SHAFT SELECTION VERTICAL SHAFT I. Vertical Shaft in Footwall Advantages 1. No ore is left in the form of pillars. 2. No effect of mining operation on the shaft. Disadvantages 1. Crosscutting has to be done on foot wall which hauls capital cost. SPS ore is produced during the sinking operation and it does hot give us any information as to the character of the deposit. II Vertical Shaft in Ore Advantage + 1, It gives us the information about the character of the deposit . 2. Shaft sinking operation produces ore. Disadvantages = Shaft ig effected by mining activity. It1. Vertical Shaft in Hangwall Advantages = zy. As we go down the ahaft,the shaft is least effected by mining operation. Disadvantages i. crosscutting has to be done on hangwall which will haul capital costy 2. No ore istproduced during the sinking operation. 31 The sinking process do not yield any data about the nature of the orebody. 2. INCLINED SHAFT Advantages and Disadvantages of Inclined shaft in footwall against inclined shaft in Orebody‘Advantages 1. Straight and uniform gradient. 3. inereased hoisting capacity due to higher winding speed. 3. Decrease in hoisting cost. a. walls being strong , so less maintenance cost. 5) No ore is left in shaft pillars. @. Less water is encountered in the footwall. Disadvantages : 1, Sinking does not yield any ore. 3. “Sinking does not provide any data about the character of orebody. Comparison of Inclined Shaft and Vertical Shaft Excavation : vertical shaft : 1. For a certain depth the excavation is less in case of vertical shaft. Sethe distance of crosscut increases as we go deeper so more excavation in crosscutting. Inclined Shaft : i. For a certain depth the excavation is more than vertical shaft bo the length of crosscut remains same for all depths of the mine. Fixed Cost : Fixed cost is more in inclined shaft. Cost of Operation : a Ag the cost of hauling is less in vertical shaft so the cost of operation is lower in case of a vertical shaft. ‘Tramming Cost : More in vertical shaft. Cost of Lining = More in vertical shaft. Relative Capacity : More in vertical shaft as the speed of winding may be as high as 30 mts/sec, whereas in inclined shaft it can be only 15 mts/sec.‘Time vertical shaft takes more time to be completed than shaft. Maintenance + Vertical shaft costs less in maintenance. Number Of Shafts Number of shafts depend upon the following factors : 1. Ventilation Requirement . 2. Production Requirement. 3) statutory Requirement. 4. Extent of orebodies 5S. Number of orebodies. inclineDRIVING / CROSSCUTTING Non Mechanised Driving Steps in driving : 1. Marking and drilling of holes Depending upon the type of strata the drilling pattern is decided. Im case of hard rock Burn Cut pattern is preferred Whereas in case of soft rock wedge cut or any other angular pattern of holes is used. The drilling is done with the help of Compressed air operated jack hammer drill machines assisted by Gir legs. Drill steel of Suitable size is used depending upon the pull required. Flushing of holes while drilling is done by water. 2. Charging and blasting. The holes are charged with suitable explosives. In case of ammonium explosives being used the holes should be blown to femove water if any inside the holes. Suitable delays are {incorporated depending upon the pattern of holes selected. The holes are the connected either in series or parallel. Before blasting all equipment lying in the vicinity of the face is removed, Electric firing is done by the help of exploders. 3. Fume clearance. Fume clearance plays an important part in the time cycle of a driving operation. Forcing or exhaust types of fan are installed in the drive for fumexclearance. Special care should be taken to see that there is no Iéakage in the ducting pipes. 4, Dressing and Erecting of Temporary Support. After fume clearance the face has to be dressed of loose material. Metal mining is generally in a hard strata so no much temporary supporting ie required. In case if temporary support is required suitable type of supporte should be used. 5. Mucking. In a non mechanised system of driving the mucking operation consists of loading broken muck by the muckers manually into tubs. Then tramming the tubs to the ore pass or ore bin. 6. Erection of Permanent SupportThis is an activity which has to be performed depending upon the purpose of the driving or crosscutting. In case the excavation has to be maintained for a longer period then it should be supported properly. Say in case of a main haulage level it may be necessary £0 support it by roof bolts. In case of a main crosscut from the shaft it may be necessary to support it with steel arches. 