LAW OF EXPONENTS

1. am an = am + n
m
a
2. n = am – n
a
1
3. a-n = n
a
4. a = 1 , a ≠ 0
Where: 0

5. (ab)m = am bn
6. (am)n = am n
m
a m a 2 2
7. ( ) = m 8. a = a = a2
b b
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
A. Base Logarithm
1. log (uv) = log u + log v
u
2. log = log u – log v
v
3. log un = n log u
4. loga a = 1
log u
5. logu v =
log v
6. loga m = n then an = m
7. log m = log n then m = n
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
B. Natural Logarithm
8. ln (uv) = ln u + ln v
u
9. ln = ln u – ln v
v
10. ln un = n ln u
Where:
11. ln u = loge u , e = 2.718
QUADRATIC EQUATION
If Ax² + Bx + C = 0
− B ± B − 4 AC2
x=
2A
where B2 – 4AC is called the discriminant
if B2 = 4AC , the roots are equal
if B2 > 4AC , the roots are real, unequal
if B2 < 4AC , the roots are imaginary
Properties of Roots
Sum of roots : Product of roots :
B C
x1 + x2 = - x1 x2 =
A A
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Expansion of (a + b)n
Properties:
1. The number of terms in the expansion of
(a + b)n is n + 1.
2. The first term is an , the last term is bn.
3. The exponent of “a” descends linearly from n
to 0.
4. The exponent of “b” ascends linearly from 0 to
n.
5. The sum of the exponents of a and b in any of
the terms is equal to n.
6. The coefficient of the second term and the
second to the last term is n.
BINOMIAL THEOREM
rth term of (a + b)n
n!
rth term = an-r+1 br-1
(n − r + 1 ) !(r −1) !
n (n − 1 )(n − 2 ) (n − r + 2 ) n-r+1 r-1
rth term = a b
(r −1) !
n
If middle term: r = + 1
2
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Pascal’s Triangle
- used to determine coefficients of the terms
in a binomial expansion.

(a + b)0 1
(a + b)1 1 1
(a + b)2 1 2 1
(a + b)3 1 3 3 1
(a + b)4 1 4 6 4 1
(a + b)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
(a + b)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
PROPORTION & VARIATION
x is directly proportional to y
x ∞ y ↔ x = ky
x is inversely proportional to y
1 1
x∞ ↔ x = k
y y
k = constant of proportional
a c b and c are called means
a:b=c:d ↔ = a and d are called extremes
b d
d is the fourth proportional
to a, b, and c
- the mean proportinal to a and b is ab
WORK PROBLEM
PRINCIPLE:
 Rate of working x Time working
= Completion of the work
 Rate x Time = 1
 If a man could finish a job in “x” days, then in one
day he could finish only (1/x) of the job.

 If both x and y are the number of days each man

work alone, then if they work together they could
finish it in “t” days.
1 1 1
+ =
x y t
DIGIT PROBLEM
PRINCIPLE:
 u = units digit
 t = ten’s digit
 h = hundred’s digit
 100h + 10t + u = the number
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Rules:
1. Zeroes between other significant figures are
significant. (Ex. 11.04, 2007)
2. For values less than one, zeroes immediately
to the right of the decimal are not significant.
(Ex. 0.0001234)
3. Zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers
are significant. (Ex. 100.10, 10.000)
AGE PROBLEMS

Past Present Future

was is will be
ago now

10 8

A - 10 A A+8
PARTIAL FRACTION
 Distinct Linear Factors
x+7
x2 − x − 6
the partial fraction decomposition is:
x+7 A B
= +
x − x−6
2
x−3 x+2
 Repeated Linear Factors
5 x 2 + 20 x + 6
x3 + 2x 2 + x
the partial fraction decomposition is:
5 x 2 + 20 x + 6 A B C
= + +
x + 2x + x
3 2
x x + 1 ( x + 1)2
PARTIAL FRACTION
 Distinct Linear and Quadratic Factors
3x 2 + 4 x + 4
x3 + 4x
the partial fraction decomposition is:
3 x 2 + 4 x + 4 A Bx + C
= + 2
x + 4x
3
x x +4
 Repeated Quadratic Factors
8 x 3 + 13x
( x 2 + 2) 2
the partial fraction decomposition is:
8 x 3 + 13 x Ax + B Cx + D
= 2 + 2
( x + 2)
2 2
x + 2 ( x + 4) 2
CLOCK PROBLEMS
Case I: clock with hour hand and minute hand

