EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK eccs ceEcCM CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIQUE eK«ks EUROPAISCHE KONVENTION FOR STAHLBAU ECCS - Technical Committee 8 - Structural Stability Technical Working Group 8.2 - System Ultimate Limit State Calculation of Sway Frames with Rigid Joints FIRST EDITION 1984 N° 33ECCS assumes no lability with respect 10 ine use for any application of the material and information contained in his pubication Copyright © ECCS- CECM - EKS. Allrighis reserved. Nopart of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or ransmnitedin any lormor by ‘any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Copyright owner ROTTERDAM Eccs al Secretariat ceEcM 326, Bte 52 EKS B - 1050 BRUSSELS (Belgium)PREFACE The purpose of this publication is - to give to the profession of structural engineers some basic input parameters, which should be used especially in computer-programs following the plastic zone theory, in order to make the results of different programs com- parable, ~ to show the possibility and the range of application of different simplifications in the ultimate limit state ana- lysis of sway frames. The paper also served as a basis for the vork of the Drafting Panel for Eurocode No.3, The paper mainly deals with possible models for the static analysis of frames and defines the range of application of these models. Additional assumptions and/or requirements e.g. sufficient rotation capacities and respective b/t-ratios and provisions for lateral stability should be taken from the ECCS-Recommen- ations, the Burocode 3-draft or national regulations. The main application field of this paper is the analysis of frames with I-profiles bent about the strong axis. If, exceptionally, cross sections with Gpjase > 1-24 are used, appropriate reduction factors for the ultimate loading capacity should be provided when second order theory is necessary. The text was drafted by Technical Working Group 8.2, "Systems which has the following membership (Oct. 1983) : Members: U. VOGEL (Chairman) D M, MARINCEK = Yu D. ANDERSON cB CH. MASSONNET 8B J.C. BADOUX cH H. ROBIN A M, BRAHAM L G. SCHULZ A G. Foss N oJ. WITTEVEEN NL ¥. LESCOUARC'H F R. ZANDONINI I J. LINDNER DCorresponding member: P., DUBAS. on G. SACCHI I E, REUTER Lb. R,H.WOOD cB The text was adopted on November 15, 1983 by Technical Committee 8, "Structural Stability" during its meeting in Paris. A. ban U. VOGEL (Chairman) Nov. 1983 TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP 8.2, "SYSTEMS"Table of Contents Preface Definitions General remarks 1 12 Elastic-plastic analysis Ultimate strength theory (plastic-zone_theo: Simplified constitutive law for uniaxial strain Residual stress pattern Geometric imperfections Second-order plastic hinge theory Interaction formulae for the effect of axial force and shear force on the plastic moment capacity Equivalent geometric imperfections Simplified second-order plastic hinge theory First-order_plastic_hinge theory First-order plastic hinge theory with Q.=H,+U,P_ Usual simple single-storey building £1 anes Elastic analysis Equivalent geometric imperfections Simplified second-order elastic analysis, using the P-A-effect Simplified second-order elastic analysis, using magnification factors Eirgtzorde Merchant-Rankine approach APPENDIX 1: Interaction formlae APPENDIX 2: Derivation of formulae for approximate calcu- lation of the critical load and the stiffness of a storey as a part of a multi-storey sway frame with or without additional bracing systems u 12 13ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE CALCULATION OF SWAY FRAMES WITH RIGID JOINTS Ati Sway Frames are = unbraced grames ~ braced frames, in which the stiffness S, of the bracing systems against sidesuay is Less then 5 times the stiffness S, of the bare frames. Rigid Joints are = wolded connections ~ friction type connections with high strength bolts = other connections 4n which stip on change of angle betvoen the axes of the comueted srane members due to Loading and deformation of the frame may ho oitdexed as nogligible. Sway srames are in general complex systems with several independent para- meters, such that it Ls not atways possible to use simple and sage gormulae to calculate their wltémate Limit state without considerable Loss of economy. Therefore one of the following methods may be used in order to design such steel structures - or to check their stability - under static loading conditions: 1 Elastic - plastic analysis 1.1 Ultimate strength theory (plastic-zone theory) 1,2 Second-order plastic hinge theory -3 First-order plastic hinge theory 2 Elastic analysis 2,1 Second-order elastic theory 2.2 First-order elastic theory 3 Merchant-Rankine approach In the following, basic parameters and the range of application for the different method