Foundations of Group Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES ser suaying ths ebap abe abe 94° 92 9-3 9-4Foumduin of Grup Whwior CHAPTER? 25 a) jatrix (ESM) sez [ose [ate [s(t | a | ce, | A, cml a lV vjvilv | v =lrlelel [elelele — vir|vlealelele | v ee v F\Al¥laly se lv iv le viel? WHAT MAKES A GOOD TEAM? J. project teams consisting of members who are familar with each other perform better than project teams with fist time members? Does the experience ofthe projet manager matter tothe quality of work andadherence totimliaes? A study on projet teams at Wipro, an fT com ‘any nina, was carried out just o answer these questions. Groups with ‘members who had gastfamilary with each other, even en unrelated ‘products, performed better than project teams formed with new members. ‘Groups with greater experience of working with each other and greater ‘experience of working in projects (computed from the experience of the ‘reject team members inthe ole a 2 cader) performed better than less ‘experienced teams. It was found that not only ed they make fewer erars ‘but also managed inerdependencios better escalated interpersonal prob- tom less often, an filed in for each ether more ealy. The experience ‘ofthe projact manage dd no rafect inthe quality ofthe procs, bt it id postively impact adherence te deadines. twat speculated that proj ‘ct ten which re fri with each other wud indulge i iterctone ‘beyond work. They would work towards bulling relationships that would help them in soking more questions and share errors and problems in the ‘previous projects. This behavior thus signify greater experience of paychor logical saftzy among team members. Google in alae study of thelr eas2m RTD Toco Dating between 9-1 Maen tesor eo ‘Storer ore ere ren lelomal rou, Avent 960 found that teams experiencing pester pyctolegcal safety performed better “are tases or “am fan Roe Boece, ard Peromatce: Eanes tom Trowrsotwar Severs: eieeaon Mp rnc, wenseom SateTOW 2 lot of organizational week happens in groups and tums. I the apts opening vient, the muanees of farming teams and factors afc is pevfermance ar lestated Research ike ths eps prove a scicatife basso ‘ompostion of eams. I can Be sid fom the ofeming gree that asa project ‘manger, tay be bot to fonm car with people wh ae Gia with ca ‘ther and fnew ember: have wo be nsroduced. her rather than Frmng ‘ale proup coming of tem itwoald be batt make than a part of esting ‘groups. f group members are motlyunfimiiar with each other, tent may be ‘fvuahle fr the jet manazer to help the group to know each ther pea ly and ther stenghs und weakneses With spect 0th ROL H may lsO DE “help ere projet manger wo be reeds un wih prep of wa, ‘experienced tearmmerber to hlp sith tom fomatin. The objectives fh ‘Sapo nd Chae TO areto faire you with gaya tem concep po ‘ide you with a fundstion fr unfertantng how groups and teams work ad ‘how you how to create fctine working uns, Le} gin by ening a group. Defining and Classifying Groups | omparizaional tehaio, a group is two or more indvidual, itencting and intexdependent, who have come together to achieve partcular cbjetves. ‘Groups can be eter formal or soma. A Normal group & defied by the ‘rgaization’s russ, with designated work asigament and established {wks In formal gras the Behavior that fam membre shes engage nore ‘Sipolatl by and directed toward orgizationa gals. The sit members ofan ailine fight crow area formal group, for example. I contast, an informal ‘toup isncther formally structed sor oranatinal detemised, Informal _roups athe work rormeet mech nce for sca ont Tce ep ‘es fom diferent departments who regularly have lund or coffee getter ate ‘= ilormal grap. Thee types interacts among iil hough or ‘mal deply fet thei bavi and perbrmance Social Identity People fen