PART 4 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS. SCOPE....... cette viene eee oe 43 AVAILABLE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ..... . —— 43 LOCAL BUCKLING ............ cee feet eeeee ee #8 Determining the Width-Thickness Ratios of the Cross-Section ....... 43 Determining the Slenderness of the Cross-Section . .. 43 EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND COLUMN SLENDERNESS 143 COMPOSITE COMPRESSION MEMBERS ...............65 144 STEEL COMPRESSION—MEMBER SELECTION TABLES 44 ‘Table 4-1. W-Shapes in Axial Compression 44 Table 4-2, HP-Shapes in Axial Compression. 45 Table 4-3. Rectangular HSS in Axial Compression... 000... 00eee cece 45 Table 4-4, Square HSS in Axial Compression 45 Table 4-5. Round HSS in Axial Compression... . ceeeee ee 4S Table 4-6. Pipe in Axial Compression ... 145 Table 4-7, WT-Shapes in Axial Compression .45 Table 4-8, Equal-Leg Double Angles in Axial Compression viene 46 ‘Table 4-9, LLBB Double Angles in Axial Compression 0.2.0... ..00.. 0006. 446 Table 4-10, SLBB Double Angles in Axial Compression . : 46 Table 4-11, Concentrically Loaded Single Angles in Axial Compression ........ 4-6 Table 4-12, Eccentrically Loaded Single Angles in Axial Compression ........ 4-7 COMPOSITE COMPRESSION—MEMBER SELECTION TABLES ............ 4-7 Table 4-13. Rectangular HSS Filled with 4-1 Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression ...... 00... .0665 ceveeee es 7 Table 4-14, Square HSS Filled With 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression ........ bette eeeees 47 Table 4-15, Rectangular HSS Filled With 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression ...0....00.... ce AT ‘Table 4-16, Square HSS Filled With 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression... 48 Table 4-17. Round HSS Filled With 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression ........ wees 48 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC,42 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS Table 4-18, Round HSS Filled With 5-ksi ‘Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression ..........+ Table 4-19. Pipe Filled With 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compres Table 4~20. Pipe Filled With 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compres Table 4-21. Stiffness Reduction Factor 7, Table 4-22. Available Critical Stress for Compression Members PART 4 REFERENCES ......... : cet eee eee eete ees 49 [AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INCEFFECTIVE LENGTH AND COLUMN SLENDERNESS 43 SCOPE The specification requirements and other design considerations summarized in this Part apply to the design of members subject to axial compression. For the design of members subject to eccentric compression or combined axial compression and flexure, see Part 6. For compression members that are part of a seismic force resisting system in which the seismic response modification factor, R, is taken greater than 3, the requirements in the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings also apply. The AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings is available in Part 6 of the AISC Seismic Design Manual from the American Institute of Steel Construction, Ine, at www.aisc.org. AVAILABLE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ‘The available strength of compression members, P,, or P,/Q, which must equal or exceed the required strength, P, or P.,, respectively, is determined according to AISC Specification Chapter E. LOCAL BUCKLING Determining the Width-Thickness Ratios of the Cross-Section Steel compression members are classified on the basis of the width-thickness ratios of the various elements of the cross-section. The width-thickness ratio is calculated for each ele- ment of the cross-section per AISC Specification Section B4. Determining the Slenderness of the Cross-Section ‘When the width-thickness ratios of all compression elements are less than A, , the cros tion is non-slender, and Q, the reduction factor for slender compression elements (elasti local buckling effects), equals 1.0. When the-width-thickness ratio of a compression ele- ment is greater than 2,, the cross-section is a slender-element cross-section and Q < 1.0 ‘must be included in the calculation of the available compressive strength. Q is determined per AISC Specification Section E7, and i, is determined per AISC Specification Section B4 and Table B4.1. sec EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND COLUMN SLENDERNESS Columns are designed for their slenderness, KL/r, per AISC Specification Section E2. The effective length, KL, is equal to L, the physical length between braced points (see AISC Specification Appendix 6) multiplied by K, which is determined per AISC Specification Section C2. In many cases, the stability provisions in AISC Specification Chapter C and Appendix 7 allow the use of K = 1. Otherwise, guidance on the proper selection of a value for K is given in AISC Commentary Section C, including the following: 1, For columns with idealized end conditions, recommended vales of K can be deter- mined from AISC Commentary Table C-C2.1 2. For columns in braced frames (or steel frames that lean on shear walls or another sim- ilar structural system) and compression members in trusses, K is normally taken as unity per AISC Specification Section C1.3a, unless a smaller value can be justified by AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC44 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS analysis. Although the alignment chart in AISC Commentary Figure C-C2.3 (sidesway inhibited—braced frames) could be used for that purpose, it should be noted that the stability bracing provisions in AISC Appendix 6 are based upon the use of K= 1. 