TCVN TIEU CHUAN QUOC GIA TCVN 7383-1 : 2004 ISO 12100-1 : 2003 Xuat ban lan 1 AN TOAN MAY - KHAI NIEM CO BAN, NGUYEN TAC CHUNG CHO THIET KE Phan 1: THUAT NGU CO BAN, PHUONG PHAP LUAN Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology HA NOI - 2008Loi néi dau TCVN 7383-1:2004 hoan toan tuong duong véi tisu chuan ISO 12100- 4:2003 TCVN 7383-1:2004 do Ban ky thuat tigu chudn TCVN/SC 1 Nhing van a8 chung vé co kh bién soan, Téng cuc Tiéu chudn Bo ludng Chat lugng dé nghi, BS Khoa hgc va Céng nghé ban hanh. Tiéu chudn nay dugc chuyén déi nim 2008 Tir Tiéu chudn Viet Nam cling s6 higu thanh Tiéu chun Quéc gia theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Biéu 69 cla Luat Tiéu chudn va Quy chudn kj thuat va diém a khoan 1 Bigu 6 Nghj dinh $6 127/2007/ND-CP ngay 1/8/2007 cia Chinh phit quy dinh chi tiét thi hanh mot sé diéu cia Luat Tiéu chudn va Quy chuan ky thuat.TIEU CHUAN QUOC GIA An toan may - Khai nigém co ban, nguyén tac chung cho thiét ké - Phan 1: Thuat ngif, phudng phap luan co ban Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminolagy, methodology 4 Pham viap dung Tiéu chudn nay qui dinh cdc thuat ngi va phuang phdp lu&n oo ban duge sit dung 48 dat dugc an toan may. Céc ndi dung néu ra trong tiéu chugn nay duge diing cho nguéi thiét ké. Tiéu chuan nay khéng lam tén hai dén cdc vat nudi trong nha, cia ci hoc méi truéng. 2. Tai ligu vign dan TCVN 7383-2:2004 (ISO 12100-2:2003) An toan may - Khai niém co ban, nguyén t&c chung cho thiét ké - Phan 2: Nguyén tac ky thuét. 3. Thuét ngif va dinh nghia Tiéu chugn nay va TCVN 7383 1004 sit dung c&c thuat ngif va dinh nghia sau: 34 ‘May (Machinery, machine) Cum cdc chi tiét ho&c bé phan cé lién két voi nhau trong d6 it nh&t c6 mét chi tiét ho&c mét bd phan chuyén dong cing véi cac co cu dude din dng, digu khién va mach dién thich hop, dugc néi ghép voi nhau theo cdc tng dung riéng, dac biét la cho gia céng, xirly, dich chuyén hod bao g6i vat ligu. Thuat ngit "may" (machinery, machine) cng bao ham cum cac may dé thyc hién cling mét céng viée, duge bé tri va diéu khién sao cho cdc may hoat déng nhu mét thé théng nhat. CHU THICH: Phy Iye A gid thigu so 46 chung ciia mot may. 32 D6 tin cay (cia may) (Reliability) Kha nang cia may, bé phan may ho&c thiét bi thyc hién ch(fe nang yéu cdu cdc diéu kign 44 djnh va trong khoang théi gian d& dinh ma khéng cé hu hang.TCVN 7383-1: 2004 33 Kha nang bao duéng (cilia may) (Maintainability) Kha nang cla may dugc bao dudng & trang thai dé cé thé hoan thanh duge chic nang cla né trong diéu kién sit dung may ding hoa duge phuc hdi é trang thai trong d6 céng viéc bao dudng duge thuc hhién theo qui trinh ky thuat qui dinh va si dung cc bién phap kj thuat qui dinh. 3.4 Kha nang sit dyng (cua may) (Usability) Kha nang cila may cé thé due sit dung dé dang nhé cdc tinh chat ho&c dc tinh tao ra sy théng hiéu d& dang céc chife nang van hanh cia may. 3.5 ‘Sy tén hai (Harm) ‘Su gay ra thucng tich cho co thé hoc c6 hai cho stte Khoa, 3.6 Méi nguy hiém (Hazard) Nguén tiém tang cac tén hai CHU THICH 1: Thuat ngir "mdi nguy hiém” c6 thé bé ngif cho tinh tir bidu thi, nguén gc ciia mdi nguy hiém (vi du, m6i nguy hiém vé co khi, mdi nguy hiém vé éién) ho&ic ban chétt ctia sy tén hai (vi dy, mdi nguy hiém vé chap Gin, méi nguy hiém vé ct got, méi nguy hiém vé cht déc hai, méi nguy hiém v8 chay), CHU THICH 2: Méi nguy hiém ¢6 thé: = xust hign thutng xuyén trong qué trinh sit dung may dung (vi dy chuyén dng cia céc bo phén chuyén déng nguy hhiém, hé quang dign trong qua trinh han, ty thé lam vige 6 hai cho sic Kho’, sy phat ra tiéng &n, nhiét & cao). - xu hign bt ng@ (vi du méi nguy hiém do né, dap vO khi khdi dong, hu héng khi tng tBolgidm t6o, su’ phut ra bn ra cdc chat gy nguy hiém khi bO phan may v@). 37 Méi nguy hiém c6 lién quan (Relevant hazard) M6i nguy hiém xudt hién & may ho&e gan lién vai may. CHU THICH: Méi nguy hiém o6 lién quan la két qué cia mot bude cla qua trinh duc mé ta trong TCVN 7301:2003. 