fel stongly about thir groups, arty because. a esearch indi ‘ate sured experiences amplify our peyton of events Also, asonding to ‘seach in Ausrala,shanng paul expenences, in paréculr, increases cur fet fond anf trast with others* Why do pepe form groups, and wy do they ‘ees stony about hem? Consider the tions that ollow When asperts ‘cam win «ional championship. The winsr’s supporter ar eat and ‘te of tema sit jacket, and hate rocket Fan ft ning tear feel dejected yen embarrased. Why? Eventhough fans have tle wo with the actual performance ofthe sports eam, tet seltimage can be wrapped upsoci dey teary Pervectie 8 srtecnannnmes Petree Soaomeeee iSieeatens pe in their ideation with he group. Our tendency to personaly iavestin the -Scompiishmens a ogp the teste of seal ety theory ‘Social Meni teu proposes at people hae emotional reaction othe ier senso ronp becoan os itera pid oir ‘happens the group When your group dow well. you bask in reflected ley. and your own seesteem ies. When your group docs poor. you might fe ‘ad about yourself or you might eet that part of your seni, smi ‘wether fons If your roup devalued and dares your soca deny ‘might fel weatened. and You might endorse deviant behaviors to festore your rowps standing" Social identities can even lad people to experience pea- Suze as 4 result of cea another group sulle. We olen se those cigs of shaker the oy fra expenence when sae ear Tees People develop many Mette thous the course of thei lives. ou might Aefine younclt in terms of the cranizaton yor work fr, the ey you Eve Sour pefesion. your religious background ou etiniity. anor your gener Overtune. some groups you below ayRecome more sles yu ta ‘bes. An indian expariae woking in Portugal might be very arate Of bei ont Indi, or istanee, but don give satinal ent + send thought ‘thes tnalring rm Chonan to Delhi Infact tthe, i Tama deny ‘night become mowe sroagr for him. We may thus pick and choose which of ‘ur socal ents are slet Wo the situation, or we may ind that our social Menai ar inconfict, suchas the ents busines der and area” ‘Our socal denies ep us undestand vb we ae and whee weit with ste: people and research inca they bring w ete healt and owe eels ‘fdapraion testes we become lam Ul to tide nagaive tations to ‘tema or armauntble esors "To experiace these pon tzcomes, ho ‘rer we need ofa that dur soil Wenn ae posite * ‘Util now, weve discussed social ieatties primarily ie a cubural con text However, te ientty we may fel with respect to our emanizaton is nly one aspect of cur woxkrsated entities fee OD Pall) Within curert Perl eportDining with Govern acpi ‘A aneataung aioe es naty grt, ‘ue ctr ot ‘Aareremnt sar ing tnt megan Feces ergs a ean go Dien dan Shree “rymizations and work ronps, we can develop many identities throagh (lana dent ication. when we connect wih her bean fot es, sad (2)colletne dealifcation, hes we cennc:t withthe agregse charac~ ‘ersics of our groups. Wecan identify with groups within ou eam, ost work {roup, snd our omganatins. fen ur idestticaton wih ou work groups 's stonger han wih our ganizations, bt both are important poste ute ‘depending om bow unique a prop is within an erpasization® Low ieatica: ‘onto he group may lado protien we have low ideifcation with our ‘erganizations, we may experience decreased satisfction and engage in fever ‘rganizatinalcazenship behaves (OCBS) ® Sania, we ae less Ike 10 {ppl tw organizations that dont correspond to our colectve Mente.” Ingroups and Outgroups Ingroup favors occur wn we hx members of our gouP a et han ‘propia people mt to Erp al the sume Reet sca {et tat ppl th bw pene andr ow apes at more nse {hwo grap fein ‘Whence tho an guy, thre i y acesity an ouareup. which is sometimes everyone ele fut usual a detiied group Known bythe ingroup meters or