are defined.1 Blastic-plastic analysis j Ultimate strength theory (plastic-zone theory) The method has to show that the structure is in a stable - or at least neutral - state of equilibrium under the design loads (i.e. factored working loads). In such an analysis ~ the constitutive law giving the relationship o,;- €,, for the material (as accurately as possible) - the spreading of plastic zones along the members and over the cross section ~ the influence of deformations (including the effect of axial forces on member stiffness) - the influence of imperfections have to be taken into account. The method is restioted to computer programs. Because of itscompterity in gernoral it will not be used gor deségn purposes én daily engineering practice but for: + research projects - check of the accuracy of simpli¢ied methods - check of experimental results - establishing design charts for pratical purposes. «l In order to get comparable results from different computer pro- grams - and if no more refined parameters are available or re- quired - the following basic parameters should be used. If in special cases other parameters are used, the reason for their use must be explained.a) Simplified constitutive law for uniaxial strain (for Fe 360 and Fe 510) 3, res b) Residual stress pattern G, os 235 N/mm? ‘res b1) TUBES (rolled tubes and welded tubes, hot finished) + TENSION — COMPRESSION b2) ROLLED I-SECTIONS h/b<1.2 0.5 h/b >4.2 0.3 Sigs 7 Sr0.3——— 0.25 to FLANGE [0.0756 [0125 — WEB _| 0,075(h~2t)|0.125(h-2t) + a eo 0.25] —L eas, 10 facne | b4) WELDED BOX SECTIONS 1,3 HEAVY WELD 2,4 LIGHT WELD b5) For heavy sections (flange thickness t > 80 mm) the variation of the residual stresses through the plate thickness has to be taken into account. For typical residual stress @istributions see the ECCS Manual on Stability.c) Geometric imperfections 1 y t he | lt \= if L>5m (L must be stated in meters) ned if Ls5m ne $44) \ number of columns in one storey in the plane Second-order plastic hinge theor: F Compared with 1.1 the only défgerence 48 that strain-hardening £s neglected and spreading of plastic zones is Locatized to plastic hinges. The method is mich simpler than 1.1, but usually Leads almost to the same resubts. Since in plastic hinge theory no direct consideration of residual stresses is possible the geometric impergections of chapter 1.1 must be entarged to equi geometrte imperfertions, incLuding apphorinatety the influence of residual stresses. Though in plastic hinge theory the linear elastic-idealplastic stress-strain-relationship may be used, it must be assured that the real material behaviour fulfills approximately the requirements of the following figure: 0 Ess =, 28 Ov G21 Where o, and o, are the guaranteed minimum values.In general the following basic parameters or methods may be used: a) Interaction formulae for the effect of axial force and shear force on the plastic moment capacity of cross-sections: see Appendix 1 b) Equivalent geometric imperfections: see e), but for the initial crookedness: for column curve m= h/e, And for the initial out-of-plumb: ¥, x le 200 2 In general for the columns it is sufficient to use ¥, only. In the case where ¢ = t/N/EI> 1.6, the parabolic imperfection with e, = 2/m has to be used simultaneously. c) Simplified second-order plastic hinge theory In the case of - © = £VN7EI < 1.6 in all columns, and - no plastic hinges between column end-points a first-order plastic hinge analysis under factored working loads may be used with the following storey shear (PA-effect * 1.2): OQ, = Hy + VoPp + 1-20,Py with ¥, = column- slope of storey x, calculated iteratively by first-order plastic hinge analysis mentioned above (or assumed as ¥,, at the beginning and checked at the end of the calculation; if ¥, ,2, no iteration is necessary) H, = total sum of factored external horizontal working loads above storey rP, = total sum of factored vertical working loads above storey r vp storey INE I | The restrictions ¢ < 1.6 and no plastic hinges between column endposnts’, are necessary én order to avodd Local instability of highty compressed stender columns. In @ connect second-order plastic hinge caLoulation one would have #0 use O,=H. + Wy + U,) PL dt onder £0 take care of the "P-b-essect” and the stabitity-functions in order to take cate of the "e-effect” on the momber stiggness. The Latter can be taken care of approrimatery by using the factor 1.2 at the elastic-plastic part of tre P-L-edgect, as given in the expression Q. = H. + YP. +1-2¥P. This simpligios the catculation considerably. Th pq has been estimated very well the amount of work to be done doos not digger from the application of a simple girsz-onder plastic hinge analysis, but the deterioration of the Load capacity of the structure, caused by the dominating P-d-offect, has beon taken into account. 