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Park, New Deli 110 017, Inia, ted in india by Saurbh Printers, shortcontents Prefice Acknowledgments chapter multimedia communications Ad eduction "712 Mulia information representation JAS Mulimedia neworks 714 Mulimmedia applications 15 Application and networking terminology 16 Summary chapter 2. multimedia information representation 221 Introduction 1/22 Digiaon principles Za Ten AB Audio conpresion “48 Video compresion et Summary 5 2s 2 Bn 25 4 53 n 7” 9 96 no us ry 138 138 139 146 ee 190 195 195 195 215 255 chapter5 standards for mattimedia communications 5. Introduction 5. Reference models 5.8 Standards relating to interpersonal 154 Standards relating to interactive applications ‘over the Internet. 5:5 Standard for entertainment applications 56 Summary chapter 6 digital communication basics 61 Introduction 62 Tranamison media, 63 Sources of signal impalement 644 Agmehronous wanamisson 65 Sychronous wansmision 66 Error detecon methods {67 Protocol basis 68 The HDLC protocol 6.9 Summary chapter circuit-switched networks 7 Inoducton 72 Transmission ateme 173 Switching stems 74 Signaling stems 73 Summary chapter 8 enterprise networks 81 tnoduction 82 LAN 3 Ethemney/EEESO2S 8.4 Token ring 261 261 262 268 200 275 283 309 309 313 sat 333 340 49 358 385 398 400 400 408 479 am a4 415 6 485‘eantets eed LAN rotocols te LAN interconnection Aogies ay the internet, grams entation and seassemby Trees snd RARP 1g algorithms support "PP ink ayer protocol ‘Pet imteroperabiliy sary © broadband ATM networks duction format and avitching principles charehltecures col architecture (LANs (MANS ‘caren ATM networks mary 11 entertainment networks ‘and high-speed modems duction te TV neworks Alte television networks restial televsion ners Inspeed PSTN access technologies mary 500 516 sa a3 49 559 6 68 sn 518 57 583 25, 620 637 655 660 668 60 os 679 69 703 m4 a ra a1 a2 139 ™ 78 785 chapter 12 transport protocols 7121 Introduction (A22 TCP/IP protocol suite ‘avs teP “124 Up (A2S RTP and RICP “126 Sunmary chapter 13 application support functions 13:1 Invodvetion 152 ASNI 133 Seeuriy 124 Data encryption 185 Nonrepudiation 135 Authentication 187 Public key cerification auhorides 138 Sommary chapter 14 Internet applications 141 Tawrodueton 142 Domain name sytem 143 Electronic ait M44 FIP M45 Tre 1146 Internet telephony 147 SNMP 148 Summary chapter 15 the We 181 Inodveton 152 URLeand HTTP 153 HTML 15a Audio and video 158 Java and JavaScript 156 Secarity 15.7 Web operation 15.8 Summary Appendix A ‘Appendix B Bibliography Index td Wide Web CRC implementation Forward eror control ‘a. fp contents 8 chapter 1 ry 352 aie est 67 ‘7 883 85 14 890, aot 15. 296 oT 908 925 sat a 16 chapter 2 an os. 22 23 24 ‘multimedia communications Introduction ‘Multimedia information representation ‘Multimedia networks 1.3.1 Telephone nevworks 132 Data networks 113.3 Broadcast television newworks 134 Integrated services digial nevworks 11355 Broadband multiservice networks ‘Multimedia applications 14.1 Interpertonal communications 1:42 Interactive applications over the Internet 143 Entertainment applications “Application and neworking terminclogy 15.1 Media ypes 15.2 Communication modes 1.53 Network ypes 154 Mulépoint conferencing, 1.55 Network QoS 1.56 Application QoS Summary Exercises ‘multimedia information representation Introduction Digitization principles 2.3.1 Analog signals 2.2.2 Encoder design 22.3 Decoder design Text 23.1 Unformatted text 23.2 Formatted text 2.3.3 Hypertext Images 2.4.1 Graphics 2.4. Dightzed documents 2 om 2 26 2 2 38 M 46 5 53 36 st 63 6 n 8 ” » 80 89 oo 8 9625 26 27 chapter 3 a 32 33 a chapter 4 ay 42 2.4.3 Digitized pictures Audio 25.1 PCM speech 25.2 CD-quality aio 25.3 Synthesized audio Video 26.1 Broadeast television 2.62 Digital video 263 PC video 2.8.4 Video content Summary Exercises text and image compression Tetroduetion Compression principles 32.1 Source encoders and destination decoders 32.2 Losses and losy compression 323 Enuropy encoding 324 Source encoding ‘Text compresion 331 State Huffman coding 33.2 Dynamic Huffman coding 333 Arithmetic coding 3.34 Lempel-Ziv coding 3.3.5 Lempel-ZivWelsh coding Image eomprenion 3.41 Craphies interchange format 3.42 Tagged image fle format 8.43 Digitized documents 8.4.4 Digitized pictures 3445 JPEG Sumary Exercises audio and feo compression Introduction ‘Audio compression 421 Differential pulse code modulation 422 Adaptive differential PCM 423 Adaptive predictive coding 100 ne ue us us us uo na 13 138 14 135 138 138 139 139 139 40 M3 146 16 182 156 158 159 162 163 164 166 1m mm . 