energies

Article
Elimination of the Inrush Current Phenomenon
Associated with Single-Phase Offline UPS Systems
Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, Shahid Atiq and Byung-il Kwon *
Deptartment of Electronic Systems Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 426-791, Korea;
sabir@hanyang.ac.kr (S.S.H.B.); shahidatiq@hanyang.ac.kr (S.A.)
* Correspondence: bikwon@hanyang.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-31-400-5165

Academic Editor: Gabriele Grandi

Received: 4 December 2015; Accepted: 28 January 2016; Published: 4 February 2016

Abstract: Critical load applications always rely on UPS systems to uphold continuous power during
abnormal grid conditions. In case of any power disruption, an offline UPS system starts powering
the load to avoid blackout. However, this process can root the momentous inrush current for the
transformer installed before the load. The consequences of inrush current can be the reduction
of output voltage and tripping of protective devices of the UPS system. Furthermore, it can also
damage the sensitive load and decrease the transformer’s lifetime. To prevent the inrush current,
and to avoid its disruptive effects, this research suggests an offline UPS system based on a current
regulated inverter that eliminates the inrush current while powering the transformer coupled loads.
A detailed comparative analysis of the conventional and proposed topologies is presented and the
experiment was performed by using a small prototype to validate the performance, and operation of
the proposed topology.

Keywords: uninterruptible power supply; offline; inrush currents; current regulation

1. Introduction
The stability of power is a key concern for domestic, commercial, and industrial users these
days. Sags, swells, and outages over and over again interrupt the operational processes, and even
lead to equipment impairment [1,2]. Intended for the continuous operation of critical loads, such as
flexible speed drives, semiconductor processing tools, and industrial, commercial, and life-supporting
systems, a UPS system is usually installed to keep the power during any abnormal grid condition [2–5].
These UPS systems can be categorized into different types based on their configuration and operating
principles. However, this paper focuses on the single-phase topology of an offline UPS system.
An offline UPS topology is sometimes named as line-preferred and involves of a main switch
to connect the load directly to the utility, a battery that can be charged using a charger/rectifier,
an inverter to power the load from the battery during abnormal grid conditions, and an alternate
switch to connect the load to the UPS system [6]. The power rating of the charger is about 20% and the
inverter is about 100%, hence the overall power capacity of this topology is about 120% of the output
power [7]. The major advantages of an offline UPS system are; high efficiency, small size, simple design,
and low cost. In addition to the several advantages, some of the negatives associated with this topology
are the absence of isolation for critical loads and the power provided to the load is not controlled,
hence the load is not guarded from any of the transient occurrence at the utility side [3,8]. Due to
this reason, a single-phase offline UPS topology is used for low power applications. To overcome
this issue and to provide isolation for the load, a load transformer is generally installed between the
load and the utility. Additional disadvantages include the performance issues with the nonlinear
loads [6] and the larger load transfer switching time interval [8]. During this interval, a flux offset

Energies 2016, 9, 96; doi:10.3390/en9020096 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2016, 9, 96 2 of 16

is established for the load transformer which was installed before, for electrical isolation or voltage
matching purposes. Hence, as soon as the UPS reinstates the load voltage, the transformer flux may
increase beyond its threshold and causes magnetic saturation. This saturation of the load transformer
generates the serious magnitude of inrush current [1,9]. The magnitude of this inrush current may
increase from two to six times the load current. However, it depends on various factors including the
voltage injection instant of the inverter and the properties of the load transformer [10]. The inrush
current decreases the output voltage, actuate the protection devices of the system, and damage the
sensitive load. Furthermore, it can also damage the transformer and decrease its lifetime [9,11,12].
Many solutions which were previously used for the transformer inrush current mitigation,
can also be used for an offline UPS system powering a transformer-coupled sensitive load. However,
most of them have some disrupting effects on the UPS topology on the cost of inrush current mitigation
for example, by decreasing the voltage during the generation of inrush current or by turning on
the inverter voltage at the proper phase angle can reduce the inrush current phenomenon [13,14]
but it can cause an interruption for a longer time than the conventional single-phase offline UPS
topology [1,15]. Introducing the resistors or reactors during the starting time of the UPS system
can reduce the inrush current magnitude as well, but to accommodate these resistors, reactors, and
electromechanical switches, a large power distribution panel is required [16]. Increasing the size of
the load transformer at more than the rated flux density can also be an effective solution to deal with
the inrush current issue, but it will increase the overall size and the cost of the system. A flux offset
compensation method to regulate the flux of the transformer may also be used. However, it complicates
the implemented control algorithm for the UPS system [1,17].
Headed for the elimination of inrush current associated with a single-phase offline UPS system
during the transfer of load, this paper proposes a new single-phase offline UPS topology that utilizes
a current regulating scheme for the inverter implemented in a stationary frame of reference. This
current control strategy is based on recently-established high-bandwidth control strategies which are
originally designed for motor controls [2]. However, these algorithms are also applicable for regulating
AC currents for any balanced load [18]. Adding to the complete elimination of inrush current, this
control strategy enables the proposed offline UPS system to offer better performance while dealing
with nonlinear loads. Since the probability of the inrush current is completely eliminated and the
isolation for the load is achieved without any risk, hence the proposed offline UPS system may be
employed for higher power use.

2. Basic Operating Principle

The operational principles of the conventional and proposed single-phase offline UPS systems are
discussed below:

2.1. Conventional Single-Phase Offline UPS System

Figure 1a shows a basic diagram of an offline UPS system. During the normal utility power
condition the inverter is bypassed by the main switch (S M ) and the load is delivered power directly by
the utility without any isolation. Throughout this operation, the system is said to be in normal mode.
Meanwhile, the battery is charged by the charger/rectifier and the inverter remains off. However,
when the utility experiences any fault, the main switch (S M ) opens to isolate the load from the utility
and the alternate switch (S A ) energizes to supply the backup power of the battery. The system is said
to be in inverter mode. This transition of load takes about 4 ms in most of the cases and can be as much
as 20 ms depending on the fault detection and the load transition mechanisms [8]. The load transition
time interval does not affect the loads without the load transformer and the load current remains the
same, as seen in Figure 1b,c shows the load voltage under such condition.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 3 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 3 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 3 of 16