3 First-order plastic hinge theory For the stress-strain-relationship the same requirements as in chapter 1.2 (see p.5) must be fulfilled.a) First-order plastic hinge theory - but with Q. = HL +P, - may be used, if ¢ = £VN7ET <¢ 1.6 in all columns, no plastic hinges develop between column end-points, and for all stroreysr Q, TO-PL a Ivrls This criterion can be mitten as yl-Pic sh O,. Obviowsty Zi means approximately that the additional storey shear produced by the axiak forces in the colums due to sway is smatter than zh of the storey shear Q. = Hy +VQP, and theresore may be considered negligible. To satisfy the restriction on plastic hinge position, the level of a crane bracket can be regarded as a column end-point if adequate restraint is provided there against out-of-plane and torsional movement. b) Usual simple single-storey building frames may be analysed + by first-order plastic hinge theory without any imperfections, if no plastic hinges develop between column end-points, and 3 EL a 210 for pinned base frames or th + 232) Ph 9 6EI, ze 210 for fixed base frame (n+ 5%) Ph 9 ej! an | | = sum of vertical i 1 loads td h This erdterton follows sxom the demand that the sagety-gactor n against EULER critical buckling Load is at Least 10 ina state just begore the development of the Last plastic hinge for the most unfavourable mechanism. In this case second-order effects may de considered as negligible.2 Elastic analysis Second-order elastic theory This well-known method 4s atready used wideky in practice. Computer programs even for small desk computers are available. In simple cases even a cateutation "by hand” is possible. Applying this method, the following basic parameters, assumptions, and methods may be used: a) Equivalent geometric imperfections: Same as for second-order plastic hinge theory, see 1.2b) b) Simplified second-order elastic analysis, using the P-s- effect see 1.2c), but elastic analysis instead of plastic hinge analysis. In this case onty the dominating "P-d-esgect” (x1.2) is taken into account as a secondary edfect. Since the facivred vertical working-Loads ane known as constant vatues, a direct computation of forces and degonr- mations - without any interative procedure - is possible, if a slope- degleetion-method (in which yx belongs to the unknowns of the set of equations to be solved) is used. ¢c) Simplified second-order elastic analysis, using magnification factors: Using these magnification factores it must be assured that the distribution of the second-order bending moments show approximately affinity to the first-order bending moments. In the range 4< ny 10 (for each storey) a simplified second-order theory may be used as follows: The storey-shear Qy = Hy, + oP, is multiplied by the magnification factor aT and a first-order analysis is performed.The critical buckling factor ny for the isolated storey r may be calculated approximately as follow: n n beam r le h, Storey r t beam r-1 bh 4 & cyte 1 b x r+1 With Cy =~) 5I., By = 22 and k, = — "1 ef Ty gi Br 5 (6+k,) EC, for the 1st. storey with fixed "> 2K, ke, | yb, column-basis (k,_,= 0) 5 Ec, ' for the ist. storey with hinged "1° yg * Pyhy column-basis (k,_,= ©) 5 (64k, +k,_,) EC ee a = ~ + pp for all other storeys Tak aR aT (KT (Fk_J=1 * Phy For the derivation of these formulae see APPENDIX 2, which also includes additional information for the consideration of an additional bracing system. Alternatively, if a first-order analysis with the loads H, has already been performed, n, may be calculated by with 2 calculated only for H, by a first-order elastic analysis.2.2 First-order elastic theory First-order elastic theory without any imperfections may be used if in each storey rn, 2 10 For single-storey building frames n, = n may be calculated as follows: with or without hinge lo Br, We (2n+ 85) ph 8 to(enstSEr, at ely k al L how >? z (Gns2tsSypn? 3 P = total sum of vertical loade 2.5 BL, 7 (nse) Ph T 9 1 x a L L I i .. — (heats) ph* 9For frames in buildings, in which the cladding has not been specifically designed as @ main structural element, the collapse joad factor ag may be calculated by: of = op¢/(0.9+ dnp /aee) ; Of £ Ope With op; = collapse load factor by first order plastic hinge theory, and Gey = elastic critical load factor for the frame as a whole, provided that: 1) the frame is braced perpendicular to its own plane, 2) the average bay width in the plane of the frame is not less then the greatest height of one storey, 3) the frame does not exceed 10 storeys in height, 4) the sway at each storey, due to unfactored wind load, does not exceed 1/300 of the storey height, 5) the capacities of the columns are based on the attainment of yielding in extreme fibres, 6) apy is calculated with storey shears given by Or = Hr+VoPy, the terms being defined in 1(e) above, and 7) Ger/epe > 