190 19 195 195, 195 196 199 201 4a 44 chapter 5 5a 52 58 54 424 Linear predictive coding 425 Codecxcited LPC 42.6 Perceptual coding 42.7 MPEG audio coders 4.2.8 Dolby audio coders ‘Video compression 43:1 Video compression principles 432 H261 433 269 43.4 MPEG 435 MPEG1 436 MPEG2 437 MPECA Summary Exercises standards for multimedia communications Inwrodscon | Reference model 5.21 TCP/IP reference model 5.2.2 Protocol basics oe Standards relating to interpersonal comm 53.1 Circuitmode networks 5.32 Packerovitched networks 5.8 Elecuonic mail ser een Suajdards relating to interactive applications over the ls 5.4.1 Information browsing 342 Elecironic commerce 543 Intermediate mens SAA Java and JavaScript Standards for entertainment applications 5.5.1 Movie/videoonsiemand 555. Interactive slevision Summary Exercises igital communication basics Introduction ‘Transmission media 6.2.1 Tworwice open lines 82.2 Twisted airlines cons | 9 201 203, 24 207 212 215 216 25 29 237 238 242 246 255, 237 261 261 262 365 281 268 270 278 286 200 29 203 295 207 298 3, 207 309 309) 313, au aie63. 64 65 68 67 6s, 69 chapter 7 623 Coaxial cable 6.24 Optical fiber 6.25 Satellites 6.2.6 Terrestrial microwave 6.2.7 Radio 6.28 Signal propagation deby Sources of signal impairment 63.1 Auenvation 6.3.2 Limited bandwidth 63.3 Delay distortion 63.4 Noise Asynchronous transmission 64.1 Bitmnchronization 6.42 Character smichronization 6.43 Frame synchronization Synchronous transmission 65.1 Bit smchronization 65.2 Characteroriented 853 Bicoriented Error detection methods 6.6.1 Parity 6.6.2 Block sum check 6.6.8 Cyclic redundancy check Protocol basics 62.1 Error control 6.2.2 Idle RQ 6.23 Continous RQ 6.2.4 Flow control 6.7.5 Séquence numbers 6.76 Layered architecture 6.2.7 Protocol specification 8.78 User service primitives ‘The HDLC protocol Summary Exercises circuit-switched networks Introduction Transinision systems 7.2.1 Analog subscriber lines 72.2 PSIN modems 72.8 Digital subscriber fines 72.4 Plesiochronous digital hierarchy an an a sie set 35 396 23. 14 15 chapter 8 88. 89 810 chapter 9 on 92 93 725 Synchronous digital hierarchy Switching systems 732 Time switching TR2 Space switching, 7.33 Digital switching units Signaling systems TALL Access network signaling 742 Trunk network signaling Summary Exercises networks. Introduction LANs Exherniet/IEEE8023 Token ring Bridges 85.1 Transparent bridges 85.2 Source routing bridges FDpI igh speed LANS 87:1 Fast Ethernet 87.2 Switched Fast Ethernet 8.7.8 Gigabit Ethernet LAN protocols 88.1 Physical layer 88.2 MAC sublayer 883 LLC cublayer 884 Network Iner : -Mullisite LAN interconnection technologies 89.1 Intersive gateways 8.9.2 ISDN switched connections 89.3 Frame relay 8.9.4 High bitrate leased tines ‘Summary Exercises ‘the Internet Introduction IP datagraras Fragmentation and reassembly ry 40 “a 46 a8 “9 461 a0 a am 45 476 485, 500 sor si 516 a1 sa 539 sar sis a8 545 580 551 54 587 564 568 smContents 4 95. 96 97 98 99 910 aan oe ‘chapter 10 ya 104 103 104 addresses 841 Subnets AARP and RARP 95.1 ARP 952 BARP 9353 ARP/RARP message formats 0 tans Routing algorithms 961 Satie routing 962 Flooding 9163 Distance vector routing 964 Linkstateshortentpathiiet rowing 9.65 Hierarchical routing 9656 Clasessinterdomain routing 96.7 Tunneling 868. Broadcast routing 9.69. Mulicas routing 96.10 IGMP 96.1 Mebone loMP 9.3.1 ICMP message formas and wansmision QoS support 9B. Invegrated services 28.2 Differentiated sersices The PPP link layer protocol 16 910. Datagram format 9810.2 Address structure 2.10.3 Extension headers 9.104 Autotontiguration 1146 /1Pv4 interoperability 9:1. Dual peotocots 9.112 Dual sacks and eneling 9.113 Translators Summary Exercises broatband ATM networks Introduction, Call format and switching principles Switch architectures Protocol architecture 104.1 ATM adaptation layer 30.42 ATM layer a ros ATM LANs ss 105.1 Cal procesing me 106 