Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living

organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow
organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and
respond to their environments.
Catabolism is the degradative phase of metabolism in which organic
nutrient molecules are converted in to smaller. Catabolic pathways release
energy and reduced eletron carriers (NADH, NADPH and FADH2)

Anabolism , also called biosynthesis, small, simple precursors are built up

into larger and more complex molecules, including lipids, polysaccharides
proteins and nucleic acids. Anabolic reactions require an input of energy
and reducing power.
The relationship between
catabolism and anabolism
 Metabolic pathways
1. ลําดับเส้ นเรียบ (linear sequence)
A B C D
2. ลําดับแตกกิง9 (branched sequence)
D E
A B C
F G
3. วัฎจักร (cycle)
A
D B
C
Thermodynamics (Greek: therme, heat; dynamis, power)
is the description of the relationships among the various
forms of energy and how energy affects matter on the macroscopic
level. As it applies to biochemistry, thermodynamics is most
often concerned with describing the conditions under which
processes occur spontaneously (by themselves).
 Josiah Willard Gibbs

DG = D H-T D S

D G is the free energy of a system.

D H is the change in enthalpy(heat content)
D S is the change in the entropy
A B
D G = GB - G A
 การควบคู่ทางพลังงาน (energy coupling)

ATP + H2O ADP + Pi ………….. D Go = - 7.3 Kcal/mol

o
Glucose + Pi D
G6P + H2O ……….. G = + 3.3 Kcal/mol
o
Glucose + ATP G6P + ADP ……….. D G = - 4.0 Kcal/mol

o
PEP + H2O pyruvate + Pi ……… D G = - 14.8 Kcal/mol
ADP + Pi ATP + H2O ……… D Go = + 7.3 Kcal/mol
o
PEP + ADP D
pyruvate + ATP …… G = - 7.5 Kcal/mol
 • ฟอสฟอริเลชันระดับสั บสเตรท (Substrate-level phosphorylation)
Enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

Pyruvate Kinase
o
PEP + ADP D
Pyruvate + ATP ……. G = - 7.5 Kcal/mol
 Phophoglycerate kinase

1, 3 - diphosphoglycerate + ADP 3 - phosphoglycerate + ATP

………… D Go = - 4.5 Kcal/mol

Creatine kinase
o
Creatine phosphate + ADP D
Creatine + ATP… G = - 3.5 Kcal/mol
Ex invention
argon
 • ออกซิเดตีฟฟอสฟอริเลชัน (Oxidative phosphorylation)
in inner membrane mitochondria
occurs of

The synthesis of ATP that occurs when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized
by electron transport through the respiratory chain.

• โฟโตฟอสฟอริเลชัน (Photophosphorylation)
The synthesis of ATP using the energy of light.
Oxidative phosphorylation

Eukaryote Inner mitochondrial membrane

Prokaryote Plasma membrane
 Oxidation-reduction reaction

oxidized

accept electron)
(

The oxidation-reduction potential, E, (redox potential) is the

measure of the affinity of a substance for electrons and
is measured the relative to hydrogen.
A positive redox potential means that the substance has
a higher affinity for electron than does hydrogen and so
would accept electrons from hydrogen.

A substance with a negative redox potential has a

lower affinity for electrons than does hydrogen and
would donate electrons to H+, forming hydrogen.
 oxyda live phosphorylation -

production
of
ATP

PMF -
-

proton motive
force

+ PME
Protein used
semi
permeable membrane ←
to
4
by proton
pm through
> matrix

Electron
transport
chain

composed af I can
cowpat 1 .
synthesize
ATP
start 3 ATP
^ ( NADH =

(electron carriers) / it Ap H
-
= 2 ATP

ubiquinone > compact 3 → cytochrome z ( ultimate

comp at ,
→
-

Napa → electron
H2O C-
oxygen c- compact 9 acceptor

The proton pumps are part of complexes I, III and IV

(ultimate electron acceptor)

y have
energy
more
-

↳ gradient during electron

transport
beams
from matrix
electron
to

FAP At → complete 2 → ubiquinone → complete 3

Tv intermolecular space .

Ho ← oxygen ←
complex g
←
Cytochrome (
(ultimate electron accepted
Electron transport chain (Respiratory chain)

(ultimate electron acceptor)

Coupling and respiration control
 A Tp synthase structure -
two parts HII

i
Proton
Chanel
Synthesize ATP
 § ;gtqEn

change to
ATP synthesis
by oxidation phosphorylation
is greater than

substrate phospho legation

Electron transport inhibitors and uncouplers

Punto x in
-
Uncoupling agents, such as 2, 4 dinitrophenol, that is, when
added to the cells, they stop ATP synthesis but electron transport
still continues and so oxygen is still consumed.

The production of heat by uncoupling is called nonshivering

thermogenesis.
 Example: Uncoupling protein (UCP)

- UCP occurs naturally in brown adipose tissue.

- This tissue is rich in mitochondria, the inner mitochondrial

membranes of which contain a protein called thermoginin
(or uncoupling protein).

- Used as a mechanism to generate heat in newborn and

hibernating animals.
 Mechanism ay uncoupling agent

ATP
synthesis
what is the
advantage
of uncoupling protein ?
does not our

agent
Reoxidation of cytosolic NADH

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle -

2 ATP
become
because NADH
FA DH in mitochondria .

Skeletal muscle and brain

Some NADH is released in the
cytoplasm and some NADH is released in
the mitochondria .

that
NADA occur in
cytoplasm cannot go through the inner
membrane because inner membrane is
semipermeable membrane
a

that in mitochondria
nap it occur can

transfer v inner membrane

naturally .
through

where ng FADA
always occur in mitochondria which is

doesn't hone problem

transporting through
it in
why inner
membrane .

FA Dlt 4 NADA occurring in mitochondria here no

trouble membrane
going through inner .

to shuttle to
in cytoplasm has use
NADH go
through inner membrane

NADH that is released in

cytoplasm will
give 2 or 3 ATP

depending on the shuttle .

2 ATP
City Carol 3 phosphate
-

ATP
malate arparate 3
-

-
Malate-aspartate shuttle Liver, kidney and heart
3 -

ATP
 Citric acid cycle
* This
cycle oxidize acetyl CoA

also known as the TCA(tricarboxylic acid) cycle or Krebs cycle,

is use to oxidize the acetyl CoA formed during
- Glycolysis pathway function
- Fatty acid degradation
- Amino acid degradation
located
Eukaryotes mitochondria
Prokaryotes cytosol
Center kerb cycle

kerb 's cycle

in
mitochondria

metabolism g
kerb
cycle

I
=
12 AT P

"
3 ATP

= z ATP
SATP

( GTP =
QA TP
Regulation of the TCA cycle
kerb 's cycle