1.) How is penicillin inactivated?

Penicillin can be inactivated in three way protein binding, metabolism or excretion. The liver
metabolizes penicillin into an inactive compound which is excreted. Large proteins which are
normally circulating in the plasma can bind to penicillin and inactivate it.

2.) Bacteria that are sensitive to penicillin live when grown in a isotonic medium. What does this
suggest about a possible mechanism of action of penicillin?

Penicillin kills bacteria through binding of the beta lactam ring DD transpeptidase, inhibiting its
cross linking activity and preventing new cell wall formation. Without a cell wall, a bacterial cell
is vulnerable to outside water and molecular pressures and quickly dies.

The first penicillin mechanism action. Inhibits bacterial cell wall syntesis by binding and
inactivating proteins present in the bacterial wall penicillin inhibit the transpeptidation reaction
and block across linking of the cell wall.

3.) Some penicillin can be excreted in the urine. What does this signify in terms of metabolism

The liver metabolizes penicillin into an activate compound which is excreted. Large proteins
which are normally circulating in the plasma can bind to penicillin and inactivate it. Penicillin is
also filtered out of the body through the kidneys. As an antibiotic, penicillin kills bacteria or
prevents them from growing and multiplying. The drug works by attacking enzymes that build
the cell walls of bacteria.