KEMMANS o so THD Subnet archi 262 Protocol arhiectre = 1083 Queved arbitrate aces protocol a 10.6.4 Bandwidth balancing oe 10.65 Peioritized distributed queuing oon 10.6.6 Sot and segmem Sorsats al 10.6.7 SMDS oo 10.7 Wide area ATM networks oes 108 Sumeary Exerelien sos 600 = yedems oa chopter 11 entertainment networks and highspeed os 111 Insodction ea 112 Cable TV networks e 11.2.1 HFC networks Ca 11.3. Satellite television networks oe 11.3.1 Broadcast television principles So 11132 Digital television na 11.33 Interactive services “a 114 Terrestrias television newworks ls os LAT Broadcast television prineipl ois 1142 Dig television a 11.43 Interactive services ies ee ALS Highapeed PSTN access technolog! oe 115.1 ADSL ea 11.5.2 VDSL_ = 11.6 Summary a Exercises 662 chapter 12 _ transport protocols ] 12.1 Introduction te 122 TCP/IP protocol suite a 123 TCP on 1281 User services om 1282 Protec operation oe 12.3.3 Additional features bald < 1284 Protocol specification Contents B x9 65 Ww 705 07 no m ns 78 720 ™ mm m8 a a 732 736 159 761 766 m0 ™ m ms TH 78 79 1 728 181 co 01 2 704 705 500 as 833,124 125 126 chapter 13 11 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 chapter 14 4a M42 M3 upp 124.1 User services 12.42 Protocol operation RIP and RCP 1251 RIP application support functions Introduction ASN. 1821 Type definitions 132.2 Transfer syntax Security Data encryption 1841 Terminology 13.42 Basic techniques 13.43 The data eneryption standard 1344 IDEA 13.45 The RSA algorithm Nonrepuciation Authentication 136.1 Using a public key system 13.62 Using a private key stern Public key certification authorities Summary Exercises internet applications Introduction Domain name system 142.1 Name structure and administration 14.22 DNS resource records 142.3 DNS query messages 1424 Name servers 1425 Service requests Elecronie mail 14.3.1 Structure of email messages 14.8.2 Message content 143.3 Message wansfer 144 7 48 chapter 15, 151 152 153 4 155 156 187 FIP 14.41 Overview 14.42 File content representation 14.43 FIP operation 1444 Command and reply message format 1445 Example 1446 Anonymous FTP ‘TFIP 145.1 Protocol Internet telephony 1461 SP 1462 SDP 1463 GLP ‘SNMP 14.71 Structure of management information 14.72 Prowocol Summary Exercises ‘The World Wide Web Introduction URLsand HTTP 1521 URLs 1522 HTTP HTML 159.1 Text format directives 15.82 Lists 1533 Color 15.34 Images and lines 1535 Tables 153.6 Forms and OGI scripts 1537 Webmail 15.38 Frames ‘Audio and video 15.41 Streaming using a Web server 1542 Streaming servers and RTSP Java and JavaScript 155. Java 1552 JavaScript Security 156.1 SSL 1562 SET Web operation 5 925, 925 926 927 9 3st 931 932 935 937 939 ont 48 947 951 955, 956 987 960 966 967 970 73 7 78 985 98 987 990 995 997 1000 1000 1008, 1006ae REN” 15.21 Seach Engines 106 1e12 Porat _ ss preface Bowne us ‘endix A CRC implementation 1015 endixB Forward error control 1019 graphy 1030 Index 108 Objectives ‘Multimedia communications embraces a range of applications and network: ing infrastuctures, The term multimedia is used to indicate that the information/data relating to an application may be composed of a number of different types of media which are integrated together in some way. The different media types are tex, images, speech, audio and video and some example applications are video telephony (speech and video), multimedia electronic mail (tex, images and audi for example), interactive television (text, audio and video), electronic commerce (text, images, audio and video), Web TV (text, audio and video) and many others In practice, there are a number of different types of network that are used to provide the networking infrastructure, These include not only net ‘works that were designed from the outset to provide multimedia communication services ~ normally referred to as broadband multiservice networks ~ but also nensorks that were designed initially to provide just 2 single type of service and its asa result of advances in various technologies that these can now support a range of other (multimedia) services. For exam- ple, public (and private) switched telephone networks (PSTNs) were ‘designed initially to provide a basic telephony service but they are now used to support a range of more advanced