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 1. (a) Basic diagram of a single-phase offline UPS system without load transformer;
Figure 1. (a) Basic diagram of a single-phase offline UPS system without load transformer; (b) load
(b) load current; and (c) load voltage.
current; and (c) load voltage. (c)
For the1.acceptable
Figure isolationofof aload
(a) Basic diagram from theoffline
single-phase utility,UPS
a load transformer
system is generally
without load installed
transformer;
before
For (b) the
theload load as
acceptable shown
current; and in
isolationFigure
(c) load of 2a. The transition time interval, which did not affect
load from the utility, a load transformer is generally installed
voltage. the load currentbefore
before i.e., in case of load without the load transformer, can generate
the load as shown in Figure 2a. The transition time interval, which did not affect the load serious magnitude of inrushcurrent
transient
before i.e., current
Forinthe case during
acceptable the
of loadisolation starting
withoutofthe of
loadthe UPS
from
load system while powering
the utility, acan
transformer, load the
transformer
generate transformer-coupled
is generally
serious magnitude load.
installed
of inrush
Figurethe
before 2b,cload
shows the behavior
as shown of 2a.
in starting
Figure an The
offline UPS system during such circumstances.
affect From thecurrent
figure,
transient current during the of thetransition time interval,
UPS system which
while powering didthe
not transformer-coupled
the load load.
it is evident
before i.e., inthat
casetheofload
loadcurrent
withoutreaches
the loadto 5.54 per unit (p.u)
transformer, canwhich
generateis more thanmagnitude
serious five and a ofhalfinrush
times
Figure 2b,c shows the behavior of an offline UPS system during such circumstances. From the figure,
higher than
transient the rated
current during steady-state
the startingmagnitude. Figure while
of the UPS system 3a,b shows the flowcharts
powering for a typical offline
the transformer-coupled load.
it is UPS
evidentsystem that the loadthe
to illustrate current
transferreaches to 5.54 per unit (p.u) to which is more than five and a half
Figure 2b,c shows the behavior of anofoffline
load from
UPSnormal
systemoperating
during such the inverter
circumstances.modes,
Fromandthe
vice versa.
figure,
times higher than the rated steady-state magnitude. Figure 3a,b shows the
it is evident that the load current reaches to 5.54 per unit (p.u) which is more than five and a half timesflowcharts for a typical
offline
higher than the rated steady-state magnitude. Figure 3a,b shows the flowcharts for a typical offline and
UPS system to illustrate the transfer of load from normal operating to the inverter modes,
vice UPS
versa.system to illustrate the transfer of load from normal operating to the inverter modes, and vice versa.

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 2. (a) Basic diagram of a single-phase offline UPS system with load transformer;
(b) load current; and (c) load voltage.
(c)
Figure 2. (a) Basic diagram of a single-phase offline UPS system with load transformer;
Figure 2. (a) Basic diagram of a single-phase offline UPS system with load transformer; (b) load current;
(b) load current; and (c) load voltage.
and (c) load voltage.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 4 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 4 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 4 of 16

(a) (b)
Figure 3. Flowchart for the (a) normal operating; and (b) inverter modes of the conventional offline
Figure 3. Flowchart for the (a) normal
(a) operating; and (b) inverter modes
(b) of the conventional offline
UPS system.
UPS system.
Figure 3. Flowchart for the (a) normal operating; and (b) inverter modes of the conventional offline
2.2. Proposed Single-Phase Offline UPS System
UPS system.
2.2. Proposed Single-Phase Offline UPS System
To eliminate the inrush current for an offline UPS system when it is powering the load transformer,
2.2.
this Proposed
paper
To eliminate Single-Phase
offers
the inrush Offline
an offline UPSUPS
current for System
topology
an based
offline UPS onsystem
a current
whenregulated inverterthe
it is powering instead of the
load transformer,
conventional
this paperTooffers PWM
eliminate voltage
an the
offline source
inrushUPS inverter.
topology
current Basic
based
for an offline operational
UPSon principle
a current
system of
when itregulatedthe suggested
is poweringinverter UPS system
instead of the
the load transformer,
isthis
similar
conventional paper asoffers
PWM the voltage
conventional
an offline topology
UPS
source shown
topology
inverter. inoperational
based
Basic Figures 1a and
on a current 2a. However,
regulated
principle the risk
inverter
of the of UPS
instead
suggested inrush
of the
system
current is
conventional rejected
PWM by using
voltage a current
source control
inverter. Basicalgorithm
operationalimplemented
principle of in
the a stationary
suggested frame
UPS of
system
is similar as the conventional topology shown in Figures 1a and 2a. However, the risk of inrush
reference.
is similar Figure
as the 4a,b shows thetopology
complete illustration of the proposed topology along with theinrush
filter
current is rejected by conventional
using a current controlshown in Figures
algorithm 1a and 2a.
implemented inHowever,
a stationary the frame
risk of of reference.
circuit.
currentAsisshown
rejectedin by
Figure 4b, athe
using filter circuit
current controlconsists of animplemented
algorithm inductor and in a capacitor connected
a stationary frame in of
Figure 4a,b to
parallel
shows
each
the complete
other
illustration of the proposed of topology along with the filter circuit.
reference. Figure 4a,btoshows
removethethe current illustration
complete and voltageofripples the inverter,
the proposed topology respectively.
along with the filter
As shown in Figure 4b, the filter circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel to
circuit. As shown in Figure 4b, the filter circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in
each other to remove the current and voltage ripples of the inverter, respectively.
parallel to each other to remove the current and voltage ripples of the inverter, respectively.

(a)

(a)

(b)
Figure 4. (a) Complete diagram of the proposed single-phase UPS system with load transformer; and
(b) filter circuit. (b)
Figure 4. (a) Complete diagram of the proposed single-phase UPS system with load transformer; and
Figure 4. (a) Complete diagram of the proposed single-phase UPS system with load transformer;
(b) filter circuit.
and (b) filter circuit.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 5 of 16

The current-regulating algorithm employed for the proposed UPS system uses an improved
current control scheme which is ideally suited for controlling AC currents with and without motor
loads through a PI controller, as illustrated in [19]. Simplicity and ease in implementation are the only
reasons for using this current control algorithm. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the implemented
current control strategy along its performance and stability issues are well discussed in [19]. However,
any of the recently well-developed current regulating schemes can also be used for this purpose.
The transfer function of the proposed system powering a load without associated EMF i.e., RL load is
given by:
I ˚ psq ˚ Gc psq ˚ VDC ˚ G p psq ˚ Fpsq
Ipsq “ (1)
1 ` Gc psq ˚ VDC ˚ G p psq ˚ Fpsq
However, if the proposed UPS system is powering a motor load, same transfer function can be
written as:
I ˚ psq ˚ Gc psq ˚ VDC ˚ G p psq ˚ Fpsq ´ G p psq ˚ Dpsq
Ipsq “ (2)
1 ` Gc psq ˚ VDC ˚ G p psq ˚ Fpsq
where I*(s) is the reference command, I(s) is the inverter output i.e., measured load current, a linear
amplifier with a forward gain of VDC is used for the replacement of PWM modulator, Gc (s) and G p (s)
are the transfer functions of controller and plant, respectively, and the motor load’s back EMF is
modeled as a disturbance injection D(s) using simple control theory [19]. However, F(s) is the transfer
function of the filter and is given by:

1
Fpsq “ (3)
1 ` s ˚ L f ` s2 ˚ L f ˚ C f

where L f is the filter inductance and C f is the filter capacitance, respectively.