38 Méi nguy hiém Ién (Significant hazard) Méi nguy hiém 6 lién quan ma ngudi thiét ké cn loai bé hoc tim céch gidm ri ro pho hgp véi dénh gid rai ro. 3.9 Tinh trang nguy hiém (Hazardous situation) Tinh trang trong dé con nguéi phai chiu truéc it nhat la mét méi nguy hiém. Sy chiu nay ¢6 thé din dén suf t6n hai tite thai hodic trong mét khong thai gian.TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 3.10 Ving nguy hiém (Hazard zone, danger zone) Khéng gian nao 6 bén trong va / hoc bén ngoai may trong 46 con ngudi 6 thé phai chiu tac ng cia méinguy hiém. 344 Ri ro (Risk) ‘Su két hgp olla x4c suat xay ra tén hai va thigt hai cia sy tén hai nay. 3.42 Rij ro dur (Residual risk) Riliro vn odn tén tai sau khi da 06 cdc bién phap bao ve (xern inh 1), CHU THICH: Tiéu chudn nay phan biét: = Rili ro dy’ sau khi ngudi thiét k& 48 06 cdc bién phap bao v8. = Riiro du sau khi 68 thyc hign tat c8 cdc bign phép bio ve. 3.13 ‘anh gia riii ro (Risk assessment) ‘Ton bé qua trinh bao gém phan tich ruiro va @anh gia rui ro. 3.44 Phan tich rii ro (Risk analysis) ‘Sykét hgp cla Ac tinh ky thuat vé cdc gidi han clla may, sy nh4n biét méi nguy hiém va dy doan rai ro. 345 Dy dodn ril ro (Risk estimation) Binh 16 tinh nghiém trong cia sy tén hai va xc sudt xay ra sy tén hai nay. 3.16 anh gié mic ri ro (Risk evaluation) anh gid dya trén co sé phan tich rii ro, dat dude cdc muc tiéu gidm rii ro. 3.17 Giam thich déng rill ro (Adequate risk reduction) ‘Su gidm rdi ro t6i thigu phi hgp v6i céc qui dinh luat php 44 duge cac cd quan 6 thdm quyén cia nha nude ban hanh. CHU THICH: Chudn 48 xéc dinh 68 dat duge viée gidm thich dang rui ro duge cho trong 5.5. 3.18 Bign phap bao vé (Protective measure) Bign phap dé dat dugc viée gidm ri ro do:TCVN 7383-1: 2004 = nguei thiét ké thuc hign (thiét ké an to&n, c&c bién php che chan béo v6 va céc bign phdp blo vé bé sung, théng tin cho str dung) va = ngudi str dung thye hign (18 chic cc qui trinh lam vige an toan, giam sat, hé théng cho phép kim vigc, su chuén bi va sir dung céc b ph§n bao vé bd sung; sir dung thiét bi bao vé c& nhan; su hun luyén dao tao). 349 Bign phap thiét ké an toan vén c6 (inherently safe design measure) Bién phap béo vé c6 thé loai tris méi nguy hiém hodc giém rii ro gén lién v6i cdc mdi nguy hiém bang cach thay déi thiét ké ho&e c&c dic diém lam viée cia may ma khdng dung aén cdc bo phan hodc co cu bao v8. CHU THICH: TOVN 7383-2:2004, digu 4 68 cp Gén viéc gidm rbi ro bang ofc bién phap thiét ké an toan ven cb, 3.20 Bao vé bing che chan (Safe guarding) Bign phép bao vé st dung che chan bao vé dé bao vé con ngudi khdi céc méi nguy hiém khéng thé loai tritduge hoae dé bao vé con ngudi khdi st rUi ro khdng thé giém di dugc bing cdc bign phap thiét ké an toan vin c6. CHU THICH: TCVN 7383-2:2004, diu 5 dé cap dén bién phap bao vé an toan. 3.21 ‘Théng tin cho str dyng (information for use) Bin phap bao vé bao gém c&c mi lién két thong tin (vi du, cc van ban, cc tt, dau hiéu, tin hiéu, biéu tuong, biéu 46) duge str dung riéng biét ho&c két hgp v6i nhau 4é chuyén théng tin dén ngudi sit dung. CHO THICH: TCVN 7383-2:2004, diéu 6 46 cap dn th6ng tin cho ngudi sit dung. 3.22 ‘Sit dung may diing (Intended use of a machine) ‘SU dung may phi hgp véi théng tin cho trong huéng dan st dung. 3.23 ‘Si dung sai dy dodn (Reasonably foreseable misure) ‘Stt dyng may khéng éting dy dinh cia ngudi thiét ké nhung cach sir dung nay la do cach tng xi c6 thé doan truéc ducc ciia con ngudi. 3.24 ‘Che chan bao vé (Safe guard) Bé phan che chan hoac cd c&u bao vé. 3.25 Bé phan che chan (Guard) Rao chan dutsc thiét ké la mét b6 phan cla may dé thu’c hién chit nang bao vé.TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 CHU THICH 1; 86 phan che chin cé thé hoat dong: = mt minh; n6 chi o6 higu qu Khi dude "dong kin" Géi vai bd phan che chin di ding hoac dugc “gid chée chén tai ch6" déi véi bg phan che chén 06 dinh. ~ liGn hgp véi eg edu khoa lién ng hoc khéng khod bd phan che chén; trong trutng hop nay vige bao ve duge bao dam bang vi tri cla bg phan che chan, CHU THICH 2: Tuy theo két edu, b6 phan che chén o6 thé dugc goi la bO phan bao ve dang hép, tém che, nap hode v8 bao che, mang che, dang cf, dang kin, CHU THICH 3: Xem TCVN 7383 -2:2004, 5.3.2 va ISO 14120 di véi cdc kiéu bO ph§n che chin va cae yéu cfu cla ching. 3.25.1 BG phan che chan cé djnh (Fixed guard) B6 phan che chan dugc c6 dinh chat (vi du bang vit, dai 6c, han) sao cho né chi cé thé duge ma ho&e thao ra bing cac dung cy thao ho&c pha huy cdc phuong tién kep chat, 3.25.2 Bé phan che chan di dong (Movable guard) B6 phan che chan c6 thé diéu chinh duge mé ra ma khéng ding dén dung cu thao. 3.25.3 B@ phan che chén diéu chinh duge (Adjustable guard) BO phan che ch4n c6 dinh ho&c di dong cé thé diu chinh dugc toan thé b6 phan hoac cac chi tiét diéu chinh dude gn vao bé phan. Vig diéu chinh duge git éinh trong qua trinh lam viée (van han). 