multimedia applications involving all of the different media types. Similarly, computer networks such as the Interne, ‘which were designed inially to provide generat data communication serrces such as electronic mail and file transfers, can now support a much richer set ‘of multimedia applications, In terms ofthe different types of media, text and images are generated, and represented in a digital form, Speech, audio and video, kowever, are gen ‘erated in the form of continuously varying ~ normally referred to a8 analog ~ signal. Hence in order to integrate al of the different media types together, itis necessary to fist convert the various analog signals into a digital form. ‘The integrated digital information stream can then be stored within a com- puter and transmitted over a network in a unified way. In addition, unlike {ext and images which are created in the form of a single block of digital information, since speech, audio and vileo are continuously varying signals, digizaton process can produce lage volumes of information which car Yies on increasing with time. Hence in most multimedia applications, in MT TE ETE MRS TS SA NR ILSChabter mura cima 1.2 ‘The applications may involve either person-to-person communications or Persondosystem communications. In general, two people communicate with cach other through suitable terminal equipment (TE) while a person inter- acts with a system using either a multimedia personal computer (PC) or ‘workstation. Typically, dese are located either in the home of on a desktop nan office and the ystem isa server containing a collection of files or doct- ‘ments each comprising digitized text, images, audio, and video information either singly or integrated together in some wi. Alternatively, the server may contain a library of digitized movies/videos and the user interacts with the server by means ofa suitable selection device that is connected to the settop. box (STB) associated with a television, In practice, there are a numberof diferent types of network that are used to provide the networking infrastructure, These include not only networks {hat were designed from the outset to provide multimedia communication ser vies butalso networks that were designed initalyto provide just a single ype of service andit isasa result of advances in various technologies that these can "ow provide a range of other services. For example, public switched telephone ‘networks (PSTN) also known as general switched telephone networks (GSTNs) ~ were designed intially to provide a basic switched telephone ser vice but, as a result of advances in digital signal processing hardware and associated software, they now provide a range of more advanced services involving text, images, and video. Similarly, data networks that were designed Initially o support basic data applications such as electronic mail and file \wansfers, now support a much richer set of applications that involve images, audio, and video, In this chapter we shall present an overview of, firstly, how the different media types ae represented, secondly, the different types of network that are Used to provide multimedia communication services, and thirdly, a selection ofthe applications that these networks support. Finally, we describe the mean- ‘ng ofa range of terms tha are associated with multimedia communications. Multimedia information representation Appliationsinvoing ext and images comprise blocs of digi. data. tn de case of text for example a piel unt ira block of characters wir ec chara? ter presented bya fixed numberof binary dig (its) own a codeword. Similar dined image comprises ewodimensional Black of what are called pictre elements with each element represented bya fked number of bits Aso, since pial pplication ivohing text and images comprises short ‘eyes for sme afrmaton = efor example and le contents beng returned he dation ofthe overall ansaction seal shore Jn applicators involving audio and video, however, the audio and vidéo signals ry continuo ith time as the amplitade ofthe speech, abo or video signal Yares This ype of signal i known san alg signal and, yp cally the duration of applications that involve audio and/or ideo ean be 23 matimedla eters {25 relatively long. A typical tel one conversation, for example, can