4. For bare frames, or for frames in which specific account is taken of the cladding's structural strength or stiffness, the collapse load factor ag may be calculated by: ®¢ = ope /(1 + aps /ocr) provided that conditions (1) - (7) are also satisfied. The Merchant-Rankine approach is empirical in nature. Studies on frames up to Jo stoneys én height have shown that the Menchant-Rankine approach provides @ satisfactory simpbified design method when the above conditions are satissied. The factor 0.9 has been introduced to take account of the benesicial effects of Strain-hardenéng and stray composite action. The method can be readily used in hand caloutation. In particuéar, suaw duc to ungactored wind Loading and do, can both be found rapidly. 12 is recomended thenegore that the frame be designed gust to the Limiting suny deslection, fotkowing by cacukation of aox. In many cases adequate strength can be demon- strated using a Lower-bound for ape, determined grom an equilibrium solution. A cateutation gor the exact value Of app can thereby be avoided.APPENDIX 1: Interaction formulae 13 Interaction formulae for rolled sections in bending about strong axis (by ¥von LESCOUARC'H) I sections 2 +02 all . soe obs sor Res 'p > P P ZB se wew-m 2.52 40.5 -1.5) > > P 8 2) 2 N ts Mom qoPinm,, (2.52 40,5" -1.5) x2 Ste i, S P pw OE ‘> wthe ed i 2 5 TPE oss 2 +02 1 P ” Meo 2 + ae # < one wt +06 onze < 1.36 > » > 4 N % > 0.18 eth. Bros P P _ I BE < 0.6 oes PB +o28 <1 P P # ¢ 0.10 wt 038 + 0.088 < 1.13 P P p > = made ea f+ o28 17h voyn aayaysod vor aan = ty - Wy y = fy Surpueq uy pouotsua; vaxe abuers = % © Burpueg uy pesseaduos voze abuery " < suoysturjap at A SL {SR burpueq s¥xe von burpuaq stxe Buoms (2 1821 00g gy Nra nz 5 a3eTaTeW 5anKquE :wo4y qemSqy) STqINOP JO BuTpusq STE yen ple SuOTIIIS Tpued sTxe Bioxs 10y Sepnmsoy WoTjourayULInteraction formulae for hollow sections (Prom Cidect book: "Construire avec des Profils creux") by: F. Mang, M. Tournay, T. Giddings, J. Rondal (to be published) a) Interaction between bending moment and axial force for hollow sections: ‘ptt = a 2 | tga? ages + nt pe Ibe h, = O.54 <2 1 | s + by <0. 1 mn The influence of the axial force may be considered as negligible, if N < 0,15 Noy b) Interaction between bending moment, axial load and shear force round hollow sections: rectangular hollow sections: (qe? + 4 q+ tes PLO PLO with ra fay? Noe o7 2nd: + 2tR ge”! - and S Lento An(2? Mpng 7 abate + 2 tmRe ETM (ge)APPENDIX 2: Derivation of formulae for approximate calculation of the critical load and the stiffness of a storey as a part of a multi-storey sway frame with or without additional bracing systems Systems and definitions frame bracing terms of system stiffness storey r+1 C,,, beam r B, storeyr oC, = beam r-1 Bas eh To obtain single storeys, the stiffness of beams is divided pro- portional to the stiffness of the columns Cy (below) an@ Crs1 (above). For these single storeys the critical load factor ny and the stiffness of the frame, respectively of the frame and the bracing system, are calculated. Stiffnesses 8, atedefined as shear force divided by shear angle. The smallest value of ny for the single storey is a lower bound for the critical load factor n of the system. Division of stiffness of the beam r: LJ | [Cr hott.Single storey r, loads, deformation bracing stiffness Sy Shon % Terms, assumptions /— l,—4 P, sum of all vertical loads in storey r Q, shear force produced by horizontal loads above storey r 1.2Ry, additional shear force (P-A-effect) according to second order theory. The factor 1.2 is introduced to account for the aifference between deflection curve and chord of the columns sway angle of columns of storey r ¥, angle of rotation, which is presumed to be the same for all nodes along the beams r. Calculation of critical load factor and storey stiffness sum of endmoments of beams r: EI, a Mis 52-3. Tac fe 6 BB, a) r 3,72 a = r csc, tered with we gett of beams r-1: (2)Mor Mead respectively of columns of storey r. are also the sums of endmoments “+) at the top and bottom Calculation of the angles of rotation %,,, by M., M,_, and 4 Bt at which a substitute column with sum stiffness C, is considered 7 i 1 te aMr * BMeo1) Ves peer CAMA Mgt vp (3) 1 Soop BEC, (HAM Me tv, (4) Equilibrium of storey r Oh, + 1.2Ph Y= M+ ML yt Soh, (3) Eliminating 9 in formulae (3) by (1), 9,., in formulae (4) by (2) and including equation (5), one obtains the following system of equations: unknown Mey SEC, a “1 k, 1 ° 3 Keay “1 iS aThe determinant is zero for the critical loed factor 64th, 5 THES (2R 7-1 The resultant storey stiffness of frame and bracing including second-order effects is then: Sores * 1 2B Cet) For the first storey r = 1 the formulae are: columns clamped at the bottom, k,_, = 0 s , Tag 2 a 21 ( et ) lak, By * Tak For last storey r at the top: ° oe Re