3.25.4 B phan che chan khod lin déng (Interlocking guard) 6 phan che chan két hgp vai mot co c&u Khoa lién déng sao cho c6 thé thyc hién duge cde chic nang sau cling vi hé théng diéu khién cia may: - che ning hoat d6ng c nguy hiém cia may dude “che chan" béi bO phan che chan sé khéng thé van hanh duge t6i khi bd phan che chan duge déng kin; = néu bd phan che chan duge mé trong khi chife nang hoat déng ¢6 nguy hiém cla may dang dusc van hanh thi phai phat ra l6nh dig; = kkhi b6 phan che chan duge déng kin, che nang hoat déng c6 nguy hiém ella may duge "che chdn" bdi bd phan che chén 6 thé van hanh duge . Rao chan cla bé phan che chan khéng duge ty khéi d6ng chife nang hoat déng nguy hiém ca may. CHU THICH: ISO 14119 gi6i thigu chi tiét aigu nay. 3.25.5 Bé phan che chan khod lién déng cé co cau khoa (Interlocking guard with guard locking) 86 phan che chan két hgp véi mét co cdu khoa lién déng va mét co c&u khoa bd phan che chan sao ccho 6 thé thyc hién duge céc chtte nang sau cing véi hé théng diéu khign cia may:TCVN 7383-1: 2004 = chife nang hoat déng khi c6 nguy hiém, may duge “che chan" béi bé phan che chan sé khéng thé van hanh duge t6i khi b6 phan che chin dugc déng kin va dude khoa; = b phan che chn van duge déng kin va duge khoa téi hi riii ro do chite nang hoat dong c6 nguy hiém cia may dude "che chdn" bai b6 phan che chén 4a bién malt; = khi b phn che chan duge déng kin va duge khod, chde nang hoat déng cb nguy hiém cla may duge "che chin" bdi bd phan che chan o6 thé van hanh dugc. Rao chan va khod bé phan che chan khéng duge ty khdi dong chic n&ing hoat déng c6 nguy hiém cia may. CHU THICH: ISO 14119 gidi thigu chi tiét diéu nay. 3.25.6 B@ phan che chin khoa lién dong cé chifc nang khdi dong, b6 phan che chan diéu khién (Interlocking guard with a start function, control guard) Dang diac biét ca bd phan che chn khoa lién dng khi bé phan nay 4 dat duge vi tr déng kin cla nd sé phat ra lénh dé bat ddu chic nang hoat dong cé nguy hiém cla may ma khéng ding dén bo diéu khign khai dong riéng). CHU THICH: TCVN 7383 -2:2004, 5.3.2.5 gidi thigu chi tiét vé ciéu kién sir dung. 3.26 Co cau bao v6 (Protective device) Thiét bj bao vé khac v6i bé phan che chén. CHU THICH: Vi dy vé cdc co edu bao vé dude giéi thiéu trong 3.26.1 4én 3.26.9. 3.26.1 Co cau khoé lién dong (Interlocking device, interlock) Co cfu kigu co khi, dién hoc kidu khac cé myc dich ngan chan sy van hanh ca chic nang hoat dong 6 nguy hiém cla may trong digu kién qui dinh (thudng la véi diéu kién bé phan bao vé khéng duge déng kin) 3.26.2 Co cau cé thé van hanh bang tay (Enabling device) Co cau duge van hanh thém bang tay dung dé lién két v6i mot co cu diéu khién khdi dong va Khi chting dusc tac dng lin tuc s6 cho phép hoat déng. CHU THICH: IEC 60204-1:1997, diéu 9.2.5.8 oi6i thigu vé co eu o6 thé van hanh bang tay. 3.26.3 Co cau diéu khién duy tri van hanh (Hold-to-run control device) Co cau diéu khién dé bat dau va duy tri chic nang hoat déng c6 nguy hiém cila may chi véi diéu kién 1 co cu diéu khién bang tay (co cu din dong, tac dong) duge van hanh. 10TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 3.26.4 Co cau diéu khién hai tay (Two-hand control device) Co cu diéu khign yéu céu t6i thigu phai c6 st tac déng déng thdi cia c& hai ban tay dé bat dau va duy tri chic ning hoat déng 06 nguy hiém cia may, yéu cdu nay chi nh&im bao vé cho ngudi van hanh may. CHU THICH: TCVN7385 :2004 gidi thiéu chi tiét diéu nay. 3.26.5 Thiét bj bao vg nhay cdm (Sensitive protective equipment SPE) ‘Thiét bj dé phat hign ra ngudi hoc c&c bé phn co thé nguéi b&ng cach tao ra tin hiéu thich hgp cho hé théng diéu khién 48 gi&m ri ro cho ngudi duge phat hign. Tin higu c6 thé sinh ra khi ngudi hodic bo phan co thé ngudi vuot ra ngoai mét gidi han da xc dinh trudc - vi du nhy vao ving nguy hiém - (bay bo higu) hoe khi mot ngudi duge phat hign trong mét ving dA xéc dinh truée (c&m nhan sy c6 mat cia con ngudi), hodc trong ca hai trudng hdp. 3.26.6 Go cau bao vé quang-dign tir phat xa (Active apto-electronic protective device - AOPD) CJ cau ma chite nang cém bign cla n6 dude thyc hién bang sy phat quang dign ta va thu nhan cc nguyén té phat hién ra sy ngiing phat xa quang hoc dude tao ra trong cd cau bdi su cé mat cia mét vat khéng trong suét trong ving phat hign d4 qui dinh. CHU THIGH: IEG 61496-2 giéi thigu chi tiét diéu nay. 3.26.7 Go c&u ham co khi (Mechanical restraint device) Co cu ma trong cau tric ca né o6 mét vat cdn co Khi (vi dy nhu ném, try dé, e6t chéng, vat chen) od Gi dé bén va cting viing dé 06 thé ng&in ngita duge chuyén déng nguy hiém. 3.26.8 Co cau gidi han (Limiting device) Co cau ngan chan may hodc tinh trang nguy hiém eta may khéng vugt qué gidi han duge thiét ké (vi dy, gidi han vé khéng gian, gidi han vé ap suat, gidi han vé momen tai). 