- - - .. - -.

- -. ..- ,
. , -1
.-- i

GOVERNMENT OF
MINISTRY OF EDULAII- - .
i
I

NATIONAL BUREAU OF CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOKS

(CURRICULUM WING)
ISLAMABAD
1995
 GOVERNMENT O F PAKISTAN
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

BIOLOGY CURRICULUM

FOR

CLASSES IX-X

NATIONAL BUREAU OF CURRICULUhl AND TEXTBOOKS

(CURRICULUM WING)
ISLAMABAD
1995
 PREFACE

The Education Policies pursuctl in Pakistan fro^:^ tinic to time have

strcssctl that Cnrriculuni Dcvclnprncnt slior~ld remain a continuous
proccss rattler than a sporadic or onc timc cffort. Consequently various
Curricul\~mr c f o r ~ i ~wcrc
s intro(l\~ccdwhicli lay cniphasis on Icarning
of conccpts and skills ant1 cncorlr:1,Ec olrservaIions. exploration,
cxpcrinicnlatiort, practical work n ~ i t lcrcntive cxl,r~cssions.

Thc Nnlional Policy pursr~ctlITV ilic prcscnt Govcrnnlcnt in the ficlti of

Ed~~caliorl nirns : r t ql~alitalivcir~lpro\:cmrnt in ctlu-cation. Since thc
nntlrrc antl qu:tlil)f o r ctlr~cationl:~rgclv
. tlcpcritls on Curriculum content,
i t h:ls hccn co~~.;itlcl.ctl ~ I Illat fr~tr~rc
I rc:lision of c~lrr-ic~~la
sllor~lcll>e 1,asctl i ~ r icarcft~lrv:1l~1:ltin1i
of