The function of the PI controller in the system is to equate the load current to the reference
command as diligently as possible while minimizing any error caused by the disturbance injection
D(s). The transfer function of the plant is given by:

1 L
G p psq “ , T“ (4)
Rp1 ` sTq R

Gc (s) is given by: „ 

1
Gc psq “ K p 1` (5)
sτr
where τ r is the integrator reset time and is the ratio of proportional and integral gain (K p /Ki ).
By substituting from Equations (4) and (5), the open loop forward path gain of this system is
obtained as:
VDC ˚ K p ˚ p1 ` sτr q
G p Gc psq “ (6)
R ˚ τr ˚ s ˚ p1 ` sTq
The operation of any control system is always influenced by two delays: (1) transport delay due
to the PWM process and (2) sampling delay due to the digital control system. The total transport
and sampling delay for the implemented current-regulating algorithm is about 0.75 [20] of the carrier
period. The PWM carrier period in this case is about 100 µs.
The control loop delays can be modeled by using Z-transform theory as discussed in [21] with a
zero-order-hold element to model sampling delay and a 1/Z block in series with the controller to model
transport delay. The average-value model diagram representations of the inverter with the properties
of sampling and transport delays while powering an RL and motor loads are shown in Figure 5a,b.
Figure 6 shows a Bode plot of Open Loop Forward Gain of the implemented current control algorithm,
while considering transport and sampling delays. These plots are obtained under the conditions of
passive RL load having R = 90 Ω and L = 10 mH, proportional gain K p = 5 and integral gain Ki = 0.5,
and total transport and sampling delays = 75 µs [18–20]. From the figure it can be observed exactly
 Energies 2016, 9, 96 6 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 6 of 16
control
Energies
Energies algorithm,
2016,
2016, 9, 96
9, 96 while considering transport and sampling delays. These plots are obtained under
6 of 16
6 of 16
the conditions
control algorithm, of passive RL load having
while considering R = 90 and
transport Ω and L = 10 mH,
sampling proportional
delays. These plots gainare Kpobtained
= 5 and integral
under
control
the algorithm,
gainconditions
Ki = 0.5, of and while
passive considering
total transport
RL load having transport
and sampling and
R = 90 Ω and sampling
delays
L = 10 = 75mH,delays. These
µ sproportional
[18–20]. From plots
gain are
the obtained
Kp figure under
= 5 anditintegral
can be
the
gain
that conditions
observed
how = exactly
Ki the 0.5, of passive
andthat
controller totalhow RL load
thecause
transport
delays having
controller
and R =
thesampling
system 90 Ω
delays phaseand
cause
delaysL =
the 10 mH,
system
to =now75 µrollproportional
phase
s [18–20]. to From
off past now gain
roll K
theoff
the ´180 ˝= 5 and
past it
figure
p integral
thecan
stability −180°
be at
limit
gain Ki =limit
stability
observed
high frequency. 0.5, at
exactlyand
high
This total
that how
makes transport
frequency. This
the maximum
the and
controller sampling
makesdelays
value ofdelays
the maximum
cause thea=system
K p to 75 µ sof
value [18–20].
Kp keeps
phase
that to to From
a value
now theoff
that
the roll
system figure
keepspast the
phase it system
the can be
−180°
response
observed
phase
stability exactly
response
limit ˝at that
less
high how
than the
−180°
frequency. controller
(i.e.,
This a delays
positive
makes the cause
phase
maximum the
margin)system
value at phase
the
of
less than ´180 (i.e., a positive phase margin) at the unity gain crossover frequency. Figure 7 shows a K punity
to ato now
gain
value roll off
crossover
that keeps past the −180°
frequency.
the system
stability
phase
comparative 7limit
Figureresponseshows at less
high
analysis frequency.
a comparative
than
of the−180° This
(i.e.,
experimental amakes
analysis of
positivethe maximum
thephase
response experimental
ofmargin) value of
theKpunity
response
at
the implemented to aofvalue that keeps frequency.
the implemented
gain
current crossover
regulator the systemthe
current
against
phase
regulatorresponse less
againstaThis the than −180°
reference (i.e.,
current. a positive
This phase
figure margin)
shows at the
thatresponse
the unity
response gain
delaycrossover frequency.
Figure
reference 7current.
shows comparative
figure shows analysis that ofthethe experimental
response delay of the of the
controller ofofthe
theproposed
implemented controller
current of
UPS
Figure
the
regulator 7 shows
proposed UPS
against athecomparative
system obtained
reference analysis
current. of the
experimentally
This experimental
figure has
shows that response
insignificant
the of the
magnitude
response implemented
delay andof phase
the current
difference
controller of
system obtained experimentally has insignificant magnitude and phase difference compared to the
regulator
compared against
to the the reference
reference current.
current [22]. This
Figure figure shows
8a,bhasshows that flowcharts
the response todelay of the
the transition
controller of
the proposed
reference current UPS[22].system
Figure obtained
8a,b showsexperimentally
the flowcharts to the
insignificant
explain the magnitude explain
transition andofphase
load fromdifference of
normal
the proposed
load from to
compared UPS
normal
the system obtained
operating
reference current experimentally
to the [22].
inverter
Figuremodes has
8a,band
shows insignificant
from theinverter magnitude
flowchartsto the to normalandoperating
explain phase difference
the transition modesof
operating to the inverter modes and from inverter to the normal operating modes of the proposed
compared
of the
load from to the reference
proposed
normal operatingcurrent
topology. As seen
to the [22]. Figure
from
inverter the 8a,b
modes shows
flowchart,
and fromthe flowcharts
process
inverter theto
to of explainoperating
transition
normal the transition
of load for of
the
modes
topology. As seen from the flowchart, the process of transition of load for the proposed UPS system is
load
of from
proposed normal
UPS system
the proposed operating
topology. to
is similar the inverter
to that
As seen modes
of conventional
from and
the flowchart, from
offline inverter
the UPS
process to the
topology normal
except of
of transition operating
oftheload modes
controller,
for the
similar
of thetoproposed
that of conventional
proposed topology. Asoffline
seen UPS topology except the of the controller, as the proposed topology
as the
proposed UPS system topology utilizes
is similar thatfrom
tocurrent the flowchart,
control
of conventionalstrategy process
however,
offline UPS theof
topology transition
except ofof
conventional load
topology
the for the
work
controller,
utilizes current
proposed UPS control
system strategy
is similar however, the conventional topology work on voltage control algorithm.
on
as voltage
the proposedcontrol algorithm.
topology utilizestocurrent
that of control
conventional
strategy offline UPS topology
however, except oftopology
the conventional the controller,
work
as the
on proposed
voltage control topology
algorithm. utilizes current control strategy however, the conventional topology work
on voltage control algorithm.

