Chae jes Shum ree Csthanier @ engineering U10We. edu Tr Closs we did \- 3 [eer N-4 1-25 {|-26 1-23 Excomple ~ | Exompee ce They ave alk in attacded PDEProblems and Solutions 11-39 Problems and Solutions LL-1. Equations of staté for a single component can be any of the following, except: (@) the ideal gas law, Pv = RT (b) the ideal gas law modified by insertion of a compressibility facton, Pv = ZRT (©) any relationship intertelating three or more state functions @ amathematical expression defining a path between states (© relationships mathematically intexrelating thermodynamic properties of the material Solution Allexcept () are cotrect The ideal gas law is the simplest equation of state; it is often applied to real gases by using a compressibility factor Z, Any relationships that intertelate thetmody- namic state function data are equations of state. Answer (@) expresses the path of a process between states rather than a relationship between vatiables at a single point or state. The answer is (@) 11-2. On the Molliex diagram for steam, which of the numbered lines represents a line of con- slant pressure? (@) Line 1 @ Lined (b) Line 2 (©) Lines (©) Line 3 Solution (@) constant moisture 100 — x% or quality x% (Line 1) (b) constant temperature, °F (Line 2) (©) constant supetheat, $F (Line 3) (@) constant pressure, psia (Line 4) (©) constant entropy, BTU/Ib °R (Line 5) Aue ens Hotizontal lines ate constant enthalpy or total heat content ‘The answer is (d). j, 1-3 Saturated Property Table _Prpsia yf? yf? hy BTU f,, BTUs, BTUMDR 5, BTUIDR 517 00116 0774 «1734 00375 0166 989 00123 O41 264 853 0.0s48 0168 17200132 0233360886 oon7 0.162 S12 00132 0233360886 770.162MOU ES 11-40 Thermodynamics Problems and Solutions Given the above data for Freon 12, what is its state at 40 °F and 25 psia? (a) saurated liquid (@) saturated vapor () superheated vapor (¢) vapor-liquid mixture (© compressed liquid Solution ‘At40 °F equilibrium between liquid and gas exists at 51.7 psia, Below 51 7 psia superheated ‘vapor exists, and above S17 psia only pressurized liquid exists, The answer is (b) 11-4, Using the previous Freon 12 data table, what i its enttopy in BTU/lb °R at 120 °F and 80% quality? (a) 0057 @ 288 (by 0.144 (©) none of these (©) 0.186 Solution At 120 °P, s,= 00717 and s,, = 0.162 - 00717 = 0.090, Here sis saturated liquid at 0% qulity and 5, is saturated vapor of 100% quality. Thus s at 80% quality = ,+ (080) 5, = 0.0717 + (0 80)(0.090) = 0.144 BTUMb °R The answer is (b) 11-5. Using the previous Freon 12 data table, what is its latent heat (beat of vaporization) in BIUMIb at 80°F? (a) 0219 (d) 589 (b) 0423 (e) none of these (© 264 Solution Hete, hg =H, = 589 BTU/b The answer is () 11-6, A nonflow (closed) system contains 1 pound of an ideal gas (C, = 0.24, C,= 017) ‘The gas temperature is increased by 10 °F while 5 BTU of work are done by the gas. What is the heat transfer in BTU? @ 33 474 ) 26 (©) none of these © 467 Solution “The thermodynamic sign convention is + for heat in and +for wotk out ofa system, Apply the first law for a closed system and an ideal gas working fluid:Problems and Solutions. @ 11-41 AU = mC, AT=q-w 01710) =q-(#5), 17=q-5, q=67 ‘The answer is (c). 41-7, Shalt work of -15 BTU/Ib and heat transfer of -10 BTU/Ib change the enthalpy of a system by (a) -25 BTUM @ -SBTUN (b) -15 BTUAb (©) 45 BTUNb [ © -loBrUnb Solution ‘The first law applied to a flow system is h=q~w,=-10- C15) 245 ‘The answer is (e) | JB. A quantity of 55,000 gallons of water passes through a heat exchanger and absorbs ol 28,000,000 BTUs. The exit temperature is 110 °F. The entrance water temperature in °F is nearest to @ 49 @ 73 (b) 56 (©) 82 © 68 Solution For liquid water, C, = 1.0 BTU/(b °F) Mauer ieues : 3 Ib / 28,000,000 = (55.000 gall SF (0 0,(u0— 7) 61 1=110-F ,=489°R ‘The answer is (a) a [ 19. A fluid at 100 psia has a specific volume of 4 ft'/b and enters an apparatus with a | | Yelocity of 500 fi/sce. Heat radiation losses in the apparatus are equal to 10 BTUMD of fluid | Supplied. The fluid leaves the apparatus at 20 psia with a specific volume of 15 ff and a a | Yelocity of 1000 fusec In the apparatus, the shaft work done by the fluid is equal to 195,000 |. {biome Does the internal energy ofthe tid increase ot