3.26.9 Co cu digu khién dich chuyén cé giéi han (Limited movement control device) Co cau diéu khién ma mét tac dng diéu khién cia né cling voi hé théng diéu khién may chi cho phép thyc hign mét hanh trinh c6 gidi han ca bd phan may. 3.27 Vat chuéng ngai (Impeding device) Mot vat can nao d6 - vi dy nh hang rao thép, dudng ray, tuy khong ngan c&n hoan toan sy tip c&n toi ving nguy hiém nhung giém xc suat tiép cn vung nay bang cach gay trd ngai cho sy tiép can ty do. "1TCVN 7383-1: 2004 3.28 Chie nang an toan (Safety function) Chite nang cla may ma sy phd huy hoe mat di chic nang nay sé lam tng nhanh riti ro. 3.29 Khéi déng bat ngé, khdi déng khéng mong muén (Unexpected start-up, unintended stard-up) Sy khdi dong bat ng@ tao ra méi nguy him. Khéi dong b&t ngd gay ra bai, vi du: anh khéi é6ng do sai hdng hé théng digu khién ho&c do tac dng tir ben ngoai len hé théng digu khién; ~ lénh khdi déng lam vige khéng phil hgp & bé phan diéu khign khdi déng ho8c cdc b6 phan khéc cia may, vi dy mét cm bign hod phan tir digu chinh nguén; = hdi phuc lai nguén cung c4p sau khi ngat dién; + c&c téc dong bén ngoai / bén trong (vi dy nh trong lye, gi6, ty dnh Ita trong dng co At trong) trén cc bé phan cla may. . CHU THICH: Khéi déng may trong trinh ty binh thifing cla mét chu trinh ty dng khéng duce coi IA kha déng khéng mong mu6n nhung 66 thé duoc coi la khdi dong bat ngd theo quan niém cia ngudi thao tac, Surngiin chan tai nan trong tring hop nay dai hdi phai str dung cc bién phép bao v8 an toan (xem TCVN 7383 -2:2004 diéu 5). (tir TOVN 7300:2003, 3.2). 3.30 Hu héng dan téi nguy hiém (Failure to danger) Su truc trac trong may hoc nguén cung c&p dign cho méy lam tang rii ro. 3.31 Sai sét (Fault) Trang thai cla m@t bo phan duge ac trung bling sy thiéu kha ning hoan thanh chife ning yéu céu, ngoai triy su thiéu kha naing trong bao du@ng ng4n ch&n hodc cac hanh dng theo ké hoach khac, ho&c do thigu c&c nguén lye (tai nguyén) bén ngoai. CHU THICH 1: Sai s6t thudng dn dén hu héng cia ban than 86 phn, nhung cng c6 thé tén tai sei sét ma kih6ng dn 6én hu héng. CHU THICH 2: Trong finh vue may, thuat ngi tiéng Anh “Fault” thuang duge ding phi hgp v6i ginh nghia trong IEV 191-05-01, trong khi thudt ngif tiéng Phap “de'fault” va thuat ngif tiéng Bic "Fehler" dugc va ding hon cac ‘thuat ngif "panne" va "Fehizustand" cdc thuat ngif nay xuat hién trong IEV véi ding nghia néu trén. CHU THICH 3: Trong thuc t&, c&c thuat ngif “sai sét” (fault) va "hy hang” (failure) thuting dugc ding theo cling mot nghia. 3.32 Hu héng (Failure) Sy két thc kha nang cia mét bd phn dé hoan thanh chic nang yéu cau. CHU THICH 1: Sau hur hing, b phan c6 sai sét 12TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 CHU THICH 2: "Hu héng" la mét sy kién, khdc di "sai s6t" 8 mot trang thai, CHU THICH 3: Khai niém nhu aa dinh nghia khéng 4p dung trong bé phan chi bao gém c6 phén mém. (IEV 191-04-01), 3.33 Hu héng do nguyén nhan chung (Common cause failures) Hu héng eta céc bd phan khéc nhau do chi mot sy kién gay nén, trong dé céc hut héng nay khéng phai la hau qua cia nhau. CHU THICH: Khéng nén nhém [&n hu hng do nguyén nhan chung véi hu héng kigu chung. (IEV 191-04-23), 3.34 Hu héng cling dang (Common mode failure) Hu héng cla cdc bd phan duge dac trung bai cling mét kiéu sai sét. CHO THIGH: Khéng nén nh&m ln hy héng cing dang véi hu héng do nguyén nhan chung béi vi hu héng kiéu chung ¢6 thé do cae nguyén nhan khéc nhau. (IEV 191--04-24). 3.35 Tinh trang khan c&p (Emergency situation) Tinh trang nguy hiém cn duge chéim ditt ho&c ngain chin mét cach khén ep. CHU THICH: Tinh trang khan c&p 06 thé xudt hign: + trong qué trinh van hanh binh thugng cla may (vi dy nhut do tae dong qua lai clia con ngudi hoa do két qua lia nhing tée dng bén ngoaiy; ~ do hau qua cia su truc trac hodic hu héng ila mét bd phan nao d6 cia may. 3.36 Hoat déng khan cap (Emergency operation) Tat c& cdc hanh déng va hoat dong dé cham dit ho’c ngan chan trinh trang khn cp. 3.37 Dimg khdn cap (Emergency stop) Chite nang ding: 46 ngan chan su xuat hién hoac giam mdi nguy hiém cho con ngudi, hy hong cho may hoae céng vigc dang tin hanh; - duge bat ddu bling tac dng cila mét nguéi. CHU THICH: TCVN 6719:2000 gidi thigu chi tiét diéu nay. 3.38 Gia tr] phat ra (Emission value) Gia tri baing s6 ctla yéu t8 do may phat ra (vi du, ting én, rung dong, chat nguy hiém, bic xa). 