TYPES OF LAND TOURS

Prepared by:
Cyndie S. Montenegro
Aljiver Ramirez
Airish C. Maloloy-on
Pamela S. Mercado
Princess Tiffany Montuya
Christene Joy Layos
Jane Maxeil D. Maquiso
Maria Riza Morte
Catleen E. Lasola
Alnie Oracion
 Table of Contents

Land Tours And It’s components

 What is Land Tours?

1. Sightseeing I Bus Tours

 What is Sightseeing Tours?
 What is Bus Tours?
 History
 Features
 Example of Tour Bus in the Philippines

2. Shore Excursion Tours

 What is Shore Excursion Tours?

 Characteristics and specifications of cruise excursions
 Top 5 Most Popular Types of Shore Excursions
 Things to do and see in Philippines Shore Excursions

3. Shore Excursion Tours

 What is Adventure tours?

 What is adventure sports?
 Examples of Adventure Activities
 Adventure travellers are described as:
 What is Sports Tourism?
 Classification of Sports Tourism
 Example of Adventure and sport Tours in the Philippines

Case Study
A Strategic Tour Generation Modeling within a Dynamic Land-Use and
Transport Framework: A Case Study of Bogota, Colombia

 Synopsis/Executive Summary
 Findings
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Recommendations
 Group Reflection


References
Land Tours And It’s components

What is Land Tours?

According to Amnet i a Japanese travel agency Land-only tour is a package tour that
does not include airfare. All tour prices include hotels, land transportation, meals, etc.
as listed for each tour.

1.Sightseeing I Bus Tours

What is Sightseeing Tours?

Sightseeing can be done in various ways, and although the most popular tend to be
sightseeing by tour bus or coach, some companies offer sightseeing walking tours,
like those through the streets of New York where areas like Harlem and the World
Trade Center Monument will be on the itinerary. If you become a sightseeing tour
guide, learning how to drive a charter tour bus is an essential skill to have on your
resume, and nowadays, you are more likely to be hired as a sightseeing guide if you
can provide the narration and drive the tour bus. Long-distance sightseeing tours often
make use of step-on tour guides. These are guides based in a particular town or at a
specific attraction, who will join the tour at a specific point to provide narration for
that part of the tour. For example, touring various parts of Alaska, a step-on guide will
join the group when entering the Denali National Park to provide detailed information
specific to the park. Aside from coaches, sightseeing tours can also take place on city
trams or trolleys adding to the atmosphere of the tour, and even trains.

What is Bus Tours?

A tour bus service is a bus service that takes visitors sightseeing, with routes around
tourist attractions. Double-decker buses and/or open top buses are commonly used,
for their good views.

Double-decker buses
and open-top buses are
commonly used, for
providing a good view.
Large coaches are used
internationally by tour operators, intercity bus lines and charters, for short and long-
distance destinations. These buses are larger than regular transit buses with 2 to 4
axles (6 to 10 wheels).
The history of tour buses in North America began in the early 20th century when
trucks were converted to provide a means for sightseeing within large American
cities.

Sightseeing was likely a side business for many intercity bus operators because the
same types of buses were used (this remains true even today).

History
Omnibus in Latin translates to "all for all". It started as a nickname given to multi-
passenger vehicles in France back in the early 1800s. Pre-dating this, in 1662, a brief
public transportation bus line was established in Paris by Blaise Pascal.

Despite this dramatic beginning, the concept of a bus was here to stay, and multiple
companies were established and flourished until bus transportation was commonplace
in Europe and North America by the 1880s.

Horses were slowly replaced by steam engines and electric motors, and eventually by
internal combustion engines.
Fast forward to the modern bus. Fast, quiet, luxurious, and safe. Entertainment
systems, restroom facilities, and high-tech communication technology. Tour buses are
considered a great way to travel, with the ability to take a traveling party, not only to
their desired location but allowing the flexibility to access and explore all the special
places along the way. From the little amazing restaurant off the main thruway to the
cute and informative topical museum between cities – charter bus travel is the best
method to get a complete travel experience that includes all the amazing things that
are not practical to include on the typical itinerary.

