Covishield :

• It is made from a weakened version of a common cold virus

(known as an adenovirus) from chimpanzees.
• It has been modified to look more like coronavirus –
although it can’t cause illness.

Covaxin :

• Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine — which means that it is

made up of killed coronaviruses, making it safe to be
injected into the body.

Sputnik V :

• The Sputnik V vaccine uses two different viruses that cause

the common cold (adenovirus) in humans.
• Sputnik V is a combination of two different adenoviruses
(Ad26 and Ad5).
• The adenoviruses — viruses that cause the common cold
— are combined with the SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that
causes Covid-19) spike protein, which prompts the body to
make an immune response to it.
Comirnaty and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine :

• They contain mRNA which has instructions for making the

spike protein. This is a protein on the surface of the SARS-
CoV-2 virus which the virus needs to enter the body’s cells.

• When a person is given the vaccine, some of their cells will

read the mRNA instructions and temporarily produce the
spike protein. The person’s immune system will then
recognise this protein as foreign and produce antibodies
and activate T cells to attack it.
Efficacy of a Vaccine :
Clinical Trials :
Vaccine Hesitancy :

Refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite

availability of vaccine services.
• Is complex and context specific varying across time, place and
vaccines.
• Is influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience
and confidence.

Vaccine Nationalism :

• When a country manages to secure doses of vaccines for its

own citizens or residents and prioritizes its own domestic
markets before they are made available in other countries.

• This is done through pre-purchase agreements between a

government and a vaccine manufacturer.

• The alternative to arrest vaccine nationalism is global

collaboration, which is being done through the WHO-
backed COVAX Facility mechanism