(a)
(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)
Figure 5. Average value diagram for the proposed system powering (a) RL load; and (b) motor load.
Figure 5. Average value diagram for the proposed (b)system powering (a) RL load; and (b) motor load.
Figure 5. Average value diagram for the proposed system powering (a) RL load; and (b) motor load.
Figure 5. Average value diagram for the proposed system powering (a) RL load; and (b) motor load.

Figure 6. Bode plot of Open Loop Forward Path Gain for implemented controller.
Figure 6. Bode plot of Open Loop Forward Path Gain for implemented controller.
Figure 6. Bode plot of Open Loop Forward Path Gain for implemented controller.
Figure 6. Bode plot of Open Loop Forward Path Gain for implemented controller.

Figure 7. Experimental response of the current regulator implemented for the proposed system.
Figure 7. Experimental response of the current regulator implemented for the proposed system.
Figure 7. Experimental response of the current regulator implemented for the proposed system.
Figure 7. Experimental response of the current regulator implemented for the proposed system.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 7 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 7 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 7 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 7 of 16

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Flowchart for the (a) normal operating; and (b) inverter modes of the proposed system.
Figure 8. Flowchart for the (a) normal operating; and (b) inverter modes of the proposed system.
The reference current signal I*(s) can be generated by using a voltage loop outside the current loop.
Under such condition the voltage error sets the current command for the inner loop via controller.
The reference current signal I*(s) can be generated by using a voltage loop outside the current
The outer loop controls the load voltage by changing the reference of inner loop [23]. The inner loop
loop. Under such condition
controls the load current theasvoltage (a) error
discussed above.sets Thistheenables
current thecommand (b)
proposed for the inner
single-phase UPS loop
systemvia to controller.
The outer loop Figure
operate controls
on flexible the load
loading
8. Flowchart voltage
conditions.
for the (a)
(a) normal byoperating;
The changing
average-value and the reference
model
(b) inverter (b) of
diagram
modes of inner
representation
the proposedloopsystem.[23]. The inner loop
for the outer
voltage
controls the load loop of the as
current proposed
discussed systemabove. is shown Thisin Figure
enables 9 andthe the proposed
transfer function is given by:UPS system to
single-phase
Figure 8. Flowchart for the (a) normal operating; and (b) inverter modes of the proposed system.
The reference current signal I*(s) can be generated by using a voltage loop outside the current loop.
operate onUnder
flexible loading  I *voltage
conditions. ( s) * Gcerror(The
s ) *V average-value
DC * G pcurrent s) model for
( s) * F (command diagram representation for the outer
Thesuch condition
reference s) the
V (current  signal I*(s) can besets the
generated by using   G PV ( s ) * Z
a voltage the( s)inner
loop V * loop
*outside 
( s)the via controller.
current (7)
loop.
voltage loop
Theof theloop
outer proposed
controlsthe system  Gcvoltage
1load
thevoltage (iss)shown
*V by* G in Figure
p ( scurrent s) 9reference
) * F (the and the transfer loopfunction is given
loop by:
Under such condition errorDC setschanging
the command of
forinner
the inner [23].
loop The inner
via controller.
controls
The outer the load current
loop controls as discussed above. This enables the proposed single-phase UPS system to
Theon performance ofthe theload voltagesystem
proposed by changing ispsqshownthe reference
in Figure of
10,inner
which loop [23]. The
suggests thatinner loop
theouter
load
„ 
operate
controls flexible
the load
I ˚
loading
current
psq ˚ G psq
conditions.
c ˚ VThe
DC ˚ G
average-value
p ˚ Fpsq model diagram representation for the
current Vpsq
voltage remains
loop
“ same
of the as as
proposed thediscussed
case
system when above. This enablesoffline
the conventional
isThe
shown in Figure
the ¨proposed
rGUPS psqsingle-phase
PVsystem Zpsq
˚function
was ˚ VUPS
powering˚ psqssystem
the load to (7)
operate
withouton theflexible
1`G
loading
load transformer. c psq
conditions. ˚ VDC
The load
G p psq
˚ average-value
current
˚ Fpsq9model
never exceeds
and the transfer
1diagram
(p.u) atrepresentation
any stage during
is given by:
for the
theouter
load
voltage loop of the
theproposed  I *to( ssystem is shown
) * Ginverter.
c ( s ) *VDCThe *G inload
Figure )  and
F (9sand
p ( s ) *current
the transfer
voltage function
is shownisingiven by:10a,b,
 
transition from utility the Figure
The performance V
of ( s )
the  proposed system is shown  
in GFigure( s ) * Z (
10, s ) * V
which* ( s ) suggests that the load
(7)
respectively. Furthermore,  I *1the(s)Gproposed VUPS* G system s) the similar advantages of simple design,
( s) * F (offers
PV
*cG( sc )( s*)V*DC DC * pG p ( s ) * F ( s ) 
current remains
and highsame as
efficiency )as that
V ( sthe 
case of when
conventional the conventional
single-phase 
 PV 
offline
topology.G ( s UPS
)
The * Z ( ssystem
size,) * V * (
weight,s ) 
wasand powering
cost of the the load
(7)
proposed
The topology
performance is 