Features
 Padded fabric or leather front-facing seats, often reclining.
 Foot and armrests.
 TV monitors connected to a DVD
player or VCR to provide
entertainment or possibly analog
TV or DTV for local news or
programs (possibly in seats with
the viewer choosing what station).
 Basic lavatory – riders may be
discouraged from using it except in
an emergency, but some newer
buses feature full-service lavatories
 Cool water dispenser, refrigerator,
hot water urn.
 Wheelchair lift or ramp and
"kneeling suspension" for easier access (especially for the elderly and infirm).
 Tinted windows (and/or curtains or blinds).
Luggage compartment (or bins) below in the underbelly of bus, with overhead hand-
luggage racks.

Example of Tour Bus in the Philippines

Froehlich Tours provide luxury at the price of economy, comfortability with the vision
of beautiful experience.

Froehlich is the largest tourist charter / tourist transportation network in the

Philippines with;

 148 Tourist Charter Buses

 68 Tourist Charter Vans and Light Vehicles
 Fleet of 15 Double Deck Buses with Skyliner and Skyliner VIP
 48 Premium Point to Point (P2P) Buses
 More than 1.000.000 Passengers on our P2P routes per year
 250 certified professional bus drivers with Department of Tourist accreditation

Froehlich Tours offers

Single or multi-day trips with your own driver

Froehlich Tours Charter is the perfect choice for your upcoming trip in the
Philippines. Whether it’s a simple day trip or a multi-day trip to many cities, we have
the perfect bus for you! With Froehlich Tours Charter, you can easily and quickly rent
a bus at a great price.

The Froehlich Tours Charter is also welcome for School outing, Company events,
Group Trips and many more with safety and comfort with there modern buses that
maintain the highest quality safety standards, allowing you to comfortably travel long
distances across the Philippines.

2.Shore Excursion Tours

What is Shore Excursion Tours?
The word excursion means a picnic. In terms of shore excursions, the term means
special picnics arranged by cruise companies as an extra package. Shore excursions
are also known as cruise shore excursions.

A Shore excursion ensures that the attention and interest in a particular trip is
maintained by the people throughout the course of the trip. This forms as the main
feature of a shore excursion. A wide variety of tourist areas, distinct from the ports
and harbors where the cruise liner halts is something any person would want to
experience.
So to enhance each port visit (as well as to increase their profits), cruise lines offer
organized shore excursions on all ships for additional fees. These land-based trips run
the gamut from sightseeing city tours to cultural events and active pursuits. You can
take a sunset pleasure cruise in St. Lucia, visit penguin colonies in the Falkland
Islands, go wine tasting in Provence, or roller blade through Copenhagen. The tours
can be booked onboard at your ship’s excursions desk or online before you depart on
your trip.

Characteristics and specifications of cruise excursions

During most cruise holidays you will visit another destination every day. Cruise ships
dock in port for a couple of hours giving cruise passengers the opportunity to explore
the land. When your cruise ship is docked in port you are entirely free on how to spend
your day. Most cruise passengers opt for a shore excursion.

Options while your cruise

ship is docked in port

When you dock at a cruise

port you basically have 4
options:
1.You stay on board to enjoy the facilities on board
2.You make an excursion organized by the cruise line
3.You make an excursion booked with a local operator
4.You organize cruise excursion on your own

Characteristics of cruise excursions

At first sight a cruise excursion may seem like a short city trip, but there are some
differences. A cruise excursion has 3 specific characteristics:

1. You depart from a cruise port, sometimes remote

2. You only have a few hours time
3. You must be back on board in time

Top 5 Most Popular Types of Shore Excursions

BY KEN FURLOW

Every year, more than 20 million

people enjoy the pleasures of a
cruise. They love the sit-down
dining and the in-between meal
buffets. They enjoy the evening
entertainment and the day time
activities from swimming, put-
put golf, basketball,  going to the
gym, visiting the spa or just
lounging on the deck reading a
book they checked out from the
ship’s library. But there is more.
Shore excursions are available to enhance and enrich the cruising experience. If you
are planning a cruise, here are five of the most popular types of shore excursions you
might be interested in.

1) GENERAL SIGHT-SEEING TOURS

Cruise ships generally dock at historic cities or places that have a lot to offer for
tourists. For example, cruises of the Greek Islands stop in Athens. You can book a
walking tour, bus tour or private tour by taxi and experience the history of the ancient
city and the highlights it has to offer. Explore the Acropolis and the Parthenon before
returning to your ship.
Mexican Caribbean Cruises dock at Cozumel where you can explore the ancient
Mayan pyramids. Alaskan cruises allow you to visit historical Skagway, the jumping
off city for the 1899 Alaskan gold rush and setting to many of Jack London’s stories,
including his most well-known book, “Call of the Wild.” These are just a few
examples. Every port will have a great sightseeing shore excursion for you to
participate in if you choose.

