STUDY OF 1 PHASE - 3 PHASE ENERGY METERING Introduction : ‘The metering of consumed energy is required to charge the terrif. Therefore become neces- sary to study the metering to determine the amount of power consumed. It consist of Single Phase LCD Energy Meter, a three phase LCD energy meter, MCB, and volt ammeter. Good quality, reliable BS 10 safety sockets are provided at appropriate places on board for electric board supply and load connections. Mains Supply : 230 V+10%, 50 Hz (for meters only) Energy meter : single phase, LCD type, 3 phase LCD type. MCB = OP Digital display : Voltage 30 - 500V , current 0.3 - 5 amp,Accuracy 1%, 1LSD. Termination : BS 10 safety sockets. Scanned with CamScannerstudy of 1 phase - 3 phase enrgy metering - 3. Theory : i ena resultiny Electricity : Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenom . 5 i izable from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizé phenomena, such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts, such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction. In general usage, the word "electricity" is adequate to refer to a number of physical effects. Inscientific usage, however, the term is vague, and these related, but distinct, concepts are better identified by more precise terms: «Electric Charge — A property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electroma- gnetic, Electrically charged matter is influenced by and produces electromagnetic fields. + Electric Current — A movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically meas- ured in amperes. + Electric Field — An influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicin- * Electric Potential - The capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge typically measured in volts. * Electromagnetism — A fundamental interaction between the magnetic field and the pres- ence and motion of an electric charge In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either direct Current (DC) or alternating current (AC), These terms refer to how the current varies in time. Direct current, as produced by example from a battery and required by most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative. Alternat- ing current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; al most always this takes the form of a sinusoidal wave. Alternating current thus pulses back and forth withi h within a Scanned with CamScannerstudy of | phase - 3 phase enrgy metering - 4. conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time. The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse. Energy Meter : An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device. Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. A periodic reading of electric meters establishes billing cycles and energy used during a cycle. In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas, the electric rates are higher during certain times of day, to encourage reduction in use. Also, in some areas meters have relays to turn off nonessential equipment. Modem electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electri- cal power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilo- watt-hours etc). The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic, The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt, which is qual to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules, Some electricity companies use the SI mega joule instead, Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a Period, most often a quarter or half hour. Reactive power is measured in "Volt-amperes reactive", (varh) in kilovarh-hours. By con- Vention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive reactive power. A "leading", or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power, Volt-amperes measures all Power passed through a distribution network, including reactive and actual, This is equal to the product of root-mean-square volts and amperes, Scanned with CamScannerstudy of | phase - 3 phase enrgy metering - 5. The experiement : In this experiment the purpose is to connect and check energy meter. The experiment helps to find out the error / correction in energy meter readings. This experiement carried out by correct calibrated intruments. Here an ammeter, voltmeter and stop watch are to be assummed to be correct and are taken as refrence. In direct loading method, applying standard voltage (230/415Vac) to a stepped resisitive load, where energy is measured by energy meter for given revolutions, current through ammeter and potential via voltmeter. The time t, for given revolution of energy meter is counted by stop watch and energy con- sumed by load is accounted as the actual energy abb. A.E, and recorded energy abb. R.E. These are expressed as AE.=V.Lt in watt/sec or A.E = [(V.Lt) / (3600x1000)] in KWH. where , V is the voltmeter reading, I , is the ammeter reading and, t, is the time in seconds for given number of impulses. The recorded energy is read by energy meter is found by a constant given upon meter panel as, (N = no. of impulses / KWH). Thus recorded energy is given as RE.=n/N KWH. where n is counted number of revolutions say 20 or 30, and N is the given meter constant. From these expressions the error calculated as, Percentage of error, err% = 100[(A.E - R.E) / A.E]. The error may be negative or positive is plotted between the actual energy and percentage of error. The number of impulse/K WH are given 1600. Scanned with CamScannerstudy of I phase - 3 phase enrgy metering - 6. Exp : To calibrate given single phase energy meter by direct loading. Other App req : A stop watch, single phase resistive load upto 0.5 KW in steps(variac). 1. Carefully connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Bring Variac to minimum (fully counter - clockwise). Connect R load at given sockets. If variac available then connect it. 2. Connect main cord with single phase line. Switch on power. Switch on MCB. 3. Adjust variac to line voltage (220 ~ 230Vac). 4, Switch on load for 1 ~ 1.2 amp (approx) current (switch on 3 lamps). 5. Record voltage load current I, and volt V, from panel meters. 6. Start stop watch and record the time t, for given no of revolution (say n= 20 impulses) of energy meter LED. Note that start counting is done as soon as the impulse LED flash. 7. As desired ( say 20) counts of impulse completed, stop the watch and note its time t, the power W and current I from panel meter. 8. Reset stop watch, switch on next load step. And note the V and I from meter. 9. Repeat the step 6 - 7, again and record the observations, Repeat the steps furthur decreas- ing load. Tablel. for observations direct loading, Energy meter constant -rev/KWH Srno. — V volts 1 Amp tsec forn wv.) 1 ae 1.2 i 2 3 z Scanned with CamScannerstudy of 1 phase - 3 phase enrgy metering ~ 1. Table2. en% Seno. [Amp AE a 1 12 2 3 Compute the real power recorded by energy meter as RE=n/N..... KWH where N is constant given upon energy meter dial (1600). Compute actual energy consumed during time t (taken for n revolutions). . KWH AE=[W+t/(3.6x 109]... Compute ae as err % = 100x[ A.E - R.E/ A.E] Register the values found in table 2. Plot calibration curve between current and error%. If load is small, parallel load can be connected across LOAD sockets. In case of three phase the power in watts is to be calculated as AE= Bw. 1 (3.6 x 10°)] wes KWH where W=Vd1 Scanned with CamScannerstudy of 1 phase - 3 phase enrey metering - 8. R Load bik i F cs : a om > 7 yrams for 1 phase energy meter and calibration of it. Fig 1 : Connection di 1 phase supply Note : Ifvoltage is <200V, then use a varac at input (5 ut (Samp), | Scanned with CamScanner