of
1 proposed
comparatively
the
Gc ( s) *greater
VDC * Gthan
system p (sis
) *shown s) in Figure 10,
F (conventional
the topology
which since
suggestsit employs
that thea load
without the load transformer. The load current never exceeds 1 (p.u) at any stage during the load
transformer for same
isolation purpose. A detailed comparison of UPS
bothsystem (proposed powering
transition current
from remains
Thethe utility
performance toas
of the the
the case when
inverter.
proposed the conventional
The isload
system shown offline
current
in Figure and which was
10, voltage isand
suggests shownconventional
that thethe load
in load
Figure 10a,b,
topologies)
without theisloadgiven in Table 1. The load current never exceeds 1 (p.u) at any stage during the load
transformer.
current
respectively. remains
Furthermore, same as
the the case
proposed when the
UPS conventional
system offline
offers the UPS system
similar was powering
advantages the
of load
simple design,
transition from the utility to the inverter. The load current and voltage is shown in Figure 10a,b,
without the load transformer. The load current never exceeds 1 (p.u) at any stage during the load
and high transition
efficiency
respectively.from
asthethat
Furthermore, of conventional
utility to thethe proposed
inverter. UPS single-phase
Thesystem offers the
load current
topology.
and similar
voltage
The size, Figure
advantages
is shownofinsimple
weight, design,
10a,b,
and cost of
and
the proposed high efficiency as that of conventional single-phase topology.
respectively. Furthermore, the proposed UPS system offers the similar advantages of simple design,employs a
topology is comparatively greater than the conventional The size, weight,
topology and cost
since of the
it
proposed topology is as comparatively greatersingle-phase
than the conventional topology since it employs aofload
load transformer
and for
high efficiencyisolation thatpurpose.
of conventional A detailed comparison
topology. The of both (proposed
size, weight, and
and cost conventional
the
transformer
proposed for
topology isolation
is purpose.
comparatively A detailed
greater than comparison
the conventional of both (proposed
topology since and
it conventional
employs a load
topologies) is givenisingiven
topologies) Table
Figure 9. 1. 1.
Average
in Table
value model of the outer voltage loop of the proposed system.
transformer for isolation purpose. A detailed comparison of both (proposed and conventional
topologies) is given in Table 1.

Figure 9. Average value model of the outer voltage loop of the proposed system.
Figure 9. Average value model of the outer voltage loop of the proposed system.
Figure 9. Average value model of the outer voltage loop of the proposed system.

(a) (b)

Figure 10. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage of the proposed offline UPS system.

(a) (b)

(a) current; and (b) load voltage of the proposed offline

Figure 10. (a) Load (b) UPS system.

Figure 10. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage of the proposed offline UPS system.
Figure 10. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage of the proposed offline UPS system.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 8 of 16

Table 1. Comparison of conventional and proposed offline UPS topologies.

Attribute Conventional Topology Proposed Topology

Power Application Low Power Applications Low-Medium Power Applications
Power Capacity 120% 120%
Efficiency High High
Design Simple Simple
Isolation of Load No Best
Cost, Size and Weight Low High (due to load transformer)
Inrush Current Possibility Yes No
Issues with Non-Linear loads Yes No

2.3. Inrush Current Phenomenon and Comparative Transient Behavior of the Conventional and Proposed
Single-Phase Offline UPS Topologies
For the quantitative analysis of the inrush current phenomenon associated with a single-phase
offline UPS system while powering a load transformer, consider the source voltage applied to the
transformer is:
v “ vm sin pωt ` αq (8)

The resultant flux under steady-state operation is:

ϕpt “ 0q “ ´ϕm cos pωt ` αq (9)

When t = 0, the flux is:

ϕ0 “ ´ϕm cos pαq (10)

The initial value of the transient flux is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to that given in
following equation:
ϕt pt “ 0q “ ϕm cos pαq (11)

Subscript t indicates the transient flux.

The instantaneous flux (λ) at any time t, is:

λ “ ϕm rcos pαq ´ cospωt ` αqs (12)

where t ě 0.
To define the mechanism of generation of inrush current during the change of load from the utility
to the inverter consider the following equation:

dλ
v“ (13)
dt
where λ is the instantaneous flux and v is the voltage drop at the primary side of the load transformer.
The above equation suggests that the derivative of instantaneous flux with respect to time is
proportional to the instantaneous voltage drop at the primary side of the transformer. For a load
transformer, voltage, and flux waveforms are shifted by 90˝ during normal operation. However,
during the transition of load these waveforms act differently. As the transition occurs and inverter
restores the load voltage, the magnetic flux of the transformer increases above the normal operating
value. Since the magnetization curve is nonlinear, this magnitude of flux causes the saturation of the
load transformer. Under such a condition, high magnitude of MMF is necessary to cause flux. Hence,
the current, that produces the MMF to root flux, will excessively increase beyond its normal peak.
For the magnitude of the first cycle of inrush transient current, consider the following equation:
Energies 2016, 9, 96 9 of 16

?
2 ˚ Vm 2 ˚ Bn ` Br ´ Bs
I peak “ b p q (14)
2 Bn
pω ˚ Lq ` R2

where L is the air core inductance, R is the total DC resistance, Bn , Br , and Bs are the rated, remanent,
and saturation flux densities of the transformer and Vm is the maximum applied voltage [24–26].
Equations (13) and (14) suggest that the magnitude of inrush current depends on the parameters
i.e., impedances of windings and the switching instant of the load transformer at which inverter injects
the load voltages. To investigate the effect of winding impedances on the magnitude of inrush current
study have been performed using four load transformers (T1 , T2 , T3 , and T4 ) with different impedances.
The parameters of these investigated transformers are given in the following Table 2:

Table 2. Parameters of investigated load transformers.

Transformer T1 T2 T3 T4
Rating (kVA) 1 1 1 1
Voltage 220 220 220 220
Turn Ratio 1:1 1:1 1:1 1:1
R1 (Ω) 1.535 1.180 0.908 0.698
R2 (Ω) 0.511 0.393 0.302 0.232
L1 (mH) 2.059 1.584 1.218 0.937
L2 (mH) 0.686 0.527 0.406 0.312
R1 and L1 is the resitance and inductance of the primary winding, and R2 , and L2 is the resistance and inductance
of the secondary winding of the investigated load transformers.

Table 3 shows the magnitude of first, second, and third peaks of inrush current when the load
transformers with the above parameters are used. The operating conditions for all load transformers
are same in order for a more accurate comparison. From the results it is observed that as the impedances
of the load transformer increases, the magnitude of inrush current decreases. Furthermore, increase in
the impedances also fastens the decay process of inrush current.

Table 3. Comparison of maximum inrush current for different load transformers.

Transformer First Peak (p.u) Second Peak (p.u) Third Peak (p.u)
T1 2.886 2.761 2.659
T2 2.911 2.811 2.730
T3 2.937 2.851 2.788
T4 2.973 2.897 2.834

To study the performance of the conventional and proposed offline UPS systems, investigations
have been carried out over the wide range of switching instants for the load transformer when
the inverter injects the load voltage shown in Figure 11. Figures 12a–24a show the load currents.
However, the load voltages are shown in Figures 12b–24b. Transformer with the largest inrush current
magnitudes shown in Table 3. i.e., T4 is used for this purpose. From the results it is evident that
the magnitude of inrush current using the conventional offline UPS topology is different at different
switching instants and it attains the maximum value when the inverter injects the load voltage at an
angle of 330˝ . However, the load current for the proposed single-phase UPS system remains the same
regardless the switching conditions. It never exceeds the prescribed value at any point as the transition
of load from utility to the inverter occurs.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 10 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 10 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 10 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 10 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 10 of 16

Figure 11.
11. Switching conditions for the
the load
load transformer.
transformer.
Figure 11.Switching
Figure Switching conditions for
conditions for the load transformer.
Figure 11. Switching conditions for the load transformer.
Figure 11. Switching conditions for the load transformer.