13TCVN 7383-1: 2004 CHU THICH 1: Céc gia tri phat ra la phén théng tin vé dac tinh cla may va duge ding lam co 68 dé danh gia riiro. CHU THICH 2: Khéng nén nhém lan thuat ngif “gid tr phat ra" vi “gid ti phi ra” vi "gid tr} phi ra” bigu thi bing 6 luang su phoi ra cia con ngudi truée céc yéu t6 do may phat ra khi sir dung may. C6 thé dnh gid gid tr phi ‘a khi sit dung gid tr phat ra, CHU THICH 3; Nén do cdc gid tri phat ra va xac dinh 46 dao dong cila ching bang cdc phudng phap tiéu chuén, vi dy nhu cho phép so sénh gitta céc méy tuong ty nhau. 3.39 Di ligu phat ra so sénh (Comparative emission data) Tap hdp cae gia tri phat ra cla cc may tudng ty nhau dug thu thap lai nh&m muc dich so sanh. CHU THICH: 943 véi vige so sénh ting én, xem ISO 11689. 4 Méi nguy hiém can duge tinh dén khi thiét ké may 4.4 Yeu cfu chung Muc dich cila diéu nay 1a mé ta c4c méi nguy hiém ca ban nham tra giup cho ngudi thiét ké nhan biét 4c méi nguy hiém [én va quan trong ma may cé thé gay ra va c4c méi nguy hiém gén lién voi moi truéng st dung may. CHU THICH: Danh sach cc méi nguy hiém va tinh trang nguy hiém 6 thé xay ra ¢6 lién quan dén may duge giéi thigu trong TCVN 7301:2003, phy luc A. 4.2, Méinguy hiém co khi 4.2.14. Cac m6i nguy hiém co khi do may, céc chi tiét may hoc cdc bé mat, dung cy, chi tiét gia cong, tai hoae cae vat liéu ran ho&c chat lang phéng ra 06 thé dan dén: - kep dap; - bién dang; ~ ct dit hoae bé gay; = vu6ng mac; - kéo ho&c vung quén 40; - va cham; ~ dm ho’e choc thing; > tra sét va mai mn; = phun chat ling c6 ap su&t cao (mdi nguy hiém do phun). 4.2.2. M6i nguy hiém co khi 66 thé gy ra do may, c&c b6 phan hod chi tiét clla may (bao gém ca cdc cg cu gitt hoc kep chat vat ligu gia cng), céc chi tiét gia cng hoc tai c6 diéu kign dn dén nguy hiém, do: 14TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 ~ hinh dang (cdc bé phan cat, cdc canh, mép sac, cdc chitiét nhon, ngay c& khi chiing khéng chuyén déng); + Vi tri tudng déi 6 thé tao ra ving kep dap, ving bién dang ho&c bé gay va vuéng mac; ~ 8ndinh chéng lat (46ng nang); = khéi lugng va tinh én dinh (thé nang otia cdc phan tit o6 thé chuyén déng dudi tac dung ctia trong lc); ~_khéi lugng va van t6c (dong néing cia céc phan tir trong chuyén dong duge diéu khién hoc khong iéu khién); + tng t8c / gidm téc; ~_ sl¢khdng tutang Ging cla 46 bén co khi c6 thé gay ra nguy hiém gay vd ho&c né; ~ thé nang ciia cc chi tiét, phan tir dan hdi (16 xo) ho’c thé nang cla cdc chat léng hole cht Khi 66 4p suat ho&c chan khéng: = méi trudng lam vige. 4.3. M@i nguy hiém dién Méi nguy hiém nay cé thé gay ra thuang tich hoc chét ngudi do dién giat ho’ic do chay; cdc sy oS nay ¢6 thé do cdc nguyén nhan: - su ti€p xéc cla ngudi véi cae b6 phn 6 dong dign chay qua, nghia la day dan hodc cc bd phan dan dién da duge tiép ign dé lam viée binh thutng (tigp xtc truc tiép); > c&c bb phan sé c6 dong dign chay qua trong didu kién c6 sai sét, dac biét la do cach dién bi hang (tiép xic gidn tigp); ~ sytigp can ota nguti v6i céc bé phan c6 dong dign chay qua, dac biét Ia trong ving dién ép cao; + cach dién khéng thich hgp cho éiéu kién st dung 4 éinh trudc; ~ hign tugng tich dién nhu sy tigp xtc cia ngudi voi céc b6 phan tich dién; = su bite xa nhi ~ cdc hign tugng nhu sy bén clla cdc mu kim logi hodic tac dong hod hoc do sy ngin mach hoac qua tai, Méi nguy hiém vé dién cing cé thé lam cho ngudi bi nga rai xudng (ho&c cdc vat roi xuéng ngudi) do kinh ngac bat ngé vi chap dién. 4.4 Méi nguy hiém nhigt Méi nguy hiém nhiét c6 thé dan dén: - bong va vét chay do tigp xiic véi cdc déi tugng hodec vat ligu c6 nhigt dO qué cao, ngon lita ho’ie chéy né va sy bite xa tif cac nguén nhié = t6n hai dén sic khoé do méi trudng lam vide néng hoc lanh, 15TCVN 7383-1: 2004 4.5 M@i nguy hiém do tiéng én Tigng én c6 thé dn dén: = mat vinh vin kha n&ng nghe; = mét mdi, c&ng thing; + c4c anh hudng khdc nhu mét thang bang, mat kha nang nhan biét; - lam suy gidm kha nding truyén dat bang I6i n6i hoc lam gi kha n&ng nhan biét cdc tin higu b&ng am thanh, 4.6 Méi nguy hiém do rung dong Rung d6ng 6 thé truyén cho toan b6 co thé (sir dung thiét bi tay va canh tay (sit dung cac may c6 tay nam va tay diéu khién). fi dong), dc biét la truyén cho cdc ban Rung dng 4c ligt nh&t (hoe rung dng kém 4c liét trong khodng thei gian dai) c6 thé tao ra su réi loan ghiém trong (cé¢ bénh lam dau lung, khéing hoang than kinh, hong sg), rat khé cl toan bé co thé va cae ri loan vé mach, vi du, bénh ngén tay trang, réi loan thén kinh va khép xucng do rung déng ca ban tay - cénh tay, do rung dng 4.7 Mi nguy hiém do bite xa Cac méi nguy hiém nay ¢6 thé c6 anh hudng tie thai (vi dy, g&y bang) ho%e anh huting lau dai (vi du, ‘syrbi&n di 06 tinh di truyén), gay ra tir cde dutng khéc nhau va ¢6 thé dugc tao ra bi sy bite xa ion hoa va khéng ion hoa: ~ trung dién tu (vi dy cdc pham vi tén sé thap, bite xa tan sé radio, vi s6ng); ~ nh séng héng ngoai, anh séng nhin théy duge va 4nh sng tia cyte tim; ~ bite xa tia lade; > tia X va tia y; ~ tia a, B , chim dign tir ho&e chim ion, natron. 