last for se * eral minutes while a movie (comprising audio and video) ean last for @ tuber of bour In applications tat ino usta ingle ype of mei the bas form of representation ofthe paral media pes ened Siar nape Sone tat nave eer tetandsnages or audhoandidco thr form is often wed since the wo media ypes in thee applications have the eae form of representation. However, it appicton tat involve he diferent tmeia ypes tegrated together in sme way, comes neces to pre sata four media pest digital frm Inte case of tet and age th is their standard form of representation. For audio and video, however, beast ther aie forms ct epresenation ae analog gal these mst be converted into a coresponing digital form before they can be negra wih de to other media pes ‘swe shal dexribe ir he next chapter, the dgization ofan dio signal produces egal sgl which, becaute the amplitude ofthe sig tales cominuoty ith nei ofa rlavey high bt rte This mesure in bits per second (ope) ad, in the cat of speech saga for example, a pia birt tps Noreover, becasesppicaionsinvling ae can be of long drain, his bic ate must be sstained over amex tong tine period The same applet the dghizaton of» ido signal excep tat tnuc highcr bit ates ane longer time duration are invobe. In genera, Romever swe shall xpand upon inthe next section, the commoncaon retorts that are wed t port appieton hat invole audio and ie Canmot suppor the very hgh bit estat are required for representing these media pes ina dgal form. Ava rl a techngue lon as com preston ise appied vo the dighied signals m order to reduce the Feraing bitrate to level which the various nebrorke ean support Gompresion iso applied to text and images in order to reduce the tne dei nemeen x req being made fr some information an the informa ton becoming aasle on ay the screen ofa computer We all esi ‘Secon ofthe compres agora tat are ued vil ext and ages in Ghapier and those wed vith audio and video in Chapter 4 Multimedia networks ‘There are five basic ypes of communication network that are used to provide ‘multimedia communication services: telephone networks, data nesworks, broadcast television nesworks, integrated services digital networks, ‘Ym broadband muldservice networks.1-1 Muttinsia communications 131 [As the names imply, the first three network types were initially designe ® to provide justa single type of service: telephony, data communications, and broadcast television respectively. The last two network types, however, were designed from the outset to provide multiple services. We shall describe the essential features of each wype of network separately and, inthe case ofthe first three network types, the technological developments that have enabled them to provide additional services Telephone networks Public sviched telephone neoworks have been in existence for many years fh hove gone through many changes daring thie ime, They were designed to provide a tac sutched telephone service which, with the advent ofthe ‘ther network ypes has become known a plain ad telephone service or POTS. The term “iced” ned eo indicate data sbseiber can make a call t any other telephone thats connected tothe ‘oral network. nial, Soch networks spanned jus single county but ater the telephone neworks of deren counties were interconnected so thst they now provide an inter ‘anal oitched service The main components of the netrork are shown ia Gigrammati form in Figure 11(). ‘swe canst, telephones loested i the home orin a small busines are connected direct their nearest local exchange/end offic, Those located sn'a medium ole olfce/site are connected to agate siching office frown as private branch exchange or PBX, The PBX provides (re) Switched sevice between any two telephones that are connected tit Io Addon, the PBX s connected to is nearest local (publi) exchange which ables the telephones that are connected tothe PBX also to make calls through a PSTN. More recent, cellar phone networks have been into- duced which provide a similar service to mobile sunecribers by means of handsets tate linked to the celular phone network inrastrvctre by Tati The svitches used ina celular phone network are known 2s moi ‘itching centers (MSCs) and these, ike a PBX, ae alto connected 10 & Srthing office in'a PSTN which enables