(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
(a) (b)
Figure
Figure12.12.(a)(a)Load
Loadcurrent;
current;
(a) and
and(b)(b) load
load voltage
voltage for thethe conventional
conventionaland
and proposedsingle-phase
proposed
(b) single-phase
Figure
Figure
(a)(a)
12.12. Load current;
Load
andand
current;
(b) load
(b)
voltage
load
for the
voltage for
conventional
the
and proposed
conventional and
single-phase
proposed
offline
single-phase
offline
offline UPS
UPS topologieswhen
topologies whenthetheinverter
inverter voltage
voltage is injected
injected
˝ at
at0°.
0°.
UPS topologies
Figure 12. (a) when
Load the inverter
current; and voltage
(b) loadis injected
voltage at
for 0
the
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 0°. . conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 0°.

(a) (b)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure 13. (a) Load current;
(a) and (b) load voltage for the conventional and(b) proposed single-phase
Figure
Figure13.13.(a)(a)
offline Load
Loadcurrent;
current; and (b)
(b) load
andinverter voltage
loadvoltage
voltage for the conventional
the conventional andproposed
and proposedsingle-phase
single-phase
Figure
Figure13.UPS
(a)(a)
13.
topologies
Load
Load
when
current; andthe
current; (b) (b)
and loadload
voltage foristhe
voltage
injected at 30°. and proposed
conventional single-phase offline
offline UPS
offline UPS topologies
topologieswhen
whenthetheinverter
inverter voltage
voltage is for the conventional
injected
injected
˝. at
at 30°.
30°. and proposed single-phase
UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 30
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 30°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 14. (a) Load(a) current;
(a) and (b) load voltage for the conventional and(b) (b)
proposed single-phase
Figure 14. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 60°.conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure
Figure14.14.(a)(a)Load
Loadcurrent;
current;and (b)
(b) load
andinverter voltage
loadvoltage for the
voltageis for the conventional
conventionaland
andproposed
proposed single-phase
single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the injected at 60°.
Figure 14. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase offline
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage injected at 60°. at 60°.
UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 60˝ .
Energies 2016, 9, 96 11 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 11 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 11 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 11 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 11 of 16

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 15. (a) Load current;
(a) and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
15. (a)
Figure 15.
Figure (a)Load
Loadcurrent;
current;and (b)(b)
and load voltage
load for the
voltage for conventional
the conventional and(b)
and proposed single-phase
proposed offline
single-phase
offline
Figure
UPS UPS
15. topologies
(a)
topologies Load
when when
current;
the the
andinverter
inverter (b)
voltage voltage
load voltage
is is
injected injected
for
at the
90˝ . at 90°.
conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS
Figure 15. (a)topologies when the
Load current; andinverter
(b) loadvoltage
voltage is for
injected at 90°.
the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 90°.
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 90°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 16. (a) Load current;
(a) and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
(b)
Figure
Figure 16.
16. (a)
(a) Load
Load current;
current; and
and (b)(b)
loadload voltage
voltage for for
the the conventional
conventional and and proposed
proposed single-phase
single-phase offline
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 120°.
Figure 16. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline
Figure
UPS UPS
16. topologies
(a)
topologies Load
when when
current;
the the
andinverter
inverter (b) load
voltage voltage
voltage
is is
injected injected
for
at the
120 ˝ at 120°.
conventional
. and proposed single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 120°.
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 120°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 17. (a) Load current;
(a) and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure 17. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and(b) proposed single-phase
offline
FigureUPS topologies
17. (a) when the
Load current; andinverter voltage
(b) load voltage is injected at 150°.
for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure
offline
Figure 17.
UPS (a) Load current;
topologies
17. (a) when
Load current;and
the(b) load
inverter
andinverter voltage
voltage
(b) loadvoltage for
is the conventional
injected
voltageis for at 150°.
the conventionaland proposed single-phase
and proposed offline
single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the injected˝ .at 150°.
UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 150
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 150°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 18. (a) Load current;
(a) and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure 18. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and(b) proposed single-phase
offline
FigureUPS topologies
18. (a) when the
Load current; andinverter voltage
(b) load voltageis injected at 180°.
for the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS
Figure topologies
18. (a) when the
Load current; andinverter
(b) loadvoltage
voltageis for
injected at 180°.
the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS
Figure topologies
18. (a) when
Load current; the
and inverter
(b) voltage
load voltage foristhe
injected at 180°. and proposed
conventional single-phase offline
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected˝ at 180°.
UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 180 .
Energies 2016, 9, 96 12 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 12 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 12 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 12 of 16

Energies 2016, 9, 96 12 of 16

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a)
Figure 19. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and(b) proposed single-phase
19. (a)
Figure 19.
Figure (a) Load
Loadcurrent;
current;and
and(b)(b)
load voltage
load for the
voltage for conventional and proposed
the conventional single-phase
and proposed offline
single-phase
offline
Figure UPS topologies
19. (a) Load when
current; the inverter
and (b) voltage
load isvoltageis injected
for the at 210°.
˝conventional and proposed single-phase
UPS topologies when the
offline UPS topologies (a) inverter voltage injected at 210 .
when the inverter voltage is injected at 210°. (b)
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 210°.
Figure 19. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 210°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 20. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure 20. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure 20. (a)
Figure UPS
offline 20. (a) Load
Loadcurrent;
topologies whenand
(a)
current; the
and(b) load
inverter
(b) voltage
loadvoltage for
voltage is the conventional
injected
for at 240°. and proposed
the conventional single-phase
(b)proposed
and offline
single-phase
offline UPS
UPS topologiestopologies when
when the the inverter
inverter voltage
voltagevoltage is
is injected injected ˝
at 240 atat 240°.
. 240°.
offline UPS
Figure 20.topologies when
(a) Load current;the inverter
and (b) load voltage is for
injected
the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 240°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a)
Figure 21. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and(b) proposed single-phase
(a)
Figure 21. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and (b)proposed single-phase
offline UPS
Figure topologies
21. (a) when the
Load current; andinverter
(b) loadvoltage
voltage is for
injected at 270°.
the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure
offline
Figure (a)
21.21.
UPS Load current;
topologies
(a) Load whenand
current;the(b) loadload
inverter
and (b) voltage
voltage for
voltageis the conventional
injected at 270°. and and
proposed single-phase offline
offline
UPS UPS topologies
topologies when when
the the inverter
inverter voltage voltage
is is for
injected at
the conventional
injected
270˝ at
. 270°. proposed single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 270°.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a)(a)
Figure 22. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and (b)
(b)
proposed single-phase
Figure 22. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
offline
Figure
FigureUPS topologies
22.22.
(a)(a)Load when
Loadcurrent; the
current;and inverter
and(b)(b) loadvoltage
load voltageis injected
voltage for the at 300°.
the conventional
conventionalandandproposed
proposedsingle-phase
single-phase
offline
Figure UPS topologies
22. (a) whenand
Load current; the(b)
inverter voltagefor
load voltage is the
injected at 300°. and proposed single-phase offline
conventional
offline
offline UPSUPS topologieswhen
topologies whenthe
theinverter
invertervoltage
voltage is injected
injected˝at
at300°.
300°.
UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 300 .
Energies 2016, 9, 96 13 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 13 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 13 of 16