3. For columns in moment frames, the alignment charts in AISC Commentary Figure C- C24 (sidesway uninhibited—moment frames) can be used. Per AISC Commentary Section C2, the stiffness reduction factor, t,, can be used in the determination of K for columns controlled by inelastic buckling As indicated in the User Note in AISC Specification Section E2, compression-member slenderness, KL/r, should preferably be limited to a maximum of 200. Note that this recom- mendation does not apply to members that are primarily tension members, but subject to incidental compression under other load combinations. Further information is available in the SSRC Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures (Galambos, 1998). COMPOSITE COMPRESSION MEMBERS For the design of reinforced-concrete-encased and concrete-filled steel compression mem- bers, see AISC Specification Section 12. See also AISC Design Guide No. 6 Load and Resistance Factor Design of W-Shapes Encased in Concrete (Griffis, 1992). For further information on composite design and construction, see also Viest et al. (1997). STEEL COMPRESSION—MEMBER SELECTION TABLES Table 4-1. W-Shapes in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for W-shapes with F, = 50 ksi (ASTM A992). The tabulated values are given for the effective length with respect to the Y-Y axis (KL), However, the effective length with respect to the X-X axis (KL), must also be inves- tigated. To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at the larger of (KL), and (KL), ,4, where (a), Values of the ratio r,/r, and other properties useful in the design of W-shape compression ‘members are listed at the bottom of Table 41. The variables P,,., and P,,, can be used in the calculation of the web local yielding available strength (AISC Specification Equation J10-2) for the column as follows ____LRED ASD. OR, = Paro + Pa RIQ= Pry t Pri ‘The variable P,,,, can be used in the calculation of the available web compression buckling strength (AISC Specification Equation J10-8) for the column as follows: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC‘STEEL COMPRESSION—MEMBER SELECTION TABLES 45 LRFD ‘ASD OR, = Pow R,/Q=P, eb The variable Pp, can be used in the calculation of the available flange local bending strength (AISC Specification Equation J10-1) for the column as follows: LRFD ASD _ OR, = Py R,JQ= Pry Table 4-2. HP-Shapes in Axi Table 4-2 is simi grade 50). | Compression lar to Table 4—1, except it covers HP-shapes with F, 50 ksi (ASTM AS72 Table 4-3. Rectangular HSS in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for rectangular HSS with F, = 46 ksi (ASTM A500 grade B). The tabulated values are given for the effective length with respect to the Y-Y axis (KL),. However, the effective length with respect to the X-X axis (KL), must also be investigated. To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at the larger of (KL), and (KL), eq» where Values of the ratio r,/r, and other properties useful in the design of rectangular HSS com- pression members are listed at the bottom of Table 4-3, Table 4-4. Square HSS in Axial Compression Table 44 is similar to Table 4-3, except that it covers square HSS. Table 4-5. Round HSS in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for round HSS with F, = 42 ksi (ASTM A500 grade B). To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at KL. Other properties useful in the design of compression members are listed at the bottom of the available column strength tables. Table 4-6. Pipe in Axial Compression Table 4-6 is similar to Table 4-5, except it covers pipe with F, 35 ksi (ASTM ASS grade B). Table 4-7. WT-Shapes in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for WT-shapes with F, = 50 ksi (ASTM A992). Separate tabulated values are given for the effective lengths with respect to the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC46 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS X and Y-Y axes, (KL), and (KL),, respectively. Other properties useful in the design of WT-shape compression members are listed at the bottom of Table 4-7. Table 4-8. Equal-Leg Double Angles in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for equal-leg double angles with F, = 36 ksi (ASTM A36), assuming ¥/s-in. separation between the angles. These values can be used conservatively when a larger separation is provided. Alternatively, the value of (KL), can be multiplied by the ratio of (r, for a /s-in, separation) to (r, for the actual separation). Separate tabulated values are given for the effective lengths with respect to the X-X and Y-Y axes, (KL), and (KL),, respectively. For buckling about the X-X axis, the available strength is not affected by the number of intermediate connectors. However, for buckling about the Y-Y axis, the effects of shear deformations of the intermediate connectors must be considered. The tabulated values for (KL), have been adjusted for the shear deforma- tions in accordance with AISC Specification equation E6-2, which is applicable to welded and pretensioned bolted intermediate shear connectors. The number of intermediate con- nectors, n, is given in the table and the line of demarcation between the required connector values is dashed. Intermediate connectors are selected such that the available compression buckling strength about the Y-Y axis is equal to or greater than 90 percent of that for com- pression buckling of the two angles as a unit, If fewer connectors or snug-tightened bolted intermediate connectors are used, the available strength must be recalculated per AISC Specification Section E6, Per AISC Specification Section E6.2, the slenderness of the indi- vidual components of the built-up member based upon the distance between intermediate connectors, a, must not exceed three-quarters of the controlling slenderness of the overall built-up compression member. Other properties useful in the design of double-angle compression