12 1
11
10 2

9 3

8 4
7 5
6

x = number of minutes the minute hand moves

x
= number of minutes the hour hand moves
12
CLOCK PROBLEMS
Case II: clock with hour hand, minute hand
and second hand

1
11 1
2
10 2

9 3

8 4
7 5
6

x = number of seconds the second hand moves

x
= number of seconds the minute hand moves
60
x
= number of seconds the hour hand moves
720
PROGRESSION
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
- a sequence of numbers if the differences
between consecutive terms are the same.
7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 …
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 … an
a1 = the first term
an = the nth term
d = common difference Sum of terms in A.P.
= a2 – a1 = a 3 – a2
n
Sn = ( a1 + an )
nth term of A.P. 2
an = a1 + ( n-1 ) d
n
Sn = ( 2a1 + (n – 1)d )
2
PROGRESSION
Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
- when reciprocals of terms are in A.P.

1 1 1 1
; ; ;
2 4 6 8
PROGRESSION
Geometric Progression (G.P.)
- a sequence of numbers if the ratios of
consecutive terms are the same.
2 , 6 , 18 , 54 , 162 …
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 … an
a1 = the first term
an = the nth term Sum of terms in G.P. :
r = common ratio a1 (1 - r n ) , r < 1
a2 a3 Sn =
= =
a1 a2 1- r
nth term of G.P. a1 (r n -1) , r >1
Sn =
an = a1 rn-1 r -1
PROGRESSION
Infinite Geometric Progression
n→ ∞ a1
S=
1- r

Relation Among A.M., H.M. & G.M.

(A.M.) x (H.M.) = (G.M.)²
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
Minors & Cofactors of a square matrix
•if A is a square matrix, then the minor Mij of the entry aij
is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the
ith row and jth column A. The cofactor Cij of the entry aij
is given by :
Cij = (-1)i+j Mij.

Sign pattern for cofactors Operations of Matrices

1.Addition / Subtraction
+ - + - 2.Multiplication
- + - + 3.Adjoint Matrix : Aadj
+ - + - - is a matrix formed from the
- + - + transposed cofactor matrix.
4. Inverse Matrix : A-1
Aadj
A-1 =
A
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Real + imaginary  a + bi or x + iy
 Imaginary
i = −1
i2 = −1
( )
i 3 = i 2 i = (− 1) i = − i
i 4
= (i ) = (− 1)
2 2 2
=1 i 4 n +1 = i

In general,
i 4 n =1
−1 i 4 n =1
i 4 n +1 = i
i 4n + 2 = − 1
i 4n − = − i −i
COMPLEX NUMBERS
 Argan Diagram
imag. axis

(a + bi) r = modulus or abs. value

r
b = r sinθ θ = principal argument or
θ amplitude
a = r cosθ real axis

a + bi or x + iy = algebraic form
Trigonometric Form : r cosθ + r sinθ (i)
= r (cosθ + i sinθ)
= r cisθ
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Exponential Form
= r (cos θ + i sinθ) = r eiθ

 De Moivre’s Theorem
(r cisθ)n = rn cisnθ)
(r1 cisθ1)(r2 cisθ2) = r1r2 cis (θ1 + θ2)
r1 cis θ1
= cis (θ1 − θ 2 )
r1
r2 cis θ 2 r2
VECTOR OPERATIONS
1. Dot Product (scalar product)
→ →
A . B = AB cos θ
Uses:
1. Det. θ
2. Det. the component of one vector in the direction
→
A
→
θ B
 VECTOR OPERATIONS
→ → → →
A = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k
→ → → →
B = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k
x1, y1, k1  components of A
→ → →
i , j, k → unit vectors
→
k
i.i = 1(1) cos (0) = 1 = j.j = k.k
i.j = 1(1) cos (90) = 0
→
i i.k = 0
→ →
→
j A . B = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z 2
VECTOR OPERATIONS
2. Cross Product (vector product)
→ → →
A x B = AB sin θ n
- another vector perpendicular to the plane of A & B.
→
n = unit vector perpendicular to the plane A & B.
→
n →
B → →
AxB = just like evaluating the
determinant of a matrix.
θ
→
A
VECTOR OPERATIONS
Magnitude of a Vector

A= x1 + y1 + z1
2 2 2

B= x2 + y 2 + z 2
2 2 2