decrease, and how much isthe | change? | (@) 230 BTUMb (increase) (d) 257 BTU (decrease) (b) 244 BTUMD (increase) (e) 294 BTUMTb (decrease) (© 250 BTUMb (decrease)NNN pn nnnerrnnnnr nr nonnrrnmnnrnrtrrrrvrerrrreenerTerSrerereereseeeerEEEvE EEE Rue ules 11-42 (@ Thermodynamics Solution “The basis of the calculation will be: 1 Tom ‘ise the theunodynamic sign convention that eatin and work out are positive The frst Jaw energy balance forthe flow system: y+ KE, —Ih~BE, = Q~ W, Sines the wor King finid | is unspecified andthe intemal energy change is desired, use the definition k= Py. z y+ Pip + KE, ~~ P¥~ KE; W, 4 or yy = Q—W, + Pv, + KE, ~ Pav KE g=-1081U, 95,000 nlbt p= 100 p88 pn 20psia ahr y= 18 (6 soa tse 1000 tse Fig 119 Now calculate numerical values for all terms except tp y= 2OUMBOD 55.5 TUM P= 100 44x40) aa TI V* __(000)___99,0BTUNb = x BTU _ = +2506 BTUMb ; 778 fb ‘Therefore, = 10-2506 + 74.0 + 50-555 ~200 =~257 1 BYUMb (decrease) ‘The answer is (4) 41-10, Exhaust steam from a turbine exhausts into a surface condenser at 8 MAS flow rate +f 8000 Toft, 2 psia and 92% quality Cooling water enters the condenser at 74 °F and leaves ‘al the steam inlet temperature Properties of Saturated Water (US units): Temperature Table Selb, w and h, BTUMY; s, BTUMABYCR) sai Specfie volume Inewal encigy Enthalpy __Estropy ___ Temp Pew Sat Sa Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat GE” psia liquid vapor Tiquid vapor Hquid Evap vapot figuid vapor Tee: 4% Me ys eee ceria Fa OATS 0.01606 763.5 _ 42.09 1035.0 Fao _10S1.7 1083.8 0.08215 2.052Problems and Solutions @ 11-49 11-25, A Carnot engine operating between 70 °F and 2000 °F is modified solely by raising the high temperature by 150 °F and raising the low temperature by 100 °F, Which of the following statements is false? (@) The thermodynamic efficiency is increased (b) More work is done during the isothermal expansion (© More work is done during the isentropic compression. (@ More work is done during the reversible adiabatic expansion (©) More work is done during the isothermal compression. Solution The Camot cycle efficiency is originally Ty=T, _ 2460 °R~530°R aT = AG) R530 °R 9.785 Ty-0 2460 °R After the change 2610-630 3610 159 (etticiency is reduced) On the 7-s and P-V diagrams in Fig. 11-25 the original cycle is shown as ABCD, and the modified cycle is shown as A’B'C’D’ Temperate, T Pressure, P eterna Fig 11-25, ‘Compare the work done during the isothermal expansion (A to B vs A’ 1B’: Original: area A-B-8-4 Modified: atea A’B’-7-3 is larger Compare the work done during the isentropic compression (D to A vs D to A’): Original: area D-A~4-6 Modified: area D’A’-3-5 is langerAUN yetulles 11-50 @ Thermodynamics ‘Compare the work during the reversible (isentsopic) expansion (B to C vs. B’ to C?): Original: area B~C-10-8 Modified: area B’-C’-S Compare the work during the isothermal compression (C to D vs. C’ to D’: 1-7 is larger Original: area C-D-6-10 Modified: area C’-D’-5-9 is larger Statements (b), (¢), (@), and (e) are correct. The answer is (a) 411-26, In the ideal heat pump system represented in Fig. 11-26, the expansion valve 41 performs the process that is located on the T-s diagram between points (a) AandB @ DandE (b) Band C () Eand A (©) CandD “Temperature, 7 Fig 1126 Solotion ‘The vapor compression reversed Rankine cycle is conducted counterclockwise on both the schematic and T-s diagrams. Numbers on the schematic and letters on the T-s diagram are related: 1= A,2=B,3=D, and 4= E Process C-B-A occurs in the condenser between 2 ‘and | ‘The expansion process A-E occurs between 1-4 The answer is (e) 11-27. Which ai-standard power eyele do the P-V and 7's diagrams in Fig 11-27 represent? (a) Otto eyele (@ Rankine cycle (0) Reheat eycle (©) Brayton cycle (©) Catnot eyelei isis Problems and Solutions @ 11-51 Pressure, P Temperature, T Voume, ¥ Envony, 8 Fig 11.27 Solution ‘The Brayton cycle is applied to the simple open-cycle gas turbine wherein intake air is com- pressed (1-2), combustion supplies thermal energy (2-3), and combustion products expand and drive the turbine (3-4) and exhaust at 4. The answer is (e) 11-28. Data in the table describe two states of a working fluid that exist at two locations in apiece of hardware P, Pb 7,°F hk BTUb 