example, my igrop isthe Rept Party in US. oleh ougroup mip beamone ie worl who nt a RepanD "smoky be the aber US. poli partis, opts jt Demme ‘Wh here ae ingroup and outros thee i fon tomo ete them One of the mow powealwce of ings feng th racacsof lipo cventhewrkplie One pba sty, rinse found that when pups became hewily xpd in eos eta and dacs9-2 Fraeatm node fxd unenadaqutheum ‘oa has st pm at ‘Cresent aon oru at sane Fema Group Bebior CHAPTER 329 they became especially discriminatory ward ouyroups and aggresive if the cutgoups bad more esourcs" Ceaser an example fom anathrstady of 2'UK Musum orgnuaton that supported Al-Qaeda and identiied moderate ‘UK Mastin st ougroup The ALQacds ingroup was ot neural ard he ‘moderate oxtgmur: ital the grup denounced the moderate, Snigtng ‘hem aden and treating cata aggresion ial taeatiy oh Ingrous and eutrouns rave the way fr social ensty vent, which akin 1o stereotype threat (See Chapter 6). With social identity threat, individu als believe they ll be personaly acgatnely evaluated de othe associa ‘ton witha devalved group an they may los confidence and performance fffecivenes One study found, for example, Wat when subjects em hah ter lo soioncoenne beckgrownds tok «highrgresmue math tes the low ‘tue ebjotr who fo aia entity treat could hese cnet the high stars subjects only whee they vere fint deliberately encouraged abou thet ‘tiles Stages of Group Development “Temporary groups wih fine deadlines pass though 3 nique sgueneng. of actions (or inacticn) called the panctuated-eqelibriam model, shown ‘in Exhibit 91. The stages in this model include the following: (1) The frst ‘mecing set the groups direction, (2) fe fis pase of group acy 1 one icra and thus showes progress, (3) a raniten takes place exactly when {he group tar ated wp half bead tine, (2) this wanton inter major sarge (5) a second phase of inet fellows the tnstion and) the groups Tast mesg i characterized by markedly accelerated sty" Alemative ‘model suggest that teams progress trough a formation sage, a cof reso- lution cc “slorming” sage, a "nerming” stage where menbers ages roles ‘and make decision, anda “performing” stge where menbers Dein te work ‘llbortely. The forming, seeming, noma, and performing mages ayde TD Tce Stowe 9-3 Tomer ene ‘Sars sce ‘occur at phase one ofthe puncte eau mode, while a sesond per feemng andcosformig sige may xcutin he scund pha, following 3 short ero of reforsing greup norms und expectations.” Lets discus ach mage ofthe pencmied-oqetbram made. Atte ft ‘meeting the groups general purpose and rection io exublihel and then 3 france of evel pater ad arergtioastrngh whic the group wll apprach its project meres, omstimesin the fist few secon ofthe groups ‘istence Once t,the greup directonis slid and is unlikely tbe rex ‘amined taoaghout he fir half of sie This a pri of inerti—he group {ends to stand sil or bcome locked into a find couse of actin, even i ‘ins new insight that challenge itl pttrns and sumptions. ‘One of the mt snorting never m sucos was tht groups exper ‘excel raniton precisely alfa betwee the fist meting and the offical ‘eadine—ubeter members spt an hour onthe project or 6 months. The ‘midpoint appears to work like az alum clock, heightening meee” ava ‘ess thatthe tine mite andthey ned eget mowang. Ths tse cals ‘Past andis characterized by a concentated Past of anges dropping of fltems and adoption of sew perspectives. The trasiton sets a eve dre tion fr phase 22 new eqilitrium or pro of inertia in which the woup exe ‘ites plans created during the atin ered. “The group ast mectng is characterized by 2 fal burst of activity to Finish 1 work In summary the functuedeguliie model crates goaps a ‘exiting lang perods of nia intspersed with Dri revoltionary changes ‘wiggeed pinay by members” arenes of time and