7. Extension of pipelines, track lines and ventilation ducts. After certain length of advance of the face it is necessary to advance the rail lines, water and air pipelines and ventilation ducts. Manpower Manpower for a drive length of 1.2mts in a drive size of 2.2mt x gmt. Pull obtained is 1 mt Drilling crew Blasting crew Muckers| ‘Trammers Pipe fitters Pump operator PeRoee Supervisors Mining Mate sheet Blaster fk Time cycle Drilling 2 hours Charging & blasting 1 hour Fume Clearance 1 hour Mucking : 4 hour Mechanised Driving Drilling and loading are the two operations which can be mechanised in driving. Mechanisation in loading The machines which can be selected in mechanising the loading operation in driving are as follows 1. Rocker Shovel 2. CAVO Loaders 3. LHD4. Scrapers 5. Conveyors The machines which can be selected in mechanising the drilling operation in driving are as follows 1. Wagon drills 2. Super structure mounted drills 3. Drilling shields 4. Tunneling machine. some of the commonly used machines are described below : CAVO Loaders loading is one of the most labour consuming task in mining and tunneling. The introduction of CAVO loaders offered a new mucking system with a choice of loading and discharging , that can be adopted according to the job. This machine while used can imerease production, reduce cost and as a byproduct make mining and tunneling easier. It provides a wide range of shovel loaders both tyre mounted and rail mounted , with four wheel drive. The CAVO system comprises of two series of loaders CAVO series 300 and CAVO series 500. CAVO-510 is the biggest auto loader while CAVO-520 is an overhead loader with extra high loading capacity. The 300 series includes 3 models that is CAVO-310, 320, and 330. These CAVO loaders are operated by compressed air and are tyre mounted. These loaders have two powerful traction motors to make incline loading possible and two bucket motors to increase the digging possibilities. The CAVO-310 is an auto loader that is a combination of shovel and dumper car, requiring no tracks or car switching devices. Tt covers all three phases of mucking that is loading, transportation and discharging with only one man at control. Bucket capacity is 0.13 cubic mt and the car body volume is 1 cubic meter. The CAVO-310 can operate at a radius of 9lmt from its supply. The specification is as follows Traction motor . 2 2X 10 HP Bucket motor *® :2 kK 12 uP Net loading capacity/hr : 40 cubic meters Travel speed 1.4 mt/sec Normal working pressure of air required 5 to 7 Kg/8q Cm A more recerit development, the remote control power loader makes loading safer and thus more economical as it enables the operator to work at a distance of about 18 mts away from the loading chute in a safe good working condition. The remote: control equipment is simple and also very easy to attach . It comprises of two main parts, a special panel with the necessary control unit which is mounted in the machine in place of normal panel and a handy control box carried by the loader operator . The remote control is operated electrically by two leavers positioned on the control box. The leavers have the same movements as the leavers on thejnachine and are linked to a set of components on the left side plate of the loadex. This component consists of solenoid valves, electrically guided four way valve for turning and steering and electrically guided three way valve for the stop cylinder and dumping. The equipment has its own electric supply by an air ariven generator on the loader. LED LHD is a diesel, compressed air or electric powered underground machine for track less mining. There are various models of LHD available in the market. EIMCO 802 H - It is an all wheel drive, LHD machine mounted on heavy duty pneumatic tyres, designed for flexibility of operation. The compact design and power steering gives the 802H LHD high flexibility in movement essential for operation in confined working condition. The 802H LHD is powered by three EIMCO 20 HP compressed air motors giving powerful breaking and rapid tramming capacity. The operator is seated within the confineness of the machine in a transverse position which gives good visibility, comfort and easy control while ensuring complete Safety when working in a confine space. The steering column is pivoted and directly propels the main air inlet valve. For the Operator to get in and out of the seat the column must be swung pack, this shuts off the air supply and stops any accidental movement of the machine. All hydraulic power steering and bucket control facilitate operator and reduces operators fatigue.