SEWERAGE DESIGN

A separate sewerage pipelines is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting

sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to treatment facilities or
disposal. A separate sewerage pipelines are part of an overall system called sewage system or
sewerage. Sewage may be treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface
water.

Sewer is not designed as a full (usually designed ½ to ¾ full) because to protect its
tendency from becoming anaerobic when full ,to provide room for future expansion and to
consider possible infiltration due to leakages.

Steel pipe chosen in this design because steel most durable of all. When installed, steel
piping can last for lifetime. Furthermore, steel pipe very much capable of repelling rust and
corrosion. In addition to that, they also withstand extreme temperature changes. However,
since they have tough construction, it is quite difficult to work around them when making
plumbing installation.

For the slope, we design 1/400 to improve the gravity flow of the sewerage. Since the
PE for the design is 9925 capacity. The amount of wastewater is in large amount therefore a
steeper slope needed to be designed and provide self-cleaning velocity and avoid the
settlement of suspended solids in the sewage pipe. A self-cleaning velocity may be defined as
an ideal and minimum velocity in a sewer that allows the solid particles to remain suspension
without settling at the bottom of the sewer which may cause clogging, at the same time,
protecting scouring from happening that may damage the sewer line(if the velocity is too
fast). Velocity is important because if the speed is too low, solids can settle and cause
blockages. If the velocity is too fast, the rough solids can erode the sewer.
 FIGURE 1:SEPARATE SEWERAGE DESIGN

TABLE 2.10 REQUAIREMENT OS SELF-CLEANSING VELOCITY OF

SEWER

CRITERIA OF Q THE RANGE OF VELOCITY IN THE

SEWER (m/s)

At Qmax <0.8-4.0

At Qmin* Should not be less than the values in Table

2.11(depending on the size of sewer)

DWF 1
*Qmin is taken at = X DWF
Fp 4.7 p0.11

TABLE 2.11 A-SELF CLEANSING VELOCITY OF A SEWER ACCORDING TO

THE

DIAMETER

DIAMETER OF SEWER(mm) MINIMUM VELOCITY(m/s)

150-250 1.00
300-600 0.75
>600 0.60
 TABLE 2.12 SEWER DESIGN CRITERIA IN ACCORDANCE TO MS1228(1991)

PARAMETER DESIGN CRITERIA

FLOW(Q) Qp=4.7p^0.11 X DWF
VELOCITY(SELF-CLEANING) Qmin; v> 0.6-1.0m/s*
Qmax: v< 0.8-4.0m/s
MINIMUM DIAMETER 225mm
MINIMUM DEPTH 1.2m from the ground surface
GRADIENT Should not be steeper than 1:50
DISTANCE TO WATER SUPPLY PIPE Should not be laid on top of drinking water
pipe
DISTANCE TO BUILDING Should not be constructed under buildings
ECONOMIC FACTOR Should be as shorter as possible

MANNING FORMULA:

2
1 S1
V = R 3 ……………………………………………………………………………(2.11)
n 2

1 (R)2 (S)1
Q= ( A) ……...……………………………………………………..(2.12)
n 3 2

Where,

V=velocity of wastewater (m/s) at full flow

Q=flow rate of wastewater (m3/s) at full flow

R=wetted area= A/P (covered by wastewater)*

A=wetted area of sewer m2

P=perimeter(m)

D=diameter(m)

S=gradient of sewer(m/m)

n=the roughness coefficient(Table 2.13)

TABLE 2.13 MANNING ROUGHNESS COEFICIENT,(MSIG VOLUME 3,2009;
BARNES, et al.,1981 WILSON , 1981 METCALF & EDDY, 1991)

TYPE OF SEWER MANNING COEFFICIENT ,n*

Uncoated cast-iron 0.012-0.015
Coated cast-iron 0.011-0.013
Ductile iron(DI) 0.012-0.015
Vitrified clay pipe (VC) 0.010-0.017
Concrete 0.012-0.016
Steel 0.010
Asbestos cement 0.011
Soil and gravel 0.018-0.020
Earth drain 0.025-0.035

PRIMARY SCREENING

The objective of screens is to remove large floating material and coarse solids from
wastewater.It may consist of parallel bars, wires or grating placed across the flow inclined at
300-600. According to method of cleaning, the screens are hand cleaned screens or
mechanically cleaned screens. Whereas, according to the size of clear opening, they are
coarse screen (>50mm), medium screens (25-50mm) and fine screens (10-25mm).Primary
treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out by gravity. It includes the
physical processes of screening, comminution, grit removal, and sedimentation. Screens are
made of long,closely spaced, narrow metal bars. They block floating debris such as wood,
rags and other bulky objects that clog pipes or pumps.

For our design, we used the manually raked instead of mechanical raked as it is useful in the
event of peak storm water inflows, or possible the failure of the downstream screens. The
manually raked screening also cheapest as well as low maintenance compare to mechanically
raked screening. Usually, manually bar need to be cleaned regularly and removed solids must
be disposed safely.In design the velocity through the screen is controlled so that it is not too
fast to flush the screenings or too slow which allows the debris to settle at the screen’s faced
and blocked the flow.

FIGURE 2 : SCREENING
FIGURE 3 SCREENING CHART
 TABLE 4.10 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR PRIMARY SCREENS (MSIG,
VOLUME

4, 2009)

DESCRIPTION UNIT MANUALLY RAKED MECHANICALLY

RAKED
Design flow m³/s Qpeak Qpeak
Maximum clear mm 25 25
spacing
Maximum approach m/s 1.0 1.0
velocity at the feed
channel
Maximum flow m/s 1.0 1.0
through velocity at
the screen face
Minimum freeboard Mm 150* 150
Estimated volume of m³/10⁶ m³ 30 See Figure 4.12
screenings per
volume of
wastewater
Screening skip day 7 7
storage capacity
Minimum channel mm 500 500
width
Minimum channel mm 500 500
depth
RC staircase with riser 1 unit Anti-skid and corrosive Anti-skid and non-
detail corrosive
d = 420 mm

D=600mm