dedins. This te ‘aly model of group stages lar but tina domi theory with tong spect Keepin min however tha thi mde ders apy oll groups at sted the finite quaity of temporary sk groups working under aime dai" Group Property 1: Roles ork groups stape members’ bev. and they also help explain ind ‘chor at wel asthe perfomance ofthe group ise. Some fining group ‘propriate rer nora, coeenens and deeraty Well sca ‘achin the sections tha follow, Le’ begin with he ist group propery, res. ‘Shakespeare sid “All the worlds «stage, and all he men and women merely players” Using the same metipho ll groyp members are aciors each ‘laying sede. st of expected Bohne pattems tuted someone ‘ving a ven posiion in cial unit We ae required play 8 number of ives roles, bath on and four job. AS wel sc, on of the tks in wade ‘Sundng behavior i graspng the lea person is curently playing ‘Mahesh works a2 plant manager in Nahindra Automobile, large car infer ia Pee. He ffl 6 amber of rlee—eaplpes,anunher of ‘middle mansgemert and electrical engineer. Of th jb, Mahesh elds mere ‘oles husband fate. ticket player. mene ofthe Gmthar cb, and eae ser of homeowners’ asacistion. Many ofthese roles are compatible; some ‘cate cenit, How does Mabeshsconmitnent othe organization dash wath an Stag, ie et Conga 1904tole perception Aa nas te epectzzons tow nes pr dolgiatcarta snot {CC tant ro’ eveoyen wanted rare = = Lesa Fearieeantioy the time recur by his residential society in ressiving some confit? Abo there ar tines when members of the residential society presse im 4 get sponsorships fr hie society Functions fram his company. A recet offer of fromotion rogues Mahesh to tlocat. yet his fam) ant 10 say a8 Puse ‘Can the demands of fis oes at work be rconcled with he demands of his ‘les of being hudba and fer? Difleent ups impose dillrert role requirements o india Le Bil, we all ly 9 sumer of roles, and ur behvic arcs with cach But haw so we laow each e's eauiremeats! We drew on aur ole perceptions to frame ‘ar Mea of appropiate behaviors an toleam the expection fou group Role Perception ‘Our new ofr weve suposed aa en son roe perception We pet ole pecapens hem sia al around we—fr cumple, tend, ‘rk Fim anf clevsin. when we frm a impression lias em snovis sch as Ramee and Salar Apprenticeship pograns albw besinns to matchan expert so tey can eam act as they shoud Role Expectations Deleergectutins eth wy ctr tev you send atin glen coment A Sepemns Cos uly viewed envomcens brn op sulin Alle Avast cook ng to lomtssapuntre, Gris ot epics te plows Tete wortlce, we lok ate expects tach Be ermecveo he eho contrac uti apeemen tat ext Bethcen cals {Stand enplyers Ths ageenen sc ot meal econ” Mange S eget to teal enpleer uth, poise acepunle working cones, Coy commune vans or dy wert sd pe cect oho el fnployes we doing. Emyloces ar xpd demonarte food ade St deco, shaw fayy so expen, When» og coetnc abe fess cn ratonsipr btwn enol (or supcrvson) and cles employes man ao Be merely engage ogni ‘Saukp hs (OCB)™a mT) Tce Inarole once station ‘What happens if managements derit in its part ofthe bargin? We can expect negate effects o employee perfomance and satsfation. One stay ‘aig restaurant manage fund Hat vilaior of the poyhologcal contact ‘ee eld ic gente ead bo ge, le stir oly b's ey ot Siteent industries found poschologal contracts were asocated with Lower leveh of produc. biphe ovel ofthe and preter work wtheaval = ‘There is evidence that perception of pyeholegca contacts vary aeoss ‘atures In France, where people ae individualistic and power is more asym ‘metre, contact ate persived a sel-aterested yet favoring the more pow ‘ful pay. Im Canada, whore pope are inviduaiic but power Is mare [ymmetnc, contacts ar preted sinters ot focused on balanced ‘ecrocty Im China whe people ae elects and power i more t= ‘meth. comracts ae peeved as gore beyond the werk context into empley~ ‘elves. And in Norway, where people are cllestivistie but power is mare ‘Symmetic, conracs ae persived a mote relational andbased on eus."