both set of sublerbers to make fall to one another Final, international als are rote to nd shed by {aternationalgteway exchanges (IGE), ‘swe indented cari, speech sgoal s analog sig sie it wares continuously with time according to the amplitde ard Feuency variations ofthe sound reuting from the speech, A lerophone rset conver this Sito an analog electra ina, Besse of thi, telephone networks operate inhatsaled a cet mode which means that, foreach ll separate cir tuts setup through the network ~ of the necesiry capacity ~ fr the Guration of the call The access cet that ink Ue telephone handsets fo a PSTN or PBX were designed, therefore, to carry the tworay analog sigals tssociated wth al Hence, although within a PSTN all the sitches and the {tansmision cies that interconnect them now operate in dig mode, 13 Mutimeda eters | 7 joccms Meckgonan ten/a PN ns an Gay, v ami Lissire oops et ~ rage stewie ‘eeshone roo — slog aces ew XE = be echonge/ond lice sth "= bi sec lepers a elaredaternh Fix pine tionsechonge EGSe © evap mle eiing coer Ge Bowartnd gsewoy echoes dor steers | alo ccs at Andon cca Hightawe —>]Chapter 1 ultieslaconmuriatons 13.2 to carry digital signal~a stream of binary Is and Ox ~ over the analog access circuits requires device known asa modem. The general scheme isshown in Figure 1.1(). Essentially, at the ending side, the modem converts the digital signal ‘output by the source cigital device into an analog signal that is compatible ‘with a normal speech signal. This is routed through the network in the sume way asa speech signal and, at the receiving side, the modem converts the analog signal back again into its digital form before relaying this othe dest- nation digital device. Modems also have the necessary circuits to set up and. terminate a call, Hence by using a pair of modems ~ one at each subseriber access point ~ a PSIN can also be used to provide a switched digital service. The early modems supported only avery low bit rate service of 30bps but a result of advances in digital signal processing cireuite, modems are now available that support bit rates of up to 56Rbps. As we shall expand upon in Chapter 4, this is sufficient to support, not only applications that comprise ‘ext and images integrated together, but also services that comprise speech, and low-resolution video, In addition, continuing advances in digital signal processing techniques ‘mean that modems are now available for use with the same access circuits ‘that provide a high bitrate channel which is in addition tothe speech chan nel used for telephony. Typically the bitrate of this second channel is such {dt it can support high-resolution audio and videa and hence they are used. to provide access to servers that support a range of entertainmentzelated. applications. The general scheme is shown in Figure 1.1(¢) and, a we shall, see in Chapter 4, such applications require bitrates in excess of 1.5 Mbps, ‘This illustrates the technological advances that have been made inthis area since the early modems were introduced in the early 1960s and, as we can deduce ffom this, a PSTN can now support not only speech applications but lso'a wide range of other multimedia communication applications Data networks Data networks were deigned to provide basic data Zommunication services such as eleéGaic tail (email) and general file ransfers. The user euip meni Yonfetted to thee networks, thefefore, iia computer such as a PC,a \woitsston, or an email/fle cetver. The two most widely deployed networks ‘of this ype are the X95 network andthe Internet. Because ofits operational mode, however, the X.25 network is restricted to relatively low bitrate data applications and hence is unsuitable for most multimedia applications. ‘The nent a up ofa vast collection of interconnected networs all of which operate using the me set of communication protooos, A communi cation protocol is an agreed set of rules that ate adhered to by all communicating parties for the exchange of information. The cules define noc only the sequence of messages that are exchanged between the communicating Parties but alo the syntox of these messages. Hence by using the same set of 1.2 A butettidn ofthe network types connected tothe Internet. 