2) WATER SPORTS SHORE EXCURSIONS

When your ship docks, there are a huge number of water sports to enjoy. Whether you
decide to go para-sailing off the coast of Cozumel on your Mexican Riviera Cruise,
snorkel or scuba dive in Bermuda or the Bahamas on your Caribbean Cruise or off the
Great Barrier Reef on your Australian Cruise, your day will be one you will never
forget.  
Also available will be water skiing adventures or jet-ski excursions. Go kayaking,
rafting or surfing. If there is a water sport that interests you, there will be a shore
excursion available to meet your adventurous needs.

3) ADVENTURE TOURS
Adventure tours for shore excursions come in all levels of difficulty. You can go zip-
lining, horseback riding and kayaking for just a few examples. Take a helicopter ride
and land on a glacier. View the beauty of a national park from a light plane.
In Australia, you can explore ghost towns and old copper mines.
Biking, hiking and taking a 4-wheel off road adventure are other options. In Hawaii,
you can ride a bike up to a volcano. In Mexico, you can take a float trip through
ancient Mayan caves. In other areas, you can swim with dolphins or pet stingrays. If
mountain or rock climbing is your thing, whether a first-timer or experienced trekker,
adventure tours for your shore excursion can accommodate you.  
You can have your choice of excursions. From bird-watching to whale-watching,
adventure tours are on every list of top types of shore excursions for cruise
passengers.

4) CUISINE AND CULTURE TOURS

Go wine tasting in the Barossa Valley on your Australian Cruise. Learn how to make
Italian pizza in Sorrento.  Spend a few hours and learn Moroccan cuisine in a hands-
on class and learn the secrets handed down by your chef instructor’s grandmother.
For culture, you can learn how to tango in South America or explore the Mayan ruins
in Mexico. Historical museums, art museums and folklore museums can be found at
almost every port. There is always time for a meal at a local restaurant where you can
sample the local delicacies.

5) WILDERNESS AND WILDLIFE EXCURSIONS

These excursions give you an up close and personal view of all types of wildlife from
birds to bears. See moose or monkeys in their natural habitats. Explore rainforest
trails or go whale-watching. View the majesty of bald eagles flying overhead or
perched in trees. You can even ride a camel through sand dunes if that is what you
like!. Awe-inspiring wonders of the world are just a shore excursion away when you
choose a cruise ship vacation.

Things to do and see in Philippines Shore Excursions

The Philippines is an island country with over 7000 small and huge scale islands. It is
said that this country has only endless rice fields, glowing volcanoes, and is
dramatically affected by disasters such as typhoon, earthquake, and tsunami. But no,
this country is really underrated. From the pristine beach to the amazing culture, along
with rooftop trekking through mountains, Philippines is surely worth a chance to steal
your heart. Below is the list of things must-do-and-see that Asia Shore Excursions
would like to recommend for your perfect trip to the Philippines.
Stunning beaches | Boracay shore excursions
Boracay is a pretty small
island, top 10 most beautiful
beaches in Asia and top 25 in
the world. There must be
reasons that Boracay is the
only Asian beach standing on
the world’s top 25. With the
splendor sunshine, stunning
white sand, and pristine blue
waters, the first thing ever you
must experience is dipping
your body into the paradise
beach.The island provides a
plenty of fantastic activities
for anyone from helmet
underwater diving, banana boating, snorkeling – diving, fly fish, parasailing and so
on. Trust me, admiring the sunset on the side of the beaches is the most wonderful
sight that you have ever seen. At night, join with local people for traditional
performances beside the huge fire, watch they play, dance, and sing folk music.