members are listed at the bottom of Table 4-8. Table 4-9. LLBB Double Angles in Axial Compression Table 4-9 is the same as Table 4-8, except that it provides available strengths in axial com- pression for double angles with long legs back to back. Table 4-10. SLBB Double Angles in Axial Compression Table 4~10 is the same as Table 4-8, except that it provides available strengths in axial com- pression for double angles with short legs back to back. Table 4-11. Concentrically Loaded Single Angles in Axial Compression ‘Available strengths in axial compression are given for single angles, loaded through the cen- {roid of the cross-section, with F, = 36 ksi (ASTM A36) based upon the effective length with respect to the Z-Z axis (KL),. Single angles may be assumed to be loaded through the cen- troid when the requirements of AISC Specification Section E5 are met, as in these cases the eccentricity is accounted for and the slendermess is reduced by the restraining effects of the support at both ends of the member. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INCCOMPOSITE COMPRESSION—MEMBER SELECTION TABLES. 47 Table 4-12. Eccentrically Loaded Single Angles in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for single angles with F, = 36 ksi (ASTM ‘A36). These tables present a lower-bound available axial strength for eccentrically loaded single angles without consideration of end restraint (Sakla, 2001) and may be used in the design of single angle compression members when the requirements of Specification Section ES can not be met. In the development of this table, KZ is assumed to be the same on all axes (ry Myr and r,,)- To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at the largest effective length between brace points. These tables consider combined biaxial bending about the principal axes with axial compression. The long leg of the angle is assumed to be attached to a gusset with a thickness of 1.5. The tabulated values assume a load placed at the center of the gusset plate, at a distance of 0.75; from the long leg of the angle COMPOSITE COMPRESSION—MEMBER SELECTION TABLES Table 4-13. Rectangular HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for rectangular HSS with F, = 46 ksi (ASTM A500 grade B) filled with 4-ksi normal-weight conerete. The tabulated values are given for the effective length with respect to the Y-Y axis (KZ),. However, the effective length with respect to the X-X axis (KL), must also be investigated, To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at the larger of (KZ), and (KL), oo where Values of the ratio r,,//,, and other properties useful in the design of composite HSS com- pression members are listed at the bottom of Table 4-13. The variables r,,, and r,,, are the radii of gyration for the composite cross-section. The ratio ,,/7;,, i8 determined as Table 4-14. Square HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Table 4-14 is the same as Table 4-13, except that it provides available strengths in axial compression for square HSS filled with 4-ksi normal-weight concrete. Table 4-15. Rectangular HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Table 4-15 is the same as Table 4-13, except that it provides available strengths in axial compression for rectangular HSS filled with 5-ksi normal-weight concrete. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC438 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS Table 4-16. Square HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Table 4-16 is the same as Table 4-13, except that it provides available strengths in axial compression for square HSS filled with 5-ksi normal-weight conerete. Table 4-17. Round HSS Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for round HSS with F, = 42 ksi (ASTM ‘A500 grade B) filled with 4-ksi normal-weight concrete. To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at the largest effective length, KL. Other properties useful in the design of compression members are listed at the bottom of the col- umn available strength tables. Table 4-18. Round HSS Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Table 418 is the same as Table 4-17, except that it provides available strengths in axial compression for round HSS filled with 5-ksi normal-weight concrete, Table 4-19. Pipe Filled with 4-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Available strengths in axial compression are given for pipe with F, = 35 ksi (ASTM A53 grade B) filled with 4-ksi normal-weight concrete. To determine the available strength in axial compression, the table should be entered at the largest effective length, KL. Other properties useful in the design of compression members are listed at the bottom of the col- umn available strength tables. Table 4-20. Pipe Filled with 5-ksi Normal-Weight Concrete in Axial Compression Table 4-21 is the same as Table 4-20, except that it provides available strengths in axial compression for pipe filled with 5-ksi normal-weight concrete. Table 4-21. Stiffness Reduction Factor T, When column buckling occurs in the inelastic range, the use of the alignment charts in Chapter C of the Commentary usually gives conservative results. For more accurate solu- tions, inelastic K-factors can be determined from the alignment chart by using T, times the elastic modulus, £,, of the columns in the equation for G. The stiffness reduction factor, 7, is the ratio of the tangent modulus, E,., to the elastic modulus, E. Values are tabulated for steels with F, = 35 ksi, 36 ksi, 42 ksi, 46 ksi, and 50 ksi Table 4-22. Available Critical Stress for Compression Members Table 4-22 provides the available critical stress for various ratios of KU/, for materials with a minimum specified yield strength of 35 ksi, 36 ksi, 42 ksi, 46 ksi, and 50 ksi AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF SrEEL. CONSTRUCTION, INC