1.3 Multimedia networks | 29 ‘communication protocols, all the computers that are connected tothe Internet «can communicate freely with each other irrespective oftheir ype or manus: ‘turer. This also the origin of the term “open systems interconnection”. Figure es of inlerconnected network 1.2 shows selection ofthe different Das FC oan i Sever compar Gb brat bocion eh Des FC/wain Sacompus pi BS ack LAN = bel ona reat G/W= goxwoy IBDN = eg series dil ntverk‘swe can se, nthe ease of 2 usr at home or in smal busines acces th the Internets through an intermediate Internet service provider (ISP) net ‘work. Normally, since this type of ser wants access to the Internet intermittently, the user devices are connected to the ISP network either through a PSTN with modems or through an lacograted services tgital network (ISDN} ‘hich, as we shall explain in Section 1.3.4, provides aces ata higher bitrate. ‘Aternaely busines users obtain aces ether trough ate /eampat network ifthe business comprises only a single site of, if i comprises maliple ates, !hroogh an enterprisewide private network. The sre approach used by most colleges and unierstes. In the case ofa single sit/campus, the netrork i ‘nom asa (priate) lea area network or LAN. Foran enteprsevide network comprising muliple tes He sts are interconnected together wing an inker- site backbone network to provide a set of enterprise wide communication Services. In aon, providing the eambnicaton protocols Used by all he computes connected io the network ae the same as those defined for ie with the tre, then ll the users alo have acess othe range of series provided. ty the faternet The enterprise network's then known as an intranet since all internal services are provided using the same set of eommunicaon protools a8 those defined for the lnternet. The diferent types of neovork are ll connected to the Internet backbone network through an interworking ni called 2 gat ‘7a which, because its responsible for routing and relaying all sages to and from the connected network, i also Rov as rottr. All data neworks operate in what called packet mode, Eset, a padet isa container fora Block of data and, ats hadi dhe adres ofthe Jntended recipient computer which i wed to roe the packet through the network, Tht mode of operation was chosen since the forat ofthe data associated with data applications is normally i the form of dicrete blocks of text or binary data with varying time inervatebecween each block. More recently, however, mnulimedia PCs have become available that soppott a range of other applications. For example, with the addiion ofa microphone nd a par of speakers together with & sound card and asiodated software digitize the speech ~ PCr are now weed to support telephony and other speech-elated applications. Similarly, withthe addition of a video'caméra and asocsted hardvare and software a range of other appliajons aok video ean be supported. Also ince thei introdiction, higher tre an zission ciecvits ad rowing odes have become avalsble and eb] ‘expand upon in Chapters 3 and 4, more efficient algorthins to reprexent speech, audio, and vdeo ina digital form. Collective therelor; th means that packet mode networks ~ and the Internet in partculat~ now support ‘noc only generat data communication applications but aly. range-sE other rmulimedis communication applications Involving speech, ai, and video. Broadcast television networks Broadcast television neiworks were designed to support the diffusion of analog television (and radio) programs throughout wide geographical areas In the case ofa large town or tity the broadcast medium is normally a cable 1.3 Multimedia netoris | 30 sepvorkoometines tasvwion network wile for larger ares, 2 satite “ care atadoat newrk sted Since ther nvoducton, gt ev rr egtn ecme avn with ese nto nih togetier wh Seiten urn channel for nrectonpurpoe,proide ge of caer tere such games paying and home sopping. The gee wasn ble amaution meter nd 2 stellt trent Broa se srrk re dow in Figure 1) and (0 respecte . pcm ein Fare St) he vip toad heal i wri Sat ross not oy contol ofthe teenon hate cra fp secs to oer evs or exunple hen abe modem @ sty o Soni rata S18 = sep box wih ite aden 5: (8) cable networks; Figure 1.3 Broadcast television networks: (a) cal () satelite/terrestrial broadcast networks.