Energy Levels

A
Creative Chemistry

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By Nigel Saunders

Copyright © 2003 Nigel Saunders, all rights reserved

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 Energy Levels
Exothermic reactions

• Energy is given out

• The products have

less energy than the
reactants

Combustion and neutralisation are exothermic

 Energy Level Diagrams
Exothermic reactions

energy
 Energy Level Diagrams
Exothermic reactions

energy

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Exothermic reactions

energy reactants

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Exothermic reactions

energy reactants

products

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Exothermic reactions
energy given out
energy reactants ∆H is negative

products

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Endothermic reactions

• Energy is taken in

• The products have

more energy than
the reactants

The energy is taken in from the surroundings

 Energy Level Diagrams
Endothermic reactions

energy
 Energy Level Diagrams
Endothermic reactions

energy

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Endothermic reactions

energy

reactants

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Endothermic reactions

energy products

reactants

course of reaction
 Energy Level Diagrams
Endothermic reactions

energy products

energy taken in
reactants ∆H is positive

course of reaction
 Summary Table

Exothermic Endothermic
reactions reactions
 Summary Table

Exothermic Endothermic
reactions reactions
Energy is given out to Energy is taken in from
the surroundings the surroundings
 Summary Table

Exothermic Endothermic
reactions reactions
Energy is given out to Energy is taken in from
the surroundings the surroundings

∆H is negative ∆H is positive
 Summary Table

Exothermic Endothermic
reactions reactions
Energy is given out to Energy is taken in from
the surroundings the surroundings

∆H is negative ∆H is positive

Products have less Products have more

energy than reactants energy than reactants
 ∆H
How much energy is given out or taken in?

• Energy is needed to break chemical bonds

• Energy is given out when bonds are made

∆H is the difference between the energy

needed to break the bonds in the reactants,
and the energy given out when new bonds are
made in the products
 Bond energies
The energy needed to break a chemical bond

• Different chemical bonds have different

bond energies

Chemical bond Bond energy, kJ/mole

H―H 436
O=O 498
O―H 464
 Working out ∆H
Draw an energy level diagram with all the
reactants and products on it
energy 2H2 + O2

2H2O

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Show all the bonds in the reactants
H―H
+ O=O
energy H―H

2H2O

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Show all the bonds in the products
H―H
+ O=O
energy H―H
O
H H
O
H H

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Show the bond energies for all the bonds
436
+ O=O
energy 436
O
H H
O
H H

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Show the bond energies for all the bonds
436
+ 498
energy 436
O
H H
O
H H

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Show the bond energies for all the bonds
436
+ 498
energy 436
464 + 464
O
H H

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Show the bond energies for all the bonds
436
+ 498
energy 436
464 + 464

464 + 464

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Add the reactants’ bond energies together

energy 1370
464 + 464

464 + 464

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Add the products’ bond energies together

energy 1370

1856

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
∆H = energy in ― energy out
1370
―
energy 1370 1856

1856

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
∆H = energy in ― energy out
1370
―
energy 1370 1856
-486

1856

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
∆H = energy in ― energy out

energy 1370 ∆H = -486

1856

course of reaction
 Working out ∆H
Summary

• The energy values have units of kJ/mole

• In the exam, you will be given the energy
values and all the bonds to make or break
• Energy goes in to break bonds
• Energy goes out when bonds are made

∆H is energy in – energy out