5, BTUMb°F) State 25 oi 20 192 0.0424 State2__ 125, 0.823 180 203.7 0.3649 ‘Which of the following statements about the path from State 1 to 2is false? (@) The path results nan expansion (b) The path determines the amount of work done (© The path is indeterminate from these data (@) The path requites that energy be added in the process TMarmedvnam|cs (©) The path is reversible and adiabatic Sol mn The large volume and entropy changes indicate a change from a condensed phase to a vapor hase. Temperature, pressure, and enthalpy increases require an energy input. The path from 1 t0 2 is indeterminate since no information on intermediate states is given. Work is always path dependent. The entropy increase means the process cannot be reversible and adiabatic (isentropic). The answer is (e) 11-29, Name the process that has no heat transfer (@) Isentropic @ Reversible (©) Isothermal (€) Polytropic (©) QuasistaticFirst Law of Thermodynamics @ 11-3. Fig 11-2 ‘The thermodynamic sign convention for heat and work is that q,, is positive and w,,, is positive, This is the normal flow of heat and work in an engine ot power plant Care must be taken to keep the units consistent. For example, the normal units for inte:~ nal energy, heat and work are kW/kg or BTUflbm. In the $.1 system, V'/2g, and Zg/g, must be divided by 1000—in the US. system by 778 Remember that g, in the ST system has a value of | but is 32.2in the US. system ‘The first law is the most popular one by fat in solving thermodynamics problems! EL [A piston-cylinder contains 5 kg of air. During a compression process 100 kT of heat is re- ‘moved while 250 KI of work is done on the air Find the change in internal energy of the ait Solution ‘ye system is a clos cd system since the mass is fixed So a+ q=utw Here, q = -100 Ki, since heated leaving 2 system is negative, and w = -250 Kd, since work done on a system is negative. Thus 150 100 - (-250)= 150k}, ox > 30 kI/kg, yom Example 2 Heated air enters a turbine ata flow rare of 5 kg/s. The entering and leaving conditions are shown in the table below. The heat loss fiom the turbine is 50 KW. Find the power produced = Inlet Exit Pressure, KPa 1000100 remperatue, 300 500 Velocity, m/s 100200 Specific internal energy, KTR Br 8s Specific volume, Ag 023 148 Elevation, m 10 Me arntSO CUTE 11-4 B Thermodynemics Solution “Te system has mass flowing actoss the boundaries so tis an open system, ea eee Be 2g. Z- Ze WAVE = (4m) HB Ppa) FE +4 & 2g, G10). 1007 — 2007 =(137-8 0.23-100%1 44)+ 2 (137-85) +(1000%: 144)+ io Did 000 =52+86-0069-15=12292 2 W= wx si =122 9x52 615 kW PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Use of Steam Tables Property tables for substances that go through a phase change duting normal thermodynamic processes, such as H,O, R-12 and NH, ate divided into three groups: + Saturated Tables. These show the properties (v, u/s) of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor, For convenience, there are usnally two sets; one using Fas the entering argument and one using P. The highest temperature/pressure entry is usually the critical point, The quality xis needed to define propesties in the mixture region. + Supetheated Tables. These show the propeities (y,«, hs) as 2 function of J and P in the supetheated area to the sight of the saturated vapor curve and are usually grouped by pressure Any nyo properties (vu, f, , Z. P) may be used to define the state. The saturated state is usually noted. At modetate pressures and temperatures well away from, saturation, perfect gas relationships may be used as an approximation. + Subcooled or Compressed Liquid Tables. ‘These tables show properties (v, 1, fy and s) a8 a function of T and P in the atea to the left ofthe saturated liquid carve and aie usually grouped by pressure. As with the Supetheated Tables, any two properties may be used to define the state, and the saturated slate is usually noted For points in the region that are below the tabulated pressures, the properties sre approximated as those of the saturated liquid at the same temperature (v, hand s are weak fimetions of pressure). “The procedure for finding the state-point properties for given data where the condition of the substances is not defined is best done in a structured manner: