 39.700 s_ | 9920 | 12.320| 14.640 | 17.440 | 19.440 | 21.440 | 21.920 | 22.240 | 21.440 | 19.680] 17.200 w_ | 10.320 | 12.720 30,960 | 28,880 | 27.040 | 25,040 | 22.480 | 19.040 17.200 | 19.200 | 26.320 | 37,600 | 48.80 | 56.560 | s8,s20| 45.480 (sites/alfles/advanced-pages-30896/internal-he: Cooling Load Factors for LightsLights ZONE Type = D Hours: 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM (10 Hours Total) Total] Time of Day : Hours| 8 9 10 ey 12 1s 14 1s 16 17 18 19 Space| Number of hours after entry into space > Tee Pil [le 1) 1s pe fe 3 oa | 072 | 076 | 079 | oni | 083 | 085 | 086 | 028 | 020 10 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 087 | 0.88 | 0.90 2B 070 | 075 | 079 | om | 083 | 085 | 087 | 088 | 089 | 050 18 o72 | 07 | 0st | oss | 085 | 086 | oss | 089 | 090 | oi 16 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 089 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.92 Lighting Cooling Lond, Each Zone want [a8 | wanndane [Sm Couling | 14280] 15540] 10i70 [asoo]| 17am0| v7eH0 | eos | 1ez76| vea80] 18900] 0 (hitp:fenergy-models.comsites/alfles/advanced-pages-30996/interal-neat-gainshg-8.png) EQUIPMENT (E) Equipment consists of three categories 1. electric resistance sensible load (ex. Toaster) 2. electric inductive sensible load (ex. Motor) 3. sensible and latent loads (ex. Electric or Gas Tea Kettle) Equipment Sensible Heat Gain Qes Qes w Fu Fp HP Eff CLF-h The sensible heat has to be first absorbed by the surroundings and then released = (W* 3.412) * Fu* Fp * CLF-h (sensible heat gain from electric resistance, btu/hr) = 2545 * (HP / Eff )* Fu* Fp * CLF-h (sensible heat gain from electric. ‘motor, btu/hr) = Owhen all equipment are off = 1 when the maximum design number equipment are on 0 <= Fu<= 1 Example Fu = 0.5 when 50% of equipment are on. Equipment output in Watts (Btu/hr = W * 3.412) operating at 50% capacity might still use 80% of electric power. Isage factor or percentage of maximum design for each hour of the day Part load operating factor for motor type. Example, a compressor = Rated electrical horsepower of equipment motor (Btu/hr = HP * 2545) = Motor Efficiency = Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for given hour. This depends on zone type, total hours that lights are on, and number of hours after lights are turned on, into the air, The cooling load factor accounts for this time delay. The heat generated by a motor is a cooling load only if the motor is located inside the air-conditionedspace or in the ducted supply air stream and it is not directly exhausted away from. the source. Equipment Latent Heat Gain Qel =Mw* Hfg* Fu* Fp Qel_ = latent heat gain from equipment (btu/hr) Mw = Mass (Ibs) of water converted to steam (evaporated or boiled) tifg = Heat (btuthr) required to convert 4 Ib of water to steam = 1075 at standard conditions The latent heat from equipment such as tea kettles and dish-washers is an instantaneous cooling load. Cooling Load Factors (CLF) do not apply to latent loads. Usage Factors (Fu) These are also referred to as operating schedules or profiles, Occupancy Schedule (Profile) waver [22 ]2]*] 2] 5] 7] *]*] =] 88 e[u [eee] e] w[ sl apap a cewmaon Lele lolole|s|wlowlss|os| ss [os [so lostoslos[ostso lil sfolelo Occupancy Profile o Peccet of Design (htip:fenergy-modets.comsites/alfles/advanced-pages-30996Vintemal-neat-gains-hg-9,pnq) Lighting Schedule (Profile) caxeroo [bots bss [s bolas} [oo [oo [veo [ve [so]oo [so foo fso ls [ss bo ls [= “Lighang Pre +4 xt ° FevatetDeiee ° “4 (hitp:fenergy-modets,comisites/alfiles/advanced-pages-30996/interal-neat-gains hg-10.png) Equipment Schedule (Profile)Wank Jr]? >)" ]*]*]7]*]* | s[ lee [ule w[ [es] [so] a] =] a] a reac [ole [olo]e wl) a Receptaele Loads Profle A Deage (hitp:fenergy-models.comsites/allfles/advanced-pages-30996/intemal-heat-gains-hg-11 png) EXAMPLE (Internal Heat Gains) Building Type: Factory Dimensions: 600' Long, 300' Wide, 30° High. Area = 18,000 ft2, Volume = 540,000 £3 Zone Types Heat Source Solar People Lights Equipment Zone Type A c D c Occupancy Criteria ‘Occupancy density = 1 Person per 100 ft2 (100 ft2/P) 113 of occupants performing office work (seated). 250 SHG/P 200 LHG/P 213 of occupants performing factory work (heavy). 600 SHGIP 900 LHG/P All occupants enter space at 8:00 AM and leave at 6:00 PM (10 hours total). ‘Occupancy Profile: 70% at 9:00 AM, 90% at 2:00 PM, 80% at 5:00 PM Lighting Criteria fluorescent 48" x 24” light fixtures with two 40 watt lamps per fixture. Lighting ballast factor = 1.2. fluorescent 48" x 24"return air light fixtures with two 40 watt lamps per 1000 fixture. 30% of light heat retuned to ceiling plenum. Lighting ballast factor = 1.2. 300 incandescent 100 watt light fixtures. Lighting Profile: 90% at 9:00 AM, 100% at 2:00 PM, 90% at 5:00 PM Equipment Criteria 50000 watts of miscellaneous electrical (plug in receptacle) loads 100 _ five (5) horsepower (HP) pieces of equipment (drills, etc.) 1500 _Ibs/hr of steam generated by various processes. Equipment Profile: 50% at 9:00 AM, 80% at 2:00 PM, 60% at 5:00 PM Calculate: The Sensible and Latent heat gains from People, Lights and Equipment at: (1) 9:00 am (2) 2:00 pm (3) 5:00 pm 2000 Heat Gain from People Qps =N-p*qs*Fu*CLF-h (sensible heat gain)Qpl =N-p*qi* Fu (latent heat gain) No. of people = 180,000 ft2 / 100 ft2 / Person = 1,800 people Office: No. of people at office work = 1800 * 1/3 = 600 = Np SHG = 600 people * 250 btuh/person (qs) = 150,000 btuh = (Np * qs. ) LHG = 600 people * 200 btuh/person(ql) = 120,000 btuh = (Np * ql) Factory: No. of people at factory work = 1800 * 2/3 = 1200 = Np SHG = 1200 people * 600 btuh/person (qs) = 720,000 btuh = (Np * qs) LHG = 1200 people * 900 btuh/person (ql) = 1,080,000 btuh = (Np * q) Total SHG = 150,000 + 720,000 = 870,000 Total LHG = 120,000 + 1,080,000 = 1,092,000 Zone Type = C (given), Total Hours in space (8:00 AM to 6:00 PM) = 10 9:00AM 2:00PM 5:00 PM Fu (fraction of max people) 0.7 og 08 LHG = 1,092,000 * Fu 764,000 982,800 873,600 CLF (Zone-C) 0.62 0.86 0.92 SHG = 870,000* Fu*CLF-h 377,580 673,380 640,320 Qi =( (sensible heat gain) Zone Type = C (given). Total Hours that lights are ON (8:00 AM to 6:00 PM) = 10 Fu (fraction of max) and CLF vary with time. Fs is constant for given fixture. (1) Fluorescent Fixtures (Fu and CLF not considered) 2000 fixtures with two 80 watt lamps. 