Bark Medicine

According to an old ……., in the early seventeenth century, a Peruvian

Indian was cured of a terrible fever ……. eating the bark of the cinchona
tree. Quinine, the drug …….. can be extracted from cinchona bark, was
….. widely used as medicine until 1816.Quinine has proved invaluable
to modern medicine. It is used in ……….treatment of malaria, a ……….
transmitted by the anopheles mosquito and common in the tropical …….
of the world. Quinine preparations are also used to help cure typhoid
fever, rheumatic fever, and ……… sicknesses.The cinchona tree belongs
to the evergreen family and, unlike most evergreens, ……..very fragrant
flowers. Cinchonas are native to South America, but now are ….. in
such other places as India, Ceylon, and Java……. cinchona trees do not
reach full size for about 8 years, the bark can be taken ….. 3-year-old
trees. First the young trees are cut down. ……. the bark is carefully
stripped off, dried, and packed. It is sent to a factory ………. it is ground
into a brown powder. …….. this powder, the quinine is extracted.
A DELICATE MATTER
The normal body temperature of a full-grown person measures 98.6
degrees on a Fahrenheit ……...
……. the body’s temperature may vary above and ……. this point, the
variations are usually quite small. A change in the body’s temperature of
more than ten ……..either way would probably cause death.
The regulation of body temperature is a delicate and continuous
process. In man and other warm-blooded ……., temperature is
automatically kept uniform …… normal conditions. In the body, heat is
produced at all times, ……. at varying rates of speed. The heat is carried
by the blood to the skin surfaces. …… there, it passes off into the air.
If the body becomes ……. warm, the surface blood vessels become
larger and carry more …….. In this way, more heat can be ……. to the
surface of the skin and sent out of the body. In addition, as the body
becomes warmer, the sweat glands pour out perspiration which
evaporates and helps …… the body.
These processes are reversed when the body becomes ……
……. keep the body temperature from dropping far below the normal,
the surface blood vessels grow ……. and perspiration checked
The building of the pyramids in Ancient Egypt obviously required a vast
labour force, but the popular image ……. gangs of Egyptians being
forced to work is probably incorrect. In fact ……. seems that though
prisoners of war did some of heavy work …… the maintenance job,
most of the ordinary labourers were farmers ….. worked during the
flood periods ……. farming was impossible anyway. The labourers
…….probably paid in food - because money did not…… exist - and
organised in groups with encouraging names such ……. "Hardworking
Gang" or "Strong Gang".
Although the traditional picture of thousands of slaves …….. struck with
whip is unlikely to be true, paintings do show supervisors carring metre-
long sticks ………6 were not simply symbols of office. One
architect, Nekhebu, boasted that he never hit a workman hard ……… to
knock him down. The Greek historian Herodotus gave traditional figures
for the work force of one of the pyramids as 100.000 men replaced …..
three months for a period of 20 years. It is impossible to prove ………
disprove these figures, but they …….. doubtless been wildly
overestimated. Housing that was found in the desert ………….. the west
of one of the pyramids would have accommodated a permanent work
force of no more than 4000.
Ludwig Van Beethoven, one of the most popular classical composers of
all time, ……. sometimes known as "the Shakespeare of music". He was
in Bonne in 1770, and public his first work ……. the age of thirteen.
Mozart was his teacher……….. a short time, although they did not
……..on well together; Beethoven was a difficult student.As a
composer, Beethoven was a genius - but as a person, he was not very
easy ……like. He was a passionate man ……. lost his temper very
easily. He was also arrogant. The upper class of Vienna used to ……..
him to parties, where he was often quite rude. He was once heard to say
to a prince "There will always be many princes, but there is only ……
Beethoven".Neverthless, Beethoven composed some of the most
beautiful symphonies the world has ever heard. How was ……… an
arrogant, bad-tempered man inspired to write such romantic music?
Perhaps the answer lies in the three letters ……… were found after his
death. They were addressed to his "Immortal Beloved Woman". ………
knows who this woman was, but it appears that Beethoven was deeply in
love ……. her for most of his adult life.
Intelligence Science fiction films and books are full of robots that look,
and even think, exactly 0 ... humans. Some people believe it will not be
long 1 ... such machines become a reality. However, most advanced
electronic machines still look 2 ... like people. These machines cannot
yet think in the same way 3 ... a person; some say they never 4 ... . But
they are able to make decisions and solve problems. An airliner's
automatic pilot, for example, can control 5 ... plane, even during take-off
and landing. Computers issue detailed instructions in order 6 ... control
the way robots act. The simplest robots just follow a set 7 ... instructions
and repeat the same movements again and again. Many factories rely
8 ... such robots to carry out the sort of tasks that a human worker 9 ...
certainly find very boring and they can do many jobs more rapidly and
with great accuracy. Very advanced robots have sensors with 10 ... they
can collect information 11 ... their surroundings. These robots can move
12 ... place to place, using tiny television cameras to find 13 ... way.
Many scientists are convinced that robots will soon be intelligent 14 ...
to explore other planets more effectively 15 ... humans.
Where do you start if you want to write a successful story? Clearly, what
you need first of ……… is an idea which you can develop into a strong
plot. But …….. do ideas like this come from? The ……. is” anywhere
and everywhere” they may come from something that has …… to you or
to ….. else, from a newspaper, an interesting picture, or even a song. It’s
a good idea to keep a notebook nearby ….. that you can write down the
details of any odd incidents ….. catch your imagination . Make a note of
ideas ….. titles, too, and any special phrases or descriptions that you
think of. A small tape recorder can …….useful for this purpose. Some
writers even keep …… by their bed in …… they wake up with “the idea
of the century”
Another method of developing the story is to make use ……. the
characters themselves. Why not ……. putting three people you know
well into a situation such as a wedding, where feelings may be very
strong, and see…… happens. But don’t make the final characters too
much like your aunt Jane or Uncle Jim or you may find …… in real
trouble