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 23. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure (a) (a)
23.23.
Figure Load current;
Load andand
current; (b) load voltage
(b) load for the
voltage forconventional and proposed
the conventional single-phase
and proposed offline
single-phase
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected˝at 330°.
UPS topologies
offline when thewhen
UPS topologies inverter voltage is
the inverter injected
voltage at 330 .at 330°.
is injected

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 24. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure 24. (a) Load current; and (b) load voltage for the conventional and proposed single-phase
Figure (a) Load
24.UPS
offline current;
topologies andthe
when (b)inverter
load voltage foristhe
voltage conventional
injected at 360°. and proposed single-phase offline
offline UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected˝ at 360°.
UPS topologies when the inverter voltage is injected at 360 .
3. Experimental Verification
3. Experimental Verification
3. Experimental
To confirmVerification
the effectiveness of suggested single-phase offline UPS system, an experimental
To confirm the effectiveness of suggested single-phase offline UPS system, an experimental
setup is built,
To confirm and the parametersof of the system are given inoffline
Table 4. system, an experimental setup
setup is built, the
andeffectiveness
the parameters suggested
of single-phase
the system are given in Table UPS
4.
is built, and the parameters of the system are given in Table 4.
Table 4. System Parameters.
Table 4. System Parameters.
Table 4. System Parameters.
Parameter Value
Parameter Value
Utility/Grid 220 V, 60 Hz
Utility/Grid
Parameter 220 V, 60 Hz
Value
DC Bus Voltage 365 V
DCUtility/Grid
Bus Voltage 220 V,365 V
Switching Frequency (fs) 1060kHz
Hz
Switching
DC Frequency
Bus Voltage (fs) 10 kHz
365 V
Transformer
Switching Ratings
Frequency (fs ) 500 10
VA,kHz220/220 V
Transformer Ratings 500 VA, 220/220 V
Load Resistance
Transformer (RL)
Ratings 90 Ω V
500 VA, 220/220
Load Resistance
Resistance (R(R L) 90 Ω
LoadInductance
Load L ) L)
(L 10ΩmH
90
Load
Load Inductance
Inductance (L(LL L)
) 1010
mHmH
Filter Inductance
Filter Inductance
(L
Inductance (L(L
f) 0.265 mH
Filter f ) f) 0.265 mHmH
0.265
Filter
Filter Inductance
Inductance (C(C )
f f)
f) 1010
µFµ F
Filter Inductance (C 10 µ F
The experimental set up of the proposed topology shown in Figure 25, consists of hardware,
TheTheexperimental
experimentalset setup
upofofthe
theproposed
proposed topology
topology shownshown in inFigure
Figure25,
25,consists
consistsofof hardware,
hardware,
software, and firmware. The hardware consists of the control components, the power components,
software,
software, andandfirmware.
firmware.The Thehardware
hardwareconsists
consists ofof the control components,the
control components, thepower
powercomponents,
components,
and an RL load. The control components are a DSP controller 320F28335 from Texas Instruments, and
andandanan
RLRLload.
load.The
The control
controlcomponents
componentsare area DSP
a DSPcontroller 320F28335
controller from from
320F28335 TexasTexas
Instruments, and
Instruments,
the interface, including ADC and DAC to facilitate the DSP controller connection with external
andthe
theinterface,
interface, including
including ADC
ADC and
andDAC
DACto tofacilitate
facilitate the
theDSP
DSP controller
controllerconnection
connection with external
hardware. The power component mainly consists of inverter power switches, a DC buswith bar, external
and a
hardware.
hardware. The The powercomponent
power componentmainlymainly consists
consists of of inverter
inverter power
power switches,
switches, a aDCDC bus bar,
bus bar,and
anda
heatsink. Power IGBTs from Semikon International SKM75GB128D are used as power switches for a
heatsink.
heatsink. Power
PowerThe IGBTs
IGBTs from Semikon
from Semikon International
International SKM75GB128D are used as power switches for
the inverter. firmware is the control strategySKM75GB128D
that has already arebeen
useddiscussed.
as power switches for the
The software
the inverter.
inverter. The The firmware
firmware is the is the strategy
control control strategy
that has that hasbeen
already already been discussed.
discussed. The The component
software software
component consists of the programming of the DSP controller according to the control algorithm to
component
consists ofthe consists
thedesired of the programming
programming of the DSP controllertoaccording to the control algorithm
achievetothe
achieve results. Coflanguage
the DSPiscontroller according
used for programming theTMS320F28335
the control algorithm to proposed
for the
achieve
desired the desired
results. C results.isCused
language language is used for programming
for programming the TMS320F28335
the TMS320F28335 for theUPS
for the proposed proposed
UPS system topology. The performance of the controller of the proposed UPS system issystem
not
UPS system topology. The performance of the controller of the proposed UPS system is not
topology. The performance
deteriorated of the controller
by any of the switching of the
or loading proposed
conditions andUPS
the system
currentsisare
notcontrolled
deteriorated by any
perfectly
deteriorated by any of the switching or loading conditions and the currents are controlled perfectly
of as
thediscussed
switching in or
theloading
previousconditions
section. Therefore, experimental
and the currents results for only
are controlled one case
perfectly are provided.
as discussed in the
as discussed in the previous section. Therefore, experimental results for only one case are provided.
previous section. Therefore, experimental results for only one case are provided.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 14 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 14 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 14 of 16