™ Role Conflict ‘When cempliance with one role requirement may make it difialtt comply ‘sth moter the es come" At he ete 0 OFT ENS ‘tions may be connadito, For example, fom ana manage, were © provide ‘aperormance calito fa penon ou mentored your rales a var ad ‘mentor may cof. Simi, we can expercnce inter confit who the expectations of ur dire, seperate grup are in opposition. An example can ‘be fund in work-lamiy conic! tht Mahesh expenences when expecttcns | laced hm aa hua and fae fer fom thine placed on Bm a ‘scctne of Matindca Autmotulen. Mates wife andres want ori Shane, ode te eoxpary expos ts enploens to bs eopoesne to ta wks “aul mqremens:Athiop it Bip Mabe nancial ard cer meres twacrepta eloatin the conic centers on chcsing Retween fail and werk ral expectaions Indes peat deal of esearch demorataes that week fly ‘confit son ofthe mos sigificatsoures of stres for mostempoyees™ ‘Within rgmizations, most employees ae simaltaneessy in ovupation, ‘work group visions, and demeprahie groupe, and thew Wetton cance ‘ct when he expectation of onc clad withthe expcttion of anther are ing mersers and acquisitions employees can be tora between thei ienties a ‘member ofthe original organization and ofthe new parent company Mali ‘tional organizatins have aso been shown lead dual idetieaton—with ‘he local Gison and withthe ternational ganization” Role Play and Assimilation ‘The dees to wich we comply with cr role perceptions snd expecainns— ‘ren when we don' agree wih them inals—ean be suprising. One of the ‘most iuminating ol and entity expermests was done a number of years a2 by peychologist Pip Zimbardo and his ascites" They created 2"prscn™ inthe basemen ofthe Stanfouprycholy building; hired emotionally abe, ‘ymca bali, twang dente whe oor “moral erage” Pe Sonali test: randomly assigned them he rte of ether “gua or"esone™: ‘nd salished sme ase res.Funai Grup abnor CHAPTER 38 1: took tle sme for the rtsoners 4 acept the authority positions of the uals nd forthe mode ars to adusto eit mew auth oles. Consistent ‘rth svialieaty thor the gard came wo See the prisoners sa gave seeayorp oad tay doelopel ensippe ie i “piel plone poe tly type. Afr the garde crushed obelion te‘ the second iy the ‘isner care increasing pase. Whatever the guards ded out the ise ‘nen took. The prsners actually began to believe and ac ike they were inf ‘orandpowerkss Every gua at sme tive daring the stn gape in usv,auhontatve Deli: One sa “Iwas supe at myself. made roca considered the prisoner atl and hep thing" have to watch ‘ut fo them incase they ty something” Surprisingly dung the ene expec rment—even afer dys of abese—ot one prisoner said “Stn tis. 'm a sue ‘ent ike you. This jst an eerie” The researcher had to end the stay flr ony 6 days because of th participants puobgial actions. ‘What can we concde from hs dy? Like the ret of, the participants ud ened steeped conceptions of gual aid sone fle Hm hess ‘ed an he on ert npeiones i power and powerless rebtionhs oneouttagoio mgt ot sede Saat of exh. ssvs cay ‘Stren ho gap browne mre (iret Reseach mates ned ‘nai cope ape dare when tay ae auntie show {rete cot, hore fe ‘tattoo pean | “Gn gosio and oxraeim wok together? Yes ecorg 1082 RT To crow ‘ined a home (parent-child in schol (eacher-studen and in eter st ‘om, This background alowed them We asime res ea and rapidly ab ‘witha vague nation ofthe socal tity of hei rles and mo rive perscalty patology ot traning forthe pats they were playing, te excite exter forms [tbehavo comets wi ne role, 2 redity telson show tt a + Fp to he Stoner expernest wt ‘once hy the BBC" The HAC res wee matically diferent from thse ‘of th Stanford experiment, partly bane the show used es inense smut ‘on seting, Th an” were far more caf nth Beer, iting th [rere tratnentol"posonas wuloyreneng conkers abut bw tt ates Imig be pec In stu thy da fly ake one acon os pest Ibmatac cy know toh as feng acre fy milion irs The ‘oath ppt tha nance atom coke en ere hone an abana ‘elescanbe mid wha people ar made conse of ter bev Group Property 2: Norms Did you ever notice tat golfers doit speak while thei artes are puting? ‘Why nat The answer ince. ‘All groeps have established merms—scceplale standards of behavior stared By tember tat exprss whi ey Out to 0 and ought aot do ‘under erat creumitinces Ith nt ensugh for group leaders fo shar thee ‘opinions even if members alge the lade views, the effect may last only dys When agreed by the group, norms inflaence behavior with a misi= tum of external contol. Dilla groupe communes, and socieics have Afferent norms, bathe all have them. Lets discuss the evel of fae that ‘orn ca tert oe Us strtgg With ou emotns Norms and Emotions ‘Hane yor eer sotied ow the emotions of one meme of your fay. esp ‘cally song emotions, can iflence the emovons ofthe other members? A ‘umy cm bea highly normative group. So cana task group whose menibers ‘work together en daly Rass. Beane Frequent commricaion ca incre ‘the power of norms. A rece study found tha, i a task group. indus ‘enotons influenced the poup emetins, and vice versa. This may nt be sur ‘sie, but researcher ao fun tha norms dictated the exprioce of er ‘ons forthe inivduls and for the groupe cer werd, people IEW 10 Interpret tha stared emotions inthe tre may” As we dncnere i Chapters Sand 6 our omotina mad minds can shape cu prepective, to te mrmative he Youn Pet presre RA cn Sew hm treme an fering suntan at nay (neeearcthealauefrparages et woe Seber aL ‘ew posure can be s pte And whe goaps mat pes ot oven Some wars gop were esto aoe behave, ey ns ‘neh eon ord pertmane we Se ab say emia tec bearer ‘mrs per pesneon coer, Should you nee pou ptr wheter decor nc an ncaur sue? B62 ade ou may Md {een prtrmance ron thowe not Oneuney bund tat ony € peat ‘meeting epecatons A poop wit of haces paride abe ‘mer toners beng etal cad cealy tunes thet epee ‘eave tera Tes ee ese POW tower eras, an eee Gin poner i sos of poe bene ee pst pet ow macht ‘error seat to ary eves eat on cent eyo cerrgattnetnlsowtten arpa toarenge a WEE } imsn eines tt oneal mapa how na ‘eas significa iaflrnced by its “ypecia” stars. The members thou thy tren an eit group. and tha managemce! sowed concer abot tine ‘ts by engoping experimentation In essence workers bo the lumisa- ‘Awa incentine plan was then intraduced in the bank wiring aeration ‘om. The mostimporunt finding was that employers id ot inividal) max mize ther ouput, Rather, the rel perfrmance became controlled bya group ‘orm. Memes were ara ati Ue signficanly increased ther Opt the {leanne fate might te ea, the expected ly up mph be erase, lays might ccew, ex shwer works might be Tepumanda. So tbe group ‘tablished ts en of» fie otpat—ncter te mach or toe litle, Members ed each othr ena thet eprts were nay level al the mes hat the sr0Un established included a umber of behav “dons.” Doe be 4 eae- ‘base, turing out toc much work Dor bea chisel, tuming out too litle wrk. Don squeal on any of your pee. The group eafrcd st norms with ‘ume calling. ridicule, and even punches othe upper ams of viata thus pened wel below x capabaty, ng nore Sat wee hey exablabl nd stony enforce Positive Norms and Group Outcomes (ne goal of very ognizatic with aor socal spun (CSR) in {aaves fr opanaton ae! (oe woot be CEO and ects) te normative ay oer enplyeen "Aer al If empanes aligned te thnting win the spina’ pee sores, hss sre wea bere