4.8 Méi nguy hiém gay ra do vat ligu va cdc chat ligu Céc vat ligu va cde chat duge gia cong, sit dung, san xudt hodc thai ra do méy va céc vat ligu duge sit dung 4é ché tao may c6 thé tao ra nhiéu méi nguy hiém kh4c nhau: = méinguy hiém do sun vao, tiép xtc vao da, mat va cae mang nhay ho&c hit vao cc chat lang, chat kkhi, song mi, khéi, céc chat sgi, bui ban ho&c sgi khi cé higu (ing cé hai, gy dc hai, an mon, sinh a quai thai, ung thu, bign di, gay kich thich va di (ng; -_ méi nguy hiém vé chay va né; = mi nguy hiém vé sinh vat (vf dy, néim méc) va vi sinh vat (vi rat hoc vi khudn).. 16TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 4.9. Méinguy hiém gay ra do khéng cha ¥ dén cdc nguyén ly ecgonémi trong thiét ké may. ‘Sy khéng tuong hgp cia may véi dc tinh va kha nang clia con ngudi ¢6 thé béc 16 ra bai: cc higu ting sinh ly (vi du, cdc r6i loan vé od bap, xudng cét) do tur thé ¢6 hai cho stic khoé, sy 06 gang qué mite hoaic lp di lp lai; = cdc higu (ing tam-sinh ly gay ra bai sy qua tai hoe chua di tai vé tinh than hoc sy cng thang phat sinh trong van hanh, giém sét hoc bao duding may trong cdc giéi han st dung cua may; ~ cc sai sét cla con ngudi. 440 Méi nguy hiém do trust, vap va roi nga Bé qua tinh trang bé mat ca san va céc phusng tién tip cn 06 thé gay ra thuong tich do trugt, vp gi ho&c rai nga (tir trén cao xudng).. 4.41. Té hgp céc méi nguy hiém Mat sé méi nguy hiém riéng biét dude xem Ia thir yéu két hgp véi nhau dé tudng dong véi mot méi nguy hiém lén, 4.12. Méi nguy hiém gan lién véi mai trudng sir dyng may Khi may duge thiét ké 4 van hanh trong cae diéu kién mai trudng c6 thé dn dén cdc méi nguy higm (vi du nhiét 46, gid, tuyét, sm chép) thi c4n phai tinh dn cdc méi nguy hiém nay). 5 Chi&n luge dé giam rai ro 5.1 Yéucdu chung 5.1.1 Gia thir rng khi xuat hién trén may mt méi nguy hiém ma s6m ho&e mugn sé din dén tén hai néu khéng cé cdc bién phap bao vé. 5.1.2. Cac bign phap bao vé la mot té hgp cia cac bién phap do ngudi thiét ké va ngudi sit dung dua ra (xem hinh 1) cdc bién phdp gan lién véi giai doan thiét ké la cc bign phap ua ding han va ¢6 hiéu qua han so vdi cdc bién phap do nguéi sir dung thyc hién. 5.1.3 Khi tinh dén kinh nghiém cla nhing ngusi sir dung céc may tudng ty cing nhu khi cé thé, trao i théng tin véi nhimg ngudi sit dung ¢6 kinh nghigm, ngudi thiét ké phdi c6 c4c hanh dng theo trinh tur du6i day (xem hinh 2): = qui dinh cc giéi han va viée str dung may diing (xem 5.2); = nhan bi&t céc méi nguy hiém va cac tinh trang nguy hiém cé lién quan (xem diéu 4 va 5.3); - dy doan ri ro d6i véi méi nguy hiém duge nhan biét va tinh trang nguy hiém (xem 5.3); = d&nh gid ri ro va c6 quyét dinh vé sy can thiét phai gi&m rdi ro (xem 5.3); 7TCVN 7383-1: 2004 - lai bd méi nguy hiém ho&c giam ri ro gan lién véi méi nguy hiém béing cac bién php bao vé (xem 5.4 va 5.5). Bén hanh dOng dau tién & trén 06 lién quan dn vic danh gid ri ro ma théng tin chi tiét vé vie ddnh gid nay c6 thé tim thay trong TCVN 7301:2003. 5.1.4 Muc tigu duge 4p (ing 8 gidm ri ro Ién nhat oé tinh aén bén yéu t6 dudi day. Chién luge xac Ginh & trén duge biéu thi bang bigu dé tién hanh trén hinh 2. Qua trinh lp lai nhiéu (ng dung c6 két qua 6 thé la cn thiét cho vige giém rdi ro khi si dyng t6t nh&t céng nghé sn cé. hi thyc hign qué trinh nay cn tinh dén thérty wu tién sau: an toan otia may trong tat c cc giai doan olla chu ky tudi tho olla may; kha nang cla may éé thu hién chit nang cla nd; tinh sir dung cia may; chi phi ché tao, van hanh va thao dé may. CHU THICH 1: Vide (mg dung mét cach Ij tufing céc nguyén tée nay edn dén kién thats v8 sit dung may, lich si tai nan va hé so site Kho’, céc kf thuat giém rb ro sén 66, khung phép ly cho st dung may. CHU THICH 2: Mét két cu may dude chap nhan tai mét théi diém ¢6 thé la hgp ly trong mét thei gian khéng lau khi sy phat trién céng nghé cho phép thi&t kE mot may tuong ducng vai rbi ro thép han. 5.1.5 8 van hanh may lién