Figure 25.
Figure 25. Experimental
Experimental setup
setup of
of the
the proposed
proposedsingle-phase
single-phaseoffline
offlineUPS
UPSsystem.
system.
Figure 25. Experimental setup of the proposed single-phase offline UPS system.
The performance of the proposed single-phase offline UPS system was investigated during the
The performance
The performance of of the
the proposed
proposed single-phase offline offline UPS UPS system
system was was investigated during during the
changeover of load from the utilitysingle-phase
to the inverter, which takes 4 ms.investigated
Figure 26 shows the the
changeover
changeover of
of load
load from
fromthe utility
the to
utility the toinverter,
the which
inverter, takes
which 4 ms.
takesFigure
4 26
ms. shows
Figure the26 experimental
shows the
experimental waveform under such a condition. From the experimental result it is clear that the
waveform under
experimental such a condition. From the experimental result it is clear thatitthe chance of the
the
chance of thewaveform
occurrenceunder of inrushsuchcurrent
a condition.
during From the experimental
the transition result
of load is eliminated. is clear that
To investigate
occurrence
chance of inrush
of the occurrence current during the
of inrush offline transition
currentUPS during of load is
the transition eliminated. To
of loada is investigate
eliminated. the performance
Totheinvestigate
the performance of the proposed system while powering load other than motor or
of
the the proposed offline UPS system while powering a load other than the motor than the RL
or an loads,
an performance of the proposed
RL loads, experiments have beenoffline UPS system
performed using while powering a load other
a transformer-coupled uncontrolled motor or
rectifier.
experiments
an RLoutput
loads,of have been performed
experiments using a transformer-coupled uncontrolled rectifier. The output of
The the rectifier have been
is connected performed using aelement.
with a resistive transformer-coupled
From the implemented uncontrolled rectifier.
investigation,
the
The rectifier is connected with a resistive element. From the implemented investigation, it is found that
it isoutput
found of thatthetherectifier is connected
performance of thewith
proposeda resistive
UPS element.
system isFrom the implemented
not affected at any stage investigation,
irrespective
the performance
itofisthe
found thatof theof the proposed
performance UPS system is not affected at any stage irrespective of the nature of
nature load. Figure 27 of the proposed
shows UPS system
the experimental is not
results foraffected
the loadatand anythestage irrespective
rectifier output
load.
of Figure
the nature 27 shows
of load. the
Figure experimental
27 shows results for the load and the rectifier output currents during
currents during inverter mode. The theloadexperimental
current (ILoadresults for the load
) is measured andprimary
at the the rectifier
of theoutput
load
inverter mode.
currents during The load current
inverter mode. (IThe
Load )load
is measured
current at
(I the) primary
is measuredof theatloadthe transformer.
primary of However,
the load
transformer. However, the rectifier output current is measured at the output of the rectifier connected
Load
the rectifier output
transformer. However, current
thebeis measured
rectifier at the output of the rectifier connected oftothe
therectifier
resistor.connected
It should
to the resistor. It should noted output
that thecurrent is measured
load current in the at the output
proposed UPS topology is dependent
be
to noted that
the resistor. the load
It should current
be notedin the proposed
that the load UPS topology
current is dependent
in the proposed upon
UPS the current regulation
upon the current regulation capability of the current regulator. Therefore, anytopology is dependent
of the suitable current
capability
upon of
the currentthe current
regulation regulator.
capability Therefore, any
of the current of the suitable current regulation schemes can be
regulation schemes can be adopted according to theregulator. Therefore, any of the suitable current
load characteristics.
adopted according
regulation schemes to the
can beload characteristics.
adopted according to the load characteristics.

Figure 26. Experimental waveform of load current (ILoad) using proposed single-phase offline UPS
Figure
Figure
system26. Experimental
Experimental
during waveform
waveform
the inverter load current (I
ofmode.
operating Load) )using
(ILoad using proposed
proposed single-phase
single-phase offline
offline UPS
UPS
system during
system during the
the inverter
inverter operating mode.
Energies 2016, 9, 96 15 of 16
Energies 2016, 9, 96 15 of 16

Figure
Figure27.
27.Experimental
Experimentalwaveform
waveform of
of load
load current
current (ILoad
Load ),),and
andrectifier
rectifieroutput
outputcurrent
currentfor
forthe
theproposed
proposed
single-phase offline
single-phase offline UPS
UPS system
system while
while powering
powering aa transformer-coupled
transformer-coupled uncontrolled
uncontrolled rectifier
rectifier load
load
duringinverter
during inverter mode.
mode.

4.
4. Conclusions
Conclusions
The
The problems
problems related
related with
with the
the generation
generation ofof inrush
inrush current
current when
when using
using aa single-phase
single-phase offline
offline
UPS system while powering a load transformer, have been discussed in this paper.
UPS system while powering a load transformer, have been discussed in this paper. It is demonstrated It is demonstrated
that
that by
by using
using aa current
current regulated inverter
inverter at
at the
the place
place ofof the
thetypical
typicalPWM
PWMvoltage
voltagesource
sourceinverter
inverterforfora
asingle-phase
single-phaseoffline
offlineUPS
UPSsystem,
system,thethephenomenon
phenomenon ofof inrush
inrush current
current can
can bebe eliminated.
eliminated. Performance
Performance of
of the conventional and proposed UPS topologies were investigated
the conventional and proposed UPS topologies were investigated and then compared. Furthermore, and then compared.
Furthermore, since the
since the proposed proposed
topology topology
is based is based
on current on current
regulation regulation
algorithm, algorithm,
which is ideally which is ideally
suitable for RL
suitable
and motorforloads,
RL and motor
hence loads,relatively
it offers hence it better
offersperformance
relatively betterthanperformance thanoffline
the conventional the conventional
UPS system
offline UPS system
while dealing with while dealing
non-linear with
loads. non-linear
The proposedloads. The proposed
UPS system UPS system
is also validated is also validated
by experiment.
by experiment.
Acknowledgments: This research was jointly supported by the “BK21PLUS program” through the National
Acknowledgments:
Research Foundation This research
of Korea was jointly
funded supportedofby
by the Ministry the “BK21PLUS
Education program”Resources
and the “Human through the National
Program” in
Energy Technology of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning
Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education and the “Human Resources Program” (KETEP), granted
in
financialTechnology
Energy resource from the Korea
of the Ministry of Trade,
Institute of Industry and Energy,Evaluation
Energy Technology Republic ofand
Korea. (20154030200730).
Planning (KETEP), granted
financial resource from the
Author Contributions: SyedMinistry of Trade,
Sabir Hussain Industry
Bukhari and Energy,
proposed Republic
the idea, of Korea.
implemented (20154030200730).
it by simulations and wrote
the manuscript. Shahid Atiq performed the experiment and Byung-il Kwon supervised the research throughout.
Author Contributions: Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari proposed the idea, implemented it by simulations and wrote
Conflicts
the ShahidThe
of Interest:
manuscript. authors
Atiq declare
performed theno conflict ofand
experiment interest.
Byung-il Kwon supervised the research throughout.

Conflicts
Referencesof Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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