Tagaytay Picnic Grove | Manila shore excursions

This famous holiday town only takes 2
hours to drive from the city Manila.
With the built-in cottages, lush green
grass hill, and the cool weather,
Tagaytay Picnic Grove is a perfect
place for family and friends gather for
outdoor activities. Not only all about
picnics like its name, but the complex
also provides a plenty of interesting
experiences that make your day.The
first experience is catching the bird-eye
view of the Taal Volcano surrounded
by the splendid same-named lake. If you are the kind of person who searches for
thriller feeling, hop on the
back of a horse, take a short
ride around the city. Then
trek the eco-trail, enjoy the
zip line, and finally, take a
ride on a cable car. What a
wonderful time soaking in
fun with nature
surrounding.
Horse-riding the Taal Volcano | Manila shore excursions
Taal Volcano is the smallest active volcano in the world. This mountain brings a good
looking with the decent and calm image, but deep inside, the unpredictable power is
just waiting to make a boom. A ride on the back of a horse is really a most wonderful
experience ever. Once getting to the peak, you can admire the panoramic view of the
crater. Wipe away your thirsty with the fresh coconut juice.Then have a walk to Taal
Lake – home to the only freshwater sardines in the world named Tawilis. The view of
the lake is spectacular with turquoise water surrounded by lush green mountains under
the blue high sky. Sample two local snacks including Coffee Alamid and Buko Pie.

Paraw sailing | Boracay shore excursions

Paraw is the typical sailboat in
Philippine. The boats include two
sails and two outriggers that at least
a pair of people hopping on. Get
hands-on sailing in a traditional
way by yourself, then explore the
wonderful sites around the island. It
is a note that in windy days, heavy
waves can kick up a bit, but also
comes with exciting feeling.The
sunset in Boracay is famous for the
truly magical sight – a cannot-miss
experience when coming to this spectacular island. Relax and enjoy the warm sea and
admire the transform of the sun from stunning red to yellow-orange, then becomes
peacefully blurring in the dark night.

Manila Ocean Park | Manila shore excursions

Manila Ocean Park is the first
world-class marine theme
park in this country. The most
famous attraction in the park
is the Oceanarium which is
home to over 14,000 marine
species inside a walkway
tunnel. Watch sharks and
stingrays swimming above
your head.To get closer to
sharks, stingray, and
starfishes, have a visit to the
Sharks and Ray Dry
Encounter. Then have fun
with the sea lion show from South America, seeing them performing special skills
with adorable behaviors.
 3.Adventure I Sporting tours

What is Adventure tours?

 Adventure tourism is defined as the movement of the people from one to another
place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic
and possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is a type of tourism in which tourist
do some adventures activities like as skydiving, hill climbing, and scuba diving.
 Adventure tourism is very popular among young age tourists. Adventure tourism
gains much of its excitement by allowing the tourists to step outside their comfort
zone. This may be from experiencing cultural shock or through the performance
of acts, that required some degree of risk (real or perceived) and physical danger.
 Some important definitions of adventure tourism are following as:
According to the Adventure Travel Trade Association, “adventure
tourism is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural
exchange, or activities in nature.”
According to Muller and Cleaver, “Adventure tourism is
characterized by its ability to provide the tourist with relatively high
levels of sensory stimulation, usually achieved by including physically
challenging experiential components with the tourist experience.”
Canadian Tourism Commission in 1995 defines adventure tourism
as, “an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic,
remote or wilderness destination, involves some form of
unconventional means of transportation, and tends to be associated
with low or high levels of activity.”
According to Sung et al, “adventure tourism is the sum of the
phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure
touristic activities with the natural environment away from the
participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of
risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting,
and the organizer of the tourist’s experience.”
 According to UNWTO, ” adventure tourism can be domestic or
international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but
not last longer than one year.”

What is adventure sports?

 Adventure Sport, also referred to as Extreme Sport, is one of the fastest growing
parts of both the leisure and tourism markets. The reasons for this are many and
varied but all come down to the simple fact that done right these are fun and
exciting activities that can take people to some of the world's most beautiful
places.

Examples of Adventure
Activities
 Snow sports (Dry
Slope Skiing, Dry
Slope Snowboarding,
Skeleton/Lug,
Skating)
 Wheeled (BMX,
Skateboard,
Mountain Boarding,
North Shore,
Freestyle etc. )
 Vertical (Ropes Course, Canyoning, Coasteering, Caving, Zip Wire, Zip Coaster,
Fan Drop, Bungee etc.)
 Water sports (Wakeboarding, Canoeing, Diving, Surfing, Rafting, Tubing etc. )
 Air (Sky Diving, Hang Gliding, Paragliding, Gliding, Paratube)

Adventure travellers are described as:

 Confident, well-travelled consumers who want something more than sun, sea and
sand
 Demanding an authentic ‘off the beaten track’ experience that they can’t find
in guide books
 Geographically and environmentally aware
 Active (from walkers to mountaineers)

What is Sports Tourism?