2000 * 80 * 2 = 320,000 watts. Ballast Factor = 1.2 (Fs) Sensible Heat Gain = W * Fs * 3.41 = 320,000 * 1.2 * 3.41 = 1,309,440 btu/hr. (2) Air-Light Fluorescent Fixtures (Fu and CLF not considered) 1000 fixtures with two 40 watt lamps. 1000 * 40 * 2 = 80,000 watts 30% of heat to celling plenum, 70% (0.7) to space. Ballast Factor = 1.3, Fs =1.3* 07=0.91 Sensible Heat Gain = W* Fs * 3.41 = 80,000 * 0.91 * 3.41 = 248,248 btu/hr. (3) Incandescent Fixtures (Fu and CLF not considered) 300 fixtures at 100 watts each. 300 * 100 = 30,000 watts. Fs = 1.0 for incandescent Sensible Heat Gain = W * 3.41 = 30,000 * 3.41 = 102,300 btuhr. 9:00AM 2:00PM 5:00 PM Fu (fraction of max usage) 0.9 1.0 09 0.68 0.84 0.88 (1) Fluorescent 801,377 1,099,930 1,037,076 (2) Air-Light Fluorescent 151,928 208,528 196,612 (3) Incandescent 62,608 85,932___81,022 TOTAL 1,015,913 1,394,390 1,314,710Heat Gain from Equipment Qees = (W* 3.412) * Fu* Fp * CLF-h (sensible heat gain from electric resistance, btu/hr) Qes =2545*(HP/Eff)* Fu* Fp * CLF-h (sensible heat gain from electric motor, btu/hr) Q-el_ = Mw‘ Hfg * Fu * Fp (latent heat gain from equipment, btu/hr) Zone Type = C (given). Total Hours equipment is ON (8:00 AM to 6:00 PM) = 10 Fu (fraction of max), Fp (part load efficiency) and CLF vary with time. (1) Miscellaneous electrical (resistance) loads 50,000 watts. Sensible Heat Gain = 50,000 * 3.41 = 170,500 btu/hr. (2) Motors (inductive) loads 100 five HP motors. Sensible Heat Gain = 100 * 5 * 2545 = 1,272,500 btu/hr. (3) Steam 1500 Ibs/hr. Latent Heat Gain = 1,500 Ibs/hr * 1075 btu/lb = 612,500 btu/hr. 9:00AM 2:00PM 5:00 PM Fu (fraction of max usage) 0.5 08 06 CLF (Zone-C) 0.62 0.86 0.92 (1) Miscellaneous (resistance) 52,855 80,705 89,001 (2) Motors (inductive) 394,475 875,480 664,245 TOTAL (sensible) ‘Summary (Internal Cooling Loads) Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) 9:00 AM 2:00PM 5:00 PM People 377,580 673,380 640,320 Lights 1,015,913 1,394,390 1,314,710 Equipment 956,185 (LHe) People 764,000 982,800 873,600 Equipment 499,875 1,109,400 841,725 Total LHG. 1,263,875 2,092,200 1,715,325 Tons = (SHG +LHG)/ 12,000 258.7 426.3 368.6 Course 1 Lesson (fadvanced-training/course-1/course-1-lesson) About the Author (/content/varkie-thomas)Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Research Professor College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois, USA Varkie Thomas taught graduate courses in Energy Efficient Building Design, Building Energy Performance Analysis and advised doctoral candidates (1996-2008) as an Adjunct Professor at lilinois Institute of Technology {IIT) from SOM. He is currently a Research Professor with the Ph.D. program at IIT. He was a member of the UN Technical Program to China in 1991 and a Visiting Professor from Purdue in Malaysia in 1996/97 funded by the World Bank. Academic: B.Sc. (Honors) in Mathematics from St. Xavier's College Bombay University; Post-Graduate Diploma in Environmental Engineering from London ‘South Bank University; Post-Graduate Diploma (with Distinction) and Ph.D. in Industrial Management from Strathclyde University Glasgow. Registered Professional Engineer (PE.) and Certified Energy Manager (CEM - Association. of Energy Engineers). Instructors (/category/about-ustinstructors)