tuc, an toan, diéu quan trong [a cc bién phap bao vé can cho phép sit dung may dé dang va khéng can tré viée sit dung may ding. Khéng thyfc hién duge yéu céu nay c6 thé dan dén viéc bé cae bién phap bao vé dé dat dugc tinh hitu dung téi da cla may. 5.1.6 N&u 06 cdc phucng phap do tisu chudn hod (hoac cae phuong phép do thich hgp khac) éi véi mot yéu t6 phat ra thi nén sir dung ching cing véi may hién c6 hoe may m&u dau tién, 48 xac dinh iéu nay lam cho ngutdi thiét ké 06 thé: cc gié tri phat ra va cdc dif ligu phat ra so s4nh. = dy dodn ri ro gn lién véi cdc yéu t6 phat ra; = danh gié higu qua cia cdc bién phép bao vé duge thyc hién 4 giai doan thiét ké; > cung cp cho ngudi mua théng tin vé s6 lugng céc yu t6 phat ra trong tai ligu ky thuat; = cung cp cho nguti str dung théng tin vé s6 lugng cde yéu t6 phat ra trong théng tin cho si dung, ‘Cac méi nguy hiém khdc véi céc yéu t8 phat ra, duge miu t& b&ng cac théng s6 do duc, c6 thé duge xit ly theo cach tuang ty. 5.2 Bac tinh céc gidi han clia may Viée it ké may bat d4u véi dc tinh c4c gidi han ca may (xem TCVN 7301:2003, diéu 5): = Céc gidi han vé sit dung: 18TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 - sit dung may ding, bao gém cdc ché 46 van hanh may khac nhau, c&c giai doan si dung va cac trinh tyycan thiép khéc nhau d6i voi nguéi van hanh va - sitdung may sai théy truéc duce; - Cc giéi han vé khéng gian (vi dy, pham vi olia chuyén dng, yéu céu vé khéng gian cho ldp dat va bao duéng may, khong phan céch “ngusi van hanh -may" va "may-nguén ep dién"; - Cac giéi han vé thdi gian: "gidi han tuéi tho" cilia may va / ho&c mot s6 bd phan ctia may (vi du, cdc ‘dung cy, cac chi tiét mau mon, cdc linh kién dién) khi duge sir dung ating 5.3 Nhan biét méi nguy hiém, dy doan rii ro va danh gid rii ro Khi da nhan biét dugc c4c méi nguy hiém do may sinh ra (cdc méi nguy hiém thuding xuyén va cac mai nguy higm c6 thé xuat hign bat ng’: xem 3.6 va 4), ngudi thiét ké phai dy doa rbi ro déi vai méi méi guy hiém theo kha nang ¢6 thé dya trén co sd cc yéu t6 66 thé xac dinh dude bang sé lugng va cudi cling phai quyét dinh xem o6 can phai giim rl ro hay khéng (xem 5.4) do két qua cila vigc danh gid ri ro. Dé dat duge myc dich nay ngudi thiét ké phai tinh dén cc ché dO van hanh khéc nhau va céc trinh tucan thiép, dac biét la: a) tac dng qua Iai cia nguti trong toan bé chu ky tuéi tho clla may nhu duge mé t& duéi day: 1) thiét ké, ché tao; 2) van chuyén, lap rap, va ldp dat; 3) dua vao van hanh; 4) sitdyng: ~ chinh dat, giang day / d&t chugng trinh ho&e chuy8n déi qua trinh; ~ van hanh; > lam sae tim ra sai sét; bao duéng; 5) _ngiing van hanh, théo dd va dé bao dam an toan edn loai bd. b) Tinh trang c6 thé o6 cia may: 1) may thyc hign duge chdte n&ng da dinh (may van hanh binh thug); 2) may khOng thyc hién dugc chtte nng da dinh (nghia la may lam viéc sai chttc nang) do nhiéu ly do khac nhau, bao gém: = sythay 46i vé tinh chat hoc kich thuée cia vat ligu hodic chi tiét due gia céng: = sythu héng cia mét (hodic nhiéu) bé phan ho’c céng viée cia ma ~ c&c nhiéu loan tir bén ngoai (vi dy, va dap, rung dong, nhigu dién ti); = sai s6 ho&c thi6u sét trong thiét ké (vi du, céc sai sé cla phan mém); = nhiéu loan cia nguén cung cap dién cho may; ~ c&c diéu kign xung quanh (vi dy, bé mat san bj hy héng); 19©) Cécthao téc khéng mong muén cla ngudi van hanh hod sit dung méy sai thay true duge, vi du: - mat sy diéu khién may do ngudi van hanh (ac biét [A Ai voi cc may di dong ho&e Giéu khién giit bang tay); - c&ch thao tac theo phan xa ctla con ngubi trong truding hgp ¢6 sy truc tre, sc ho&c hu hong trong sir dung may; ~ cach thao téc do mat tap trung hodie khéng céin than; - cach thao tac do chon "con duding 6 dé bén tdi thiéu" 48 thye hign nhiém vy; = cach thao tac do sit dung 4p luc 44 gitt cho may chay trong tét cd cdc trutng hgp; cach thao téc cla mOt s6 ngubi (vi dy, tré em, ngudi tan tat). Phai 4p dung viée dy dodn va danh gid rili ro sau mdi buéc cla ba bude gidm riji ro dutge xc dinh trong 5.4 va minh hoa trén hinh 2. Khi thyc hién viéc anh gid ri ro, phai xem xét ri ro 66 thé dain dén phn |6n céc tén hai nghiém trong xuat hign sau méi m6i nguy hiém, nhung cing edn phai tinh dn cdc tén hai ln nhat dau rang xac suat xay ra cac t6n hai nay khdng cao. 5.4 Loai bé caéc méi nguy hiém hoge giam rili ro bang cdc bién phap bao vé Mue tiéu nay 06 thé duge dap (ing bang viéc logi bd c&c méi nguy hiém hoe gim di mét c&ch riéng t hoc Géng thai mdi mét trong hai yu t6 xe Gin rii ro sau: d) tinh nghiém trong otia tén hai do méi nguy hiém dude xem xét; e) x4c sudt xdy ra tén hai nay. TAt cA cc bién phap bao v8 c6 y dinh sir dung 48 dat dugc muc tiéu nay phai dude 4p dung theo trinh ty’ sau, goi la "phtong phap ba buéc" (xem hinh 1 va 2). = c&c bién phap thiét ké an toan von 06 [xem TCVN 7383 -2:2004, diéu 4]; CHU THICH: Giai doan nay chi la giai Goan trong 46 cdc mdi nguy hiém 6 thé dugc loai trit, nhu vay tranh duge vige sit dung cc bién phép bao vé phy thém nhu bdo v6 bing thist bi bao vé ho&c cc bign phép bio v6 bé sung. - bao vé bang thiét bi bao vg va céc bin phép bao vé bé sung [xem TCVN 7383-2:2004, diéu 5], = thdng tin cho sit dung vé rili ro du [xem TCVN 7383-2:2004, diéu 6]. Théng tin cho sit dung khéng phai la bién phap thay thé cho vige 4p dung ding cdc bién php thiét ké an toan vén 66 hoc bao vé bang thiét bi bao vé hoc céc bién phdp bao vé bé sung. Cac bign phap bao vé day di gan lién véi mdi ché a9 van hanh va cc trinh ty can thiép (xem 5.3) ngain chan ngudi van hanh sit dung cdc ky thuat can thigp nguy hiém trong truéng hgp ¢6 khé khan vé ky thuat, 5.5 Bat duge muc tiéu glam riii ro C6 thé két thac qua trinh gidm rii ro lap lai theo 6.4 va hinh 2 sau khi dat duge viée giam thich dang rui ro va néu c6 thé, sau khi 68 06 két qua so sanh thuan Igi vé rai ro (xem ISO TCVN 7301:2003, 8.3). 20TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 C6 thé xem nhu dat duge viée giam thich dang riii ro khi c6 thé tr [di duge mot cach che chn méi mét trong cae céu hai sau’ - 43 tinh dén tét c& c&e diéu kién van hanh va t&t ¢8 cdc trinh ty can thigp chua ? - da 4p dung phutong phap duge gidi thigu trong §.4 chua ? = 8 loai bd dugc cdc méi nguy hdc gidm ri ro tir c&c méi nguy hiém ti méc thdp nhdt 6 thé dat auge chua 7 = 6 chdc chan rng cdc bign phap dugc Iya chon khéng gay ra ce méi nguy hiém méi khéng ? = ngudi si dung 66 dug théng bao va canh béo day dui vé nhitng rili ro cén lai khéng ? = 6 che chan rang diéu kién lam viéc cia nguéi van hanh khéng bi nguy hiém do sit dung céc bién phap bao vé khéng ? = c&c bién phép bao vé duge sit dung 66 tuang thich vi nhau khéng ? - 8 xem xét day di c&c hau qua cé thé phat sinh do si dung may duge thiét ké chuyén ding / sir dung trong céng nghiép khi duge sir dung khéng chuyén dling / khéng trong diéu kign cng nghiép chua ? 6 chdc chan ring cdc bién phép sir dung khéng lam gidm dang ké kha nang thyc hién chic nang ‘cua may khéng ? aTCVN 7383-1: 2004 ‘Banh gia rit ro | (dys trén cc gidi han xac dinh va sir dung may ding) ee ek Ld str dung (xem hinh 2) k@ an toan vin cé ‘Bude 2: Bign phap bio vé bing che chin va cdc bign phdp bao vé bé sung Buse 3: Théng tin cho sit dung” + taimay + ac dai higu tin higu cénh bao = 80 60 ca bdo dng = trong 86 tay huéng dan Fe Techoc i + Céc thd te FGI ro con Fs Giam sat Esau khids st + Cc he théng cho phép lam vige. t ‘dyng tat cd + Cung cap va sirdung cde che chin biové © ac bién phap ba xung" £ bao ve + Sirdung thiét + Dae tR0, vv. bao vé ca nha 11 Cung ep théng tin thich hep cho sit dung 1A phn déng gép cia nguti thidt ké dé giam ri ro, nhung cdc bién phép c6 lién Quan ecb hu qua kn do ng st dung tye hi 2. Théng tin du vao cd.a nguéi sit dung Ia théng tin do nguBi thigt ké nhdn duge tir ehng déng ngubi sit dung 461 véi vige si dung may dung dl chang hove thang tm ann dpe tt mbt ngut et ng 3. Khdng 04 sy phan cp béc glia c&c bign phap bao vé do ngudi siv dung Iva chon. Cac bién phép bao vé nay khéng thudc pham veda tu chdn ny. 4 Cac bign phap bdo vé yu edu do eeu trinh chuyén ding khéng e6 trong sif dung may ding hoa do cdc diéu kién fang cho lap dat ma ngu thst ké khong thé kiém soat Gage Hinh 1 - Qua trinh gidm rii ro theo quan diém cia ngudi thiét ke 22TCVN 7383 -1 : 2004 ac dah cde gitihan eda may (xem 52) t nan bidimndinguy hide Geom 4 vb 5.3) 1 (Dy Goan ni ro (xem 5.3) Qu tinh aim ro il nb oh age vs hign rigng bitt cho m&im&i aguy hiém, fink tang inguy him tiong mB aigu kign a dung I c Dinh gid rire (xem 5.3) 8 tora se mB ido anbng?, ‘TaimBibube cia qué tinh plat dy don iro, din 98 iro, v3 of cb cia sutiro [62m niiro bing cécbitn phi] (bit k6 antodn vénicd ‘iby 4 cbs TVW 7385-22004 [Giim mironnabbo ve Bing ct oSm ire ‘chin thus hién ede ben php ‘Bing cdc bb phinbso we, bdo ve bE xung 00 ebu bio v6, ibu $ cba TOVN 7383-2200: Gidm iro bg thing tin che siraung Babu cla TOVN 7383-22004 *88i vai in hei ddu bin, cu hoi duge tra 11 bing két qui cia dnh gid ni ro bon dau. 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