Sports tourism refers to travel which involves either observing or participating in
a sporting event while staying apart from the tourists' usual environment. Sport
tourism is a fast-growing sector of the global travel industry and equates to $7.68
billion.

Sport Tour
 Sports tours offer a unique opportunity for your sporting team to compete
worldwide with schools and clubs of the same caliber. With the goal to foster
 camaraderie and sportsmanship, school sports trips or any organizations will be
the highlight of your sporting team’s year.

 Sports travel tours can strengthen the bonds between team members as they will
eat, live, sleep and experience new environments together, allowing visitors to
develop a more personal connection between each other and their teachers.

 Sporting tours or to overseas destinations aid in the development of cultural

awareness as guest experience sport at locations far from home. Everyone often
return home after sports tours with life-long friendships that were built on the
field but continue into adulthood.

Classification of Sports Tourism

 There are several classifications of sport tourism. Gammon and Robinson
suggested that sports tourism can be categorized as 
 Hard Sports Tourism and
 Soft Sports Tourism

1. Hard Adventure

 Hard adventure refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring

intense commitment and advanced skills. Hard tourism includes the
activities like climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving etc.

 Hard adventure activities are highly risked in nature. Professional

guide, advance level skills are required to perform these activities.
Many tourists died during climbing mountains, caving every day.
There is an interesting fact that is for K2, world 2nd highest
mountain, for every two people who submit one dies.

The "hard" definition of sport tourism refers to the quantity of people participating at
a competitive sport events. Normally these kinds of events are the motivation that
attract visitors to the events. 

 EXAMPLE:
Olympic
Games, FIFA
World
Cup, F1 Grand
Prix and regional
events such
as NASCAR Spri
nt Cup Series
could be described
as hard sports
tourism.

2. Soft Adventure
  Soft adventure refers to activities with a perceived risk but low
levels of risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginning skills;
most of these activities are led by experienced guides. Soft tourism
includes the
activities like
backpacking,
camping, hiking,
kayaking etc.
 Soft adventure
activities are low
risk in nature.
These activities
are led by
professional
guides. Soft
adventure is a popular category in adventure tourism. On average, 25%
trips taken from North America and Europe are soft adventure trips.
 The "soft" definition of sport tourism is when the tourist travels to participate in
recreational sporting, or signing up for leisure interests.

 EXAMPLE: Hiking, skiing, running and canoeing can be described as soft sports

tourism.

Example of Adventure and sport Tours in the Philippines

Danao Adventure - Zip Lining, Caving, Kayakin

 After a two-hour drive along the coastal highway northwest of Taglibaran City
in Bohol, we'll find the Danao Adventure Park, the island’s newest
destination. This huge nature park used to be the base camp of the revered
Boholano Hero Francisco Dagohoy who led the longest Philippine revolt
against the Spanish colonists.
  Now it offers exciting moderate to hard adventure activities such as zip line,
plunge/canyon swing, root climbing, rapelling, caving (moderate to hard),
river tubing, and river kayaking.
 This full-day tour package offers a day of adventure as you experience a
combination of at least three of these activities/rides. If you’re looking for
adventure, this will be a day you won’t soon forget!
 Locally prepared lunch is served in an open pavilion.
 Explore the islands of Cebu and Bohol on an exciting 5-day trip including
tours and transportation.

CASE STUDY

A Strategic Tour Generation Modeling within a Dynamic Land-Use and

Transport Framework: A Case Study of Bogota, Colombia

Synopsis/Executive Summary

Developing comprehensive methodologies for assessing long-term urban trends is

a primary objective for establishing a more sustainable society. To go beyond
standard peak-hour models, the goal of this article is to construct a strategic model of
travel demand (creation and attraction) for a normal day. The technique incorporates a
commuting and non-commuting-related tour generation/attraction model as well as a
Land-Use and Transportation Interaction (LUTI) model to account for long-term
feedback mechanisms affecting tour creation.

The travel demand model is based on data from a 2011 cross-sectional household
mobility survey in Bogota. The influence of income, family size and structure,
automobile ownership, travel duration, and mixed land use on the number of trips
produced by a household on an ordinary workday is investigated and modelled using
multiple linear regression analysis. At best, trip attraction models may be
approximated using zonal data. The Bogota LUTI model used in this research has
been compared to other published models in order to assess its characteristics and
capabilities.
The integration of the travel demand model and the Bogota LUTI model will
enable a discussion about the suitability of the proposed modeling approach for
testing several scenarios with high motorization growth rates and the associated
benefits (or drawbacks); thus, providing useful knowledge that will inspire future
research on the evaluation.

