ACICLOVIR

Names
Aciclovir is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) and British Approved Name (BAN) while
acyclovir is the United States Adopted Name (USAN) and former British Approved Name.[citation
needed.
It was originally marketed as Zovirax; patents expired in the 1990s and since then it is generic and is
marketed under many brand names worldwide.
USE
Aciclovir is used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus infections,
including -
Genital herpes simplex (treatment and prevention)
Neonatal herpes simplex
Herpes simplex labialis (cold sores)
Shingles
Acute chickenpox in immunocompromised patients
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Acute mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients
Herpes of the eye and herpes simplex blepharitis (a chronic (long-term) form of herpes eye infection)
Prevention of herpes viruses in immunocompromised people (such as people undergoing cancer
chemotherapy)
BCS class III drug
Tablet , Capsule , Cream , Ointment
ADEFOVIR –
A prodrug form of adefovir was previously called bis-POM PMEA, with trade
names Preveon and Hepsera.

USE

It is used for treatment of hepatitis B.

Trials of adefovir in patients with HIV
BCS Class III Drug
Suspension, Tablet
Method of Estimation - LCMS
AMANTADINE

Name -Brand names

Gocovri®
Osmolex ER®
Symadine®¶
Symmetrel®¶

Adamantanamine Hydrochloride
Amantadine is used to treat Parkinson's disease-related dyskinesia and drug-induced parkinsonism
syndromes.[15] Amantadine may be used alone or in combination with another anti-Parkinson or
anticholinergic drug.
Amantadine, along with modafinil and methylphenidate, are the most commonly used medications for
the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) related fatigue in clinical practice.
Disorders of consciousness (DoC) include coma, vegetative state (VS), and minimally conscious state
(MCS). Amantadine has been shown to increase the rate of emergence from a MCS, defined by
consistent demonstration of interactive communication and functional objective use. In traumatic
brain injury patients in the intensive care unit, amantadine has also been shown in various randomized
control trials to increase the rate of functional recovery and arousal, particularly in the time period
immediately following an injury.
Neuroplasticity and overall functional recovery in patients with brain injury
In various studies, amantadine and memantine have been shown to accelerate the rate of recovery
from a brain injury.[44][45] The time-limited window following a brain injury is characterized by
neuroplasticity, or the capacity of neurons in the brain to adapt and compensate after injury. Thus,
physiatrists will often start patients on amantadine as soon as impairments are recognized. There are
also case reports showing improved functional recovery with amantadine treatment occurring years
after the initial brain injury.
INTERACTIONS, PROBLEMS
Amantadine is contraindicated in persons with end stage renal disease.[35] The drug is renally
cleared.
The most common side effects were constipation, hallucinations, dizziness and dry mouth — side
effects that also occur with currently available immediate-release amantadine.
High solubility and high permeability. (BCS Class I)
Tablet , Oral Solution
Method of Estimation – Mass Spectrometry

Ribavirin
Ribavirin is the INN and USAN, whereas tribavirin is the BAN. Brand names of generic
forms include Copegus, Ribasphere, Rebetol.
USE -
Ribavirin is used primarily to treat hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fevers. the oral (capsule or tablet)
form of ribavirin is used in combination with pegylated interferon alfa,[7][8][9][10] including in people
coinfected with hepatitis B, HIV. Ribavirin is the only known treatment for a variety of viral hemorrhagic
fevers, including Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, and
Hantavirus infection.

Ribavirin has in vitro and in vivo activity against the filoviruses (Ebola[18] and Marburg) and the
flaviviruses (dengue, yellow fever, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and Kyasanur forest disease).

ribavirin may have useful activity against canine distemper and poxviruses.

Ribavirin, a poorly permeable BCS class-III drug

Intravenous route , Tablets

Method of Estimation – REVERSE PHASE -HPLC

DACLATASVIR
Daclatasvir, sold under the trade name Daklinza.

Use
Treat hepatitis C (HCV).

Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II (low solubility/ high permeability).

Film Coated Tablet

Method Of Estimation – UV Spectrophotometry , RPHPLC

Edoxudine

Effectiveness against herpes simplex virus.

GEL formulation

BCS Class 2

EFAVIRENZ

Names - Adiva, Avifanz, Efamat, Efatec, Efavir, Efavirenz, Efcure, Eferven, Efrin, Erige, Estiva, Evirenz,
Filginase, Stocrin, Sulfina V, Sustiva, Virorrever, and Zuletel

For HIV infection that has not previously been treated, the United States Department of Health and Human
Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines recommends the use of efavirenz in combination with
tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) as one of the preferred NNRTI-based regimens in adults and
adolescents[7] and children.

Tablet Formulations and Capsules

BCS Class II Drug

Problems-

Efavirenz is broken down in the liver by enzymes that belong to the cytochrome P450 system, which
include both CYP2B6 and CYP3A4.[2] Efavirenz is a substrate of these enzymes and can decrease the
metabolism of other drugs that require the same enzymes. People who are taking both efavirenz and other
drugs metabolized by the same enzymes might need the dose of their drugs to be increased or decreased.

Efavirenz also affects antifungal drugs, which are used for fungal infections

Efavirenz – Near Infrared Spectroscopy , uv-vis

Ganciclovir
 Cytovene

Sight-loss CMV retinitis in severely immunocompromised people

CMV pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients

Prevention of CMV disease in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients

Confirmed CMV retinitis in people with AIDS (intravitreal implant)

It is also used for acute CMV colitis in HIV/AIDS and CMV pneumonitis in immunosuppressed patients.
[medical citation needed]
Ganciclovir has also been used with some success in treating Human herpesvirus 6 infections.[3]
Ganciclovir has also been found to be an effective treatment for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis.
Class III BCS Classification
Formulations - IV formulations , Gel
Method of Estimation – Immunoassay , HPLC

Nevirapine
Viramune
USE-
recommended for use with other antiretroviral medications. Nevirapine is used in people six years of age
and older infected with HIV-1 as part of combination antiretroviral treatment (ART or cART).
Monotherapy with nevirapine is not indicated due to rapid emergence of resistance.
A single dose of nevirapine given to both mother and child reduced the rate of HIV transmission by almost
50% compared with a very short course of zidovudine (AZT) prophylaxis
Formulations -Oral Suspensions , Tablet
Classified as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II compound due to its
low solubility and high intestinal permeability. 
Method of Estimation- LC-MS , HPLC-UV

Imiquimod
Aldara
USES –
External genital and perianal warts (condylomata acuminata) in adults;[7]
Small superficial basal-cell carcinomas (sBCCs) in adults;[7]
Clinically typical, non-hyperkeratotic, non-hypertrophic actinic keratoses (AKs) on the face
or scalp in immunocompetent adults when size or number of lesions limit the efficacy and /
or acceptability of cryotherapy and other topical treatment options are contraindicated or less
appropriate.
Formulations - Cream formulation
BCS class not found
Method of Estimation- ultra-pressure liquid chromatography(UPLC) , MS

Zanamivir 
Uses –
For the treatment of infections caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses

Formulations – Dry Powder , Oral Capsules , Intravenous

BCS Class III
Ritonavir –
Norvir
To treat HIV/AIDS. a low dose is used with other protease inhibitors.It may also
be used in combination with other medications for hepatitis.
Formulation – Capsules , Tablets
Problem – Fast crystallization due to which bioavailability decreased than
theraupetic value.
BCS class IV compound (low solubility and low permeability)
Method Of Estimation – Reverse phase high performance liquid
chromatography