Findings

The Bogota Urban Planning Office is funding a research project which is about a
development of a land-use and transport interaction model (LUTI) for the Bogota
region. This paper presents a component of this project: a travel demand model which
is incorporated under a unified modelling framework. This research proposes an
evaluation framework using one long-term system dynamic (SD) that takes into
account how travel demand rates are affected by socioeconomic and spatial factors.
At the same time, the travel demand rates affect transport use, and therefore,
distancerelated impacts such as traffic congestion, travel time and accessibility,
among others.
In this case, the SD approach was used to take into account the dynamic
interaction between variables such as household income, population, mix land-uses
and car ownership in the tour generation and attraction rates. The SD approach
assumes that land-use is not a constant but is rather part of a dynamic system that is
influenced by transport infrastructure. The Bogota LUTI model includes a transport
model, which simulates the travel behavior of the population depending on their
housing and workplace location; a housing development model, a household location
choice model, a workplace development model and a workplace location choice
model, make this possible. This model is broken down by commuting and
noncommuting tours. Car speed in the transport model is volume and capacity
dependent and hence not constant. The travel demand model belongs to the transport
model and is the core of this research. Changes in the transport system cause time-
lagged changes in the land-use system and changes in the land-use system cause
immediate reactions in the transport system.

Discussion

The transportation model built for the LUTI model in Bogota is a strategic and
dynamic model. These models describe the road and public transportation networks
with a high degree of simplification; the network is aggregated into a single
connection per origin-destination pair. This implies that there is no usual route option.
We constructed aggregate speed-flow curves for private automobiles utilizing the
network model (VISUM®) as a suitable interface for simulating a private vehicle
travel time matrix for future years that incorporates reactions to transportation
variables (such as increasing travel demand) and land-use changes.
This article proposes a daily transportation demand estimates model that will be
integrated into a unified modeling framework. The land-use model was purposefully
omitted. This was done to avoid deviating from the paper's primary objective, which
is the creation of several models for estimating travel demand in the research zone.
In summary, this article mentions but does not emphasis the land-use module.
While different research papers use a different approach to estimating travel demand,
many have relied on static models, excluding the possibility of feedback mechanisms
among a variety of other elements throughout time. One of those variables is
accessibility: locations with limited access will be less appealing to those seeking for
a place to reside. The primary technique of evaluation is accessibility.
As travel demand in a given zone grows, accessibility often decreases owing to
congestion. As accessibility improves, land expansion and population expansion
become less probable, hence limiting future travel demand growth. This is a balancing
feedback mechanism that tends to more equally disperse travel demand within a
metropolitan region.
To deal with this issue, the present methodology uses a tour-based concept
similar to the Copenhagen’s Orestad traffic model. In this concept, a tour is defined as
a sequence of a simple trip to a destination and a simple return trip from a destination
and back home. Two different types of tours are considered: • Home – Work/Study –
Home (HWH) and;
 • Home – Others – Home (HOH)

The two tour types considered cover a high percentage of daily mobility in
Bogota region (according to data from the 2011 mobility survey in Bogota, home-
based tours HWH and HOH cover about 91.2% of the daily mobility). Given the
strategic nature of the presented model they are seen as representing urban mobility
precisely enough.
Bogota has traditionally created peak-hour transportation models, primarily for
the purpose of analyzing capacity and service levels. We want to go ahead and create
a model for everyday travel demand that has never been done before. Thus, the
technique entails the estimate of a tour generating model at the home level using
multiple linear regression analysis. At best, tour attraction models are calculated using
zonal data.
The feedback mechanisms are modeled using stocks and flows across time in
order to comprehend the effects of mobility conditions and land-use features and to
facilitate study of the resulting impact on the transportation system. The suggested
technique is applied to Bogota, Colombia, with two primary objectives: first, to
construct a model that is responsive to planning and policy factors across the area; and
second, to examine the strategic implications of tour generation/attraction on urban
demand mobility.

Conclusion

For the Bogota area, a new strategic travel demand model has been designed and
verified. The methodology entails the development of tour generation and attraction
regression models (based on cross-sectional survey and land-use data) and their
(future) integration into a dynamic model that employs causal loop diagrams to model
the complex long-term relationships between transportation and land use. The travel
demand model has a number of novel and creative components and characteristics,
most notably their sensitivity to policy factors.
This sensitivity to alternative planning scenarios and policy options (population
growth by zone, car ownership, income levels, and number of workers and/or
students) motivated this new development and is a critical component of the model's
added value over traditional peak-hour trip generation models.
However, the basic framework used to develop this Bogota LUTI travel demand
model has much better sensitivity compared to standard models since it a) depicts
daily mobility and b) can account for geographic and socioeconomic changes over
time. The new model framework is substantially more resilient and complex than the
prior Bogota travel model framework (which is beyond the traditional static and peak
hour models, so common in our local context).
This is the first model to estimate average daily mobility in the whole Bogota
area (city and municipalities), stratified by activity type. Apart from the standard peak
hour models employed in our setting, these models feature dynamic linkages and are
sensitive to land-use changes and family composition. Additionally, they enable
various sorts of studies owing to their sensitivity to policy factors. Another novel
feature of this development is the incorporation of HWH travel time in the evaluation
of HOH excursions. This new travel demand model takes into account the disparities
in travel habits across income groups. Variation in dwelling locations and availability
of urban land or constructed areas enables more precise assessment of
generation/attraction changes throughout time.
 Recommendations
This research proposes an evaluation framework using one long-term system
dynamic (SD) that takes into account how travel demand rates are affected by
socioeconomic and spatial factors. Below are the following recommendations: 
 Develop an integrated techniques to evaluate long-term urban trends 
 Develop a travel demand (generation and attraction) strategic model of a typical
day.
 Capture the feedback mechanisms that may affect tour generation in the long
term. 
 Ensure travel demand rates that affect transport use such as traffic congestion,
travel time and accessibility. 
 Simulates the travel behavior of the population.
 Develop model and a workplace location choice model.

Implementations

Finally, the Bogota LUTI model operations begin by generating exogenous

population growth in the research zone. Residential site choice modeling was used to
divide the new population into zones, with a wide variety of spatial attributes valued
differentially according to household characteristics per zone.
The approach used develops these distributions as inputs to the travel demand
model using a variety of model types. This transportation model includes various
feedback loops, for example, one that accounts for the impact of congestion and the
number of HWH trips based on the mode of transport, travel time, and cost variables
for private and public transportation. The speed/flow relationship and additional costs
all influence the amount of time required to travel by auto (parking, fuel).

Reference
Guzmana, L.A., Gomeza, A.M., and Rivera, C. (2016) ‘A Strategic Tour
Generation Modeling within a Dynamic Land-Use and Transport Framework: A Case
Study of Bogota, Colombia’, World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016
Shanghai.

A Strategic Tour Generation Modeling within a Dynamic Land-Use and

Transport Framework: A Case Study of Bogota, Colombia

(Reflection)

This article is here to create a strategic model of travel demand (the generation
and attraction of travelers) for a regular day. Tour production and attraction is
implemented using a model that combines commuting and non-commuting visits into
the picture, together with a LUTI model that integrates changes in land use and
transportation methods.
A paradigm is proposed that makes use of one long-term system dynamic (SD)
that incorporates the way socioeconomic and geographic elements impact travel
demand rates. The influence of travel demand on transport usage, which in turn
causes traffic congestion, trip duration, and accessibility issues, is similar in the two
scenarios.
 This essay makes a case for developing a new model that predicts travel demand
every day. The land-use model was explicitly eliminated since it had been excluded
intentionally. To stay on track with the major purpose of the study, this method was
used to ensure that we don't stray from the goal of developing many models for travel
demand estimation in the study zone.
In conclusion, this page only discusses the land-use module and does not
emphasize it. Several different research publications used various methodologies to
estimate travel demand, however many of them used static models that failed to
account for feedback mechanisms in time. There are many other aspects that affect
how a site will be seen, one of them being accessibility. Places with restricted access
will have a lower attraction to individuals looking for a place to live. There are several
assessment methods, the most prevalent of which is accessibility.

Reference:
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 Silverstein E. (2020, February 20). First-Timers' Guide to Shore Excursions Cruise
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 Furlow K. (2014, April 22) Top 5 Most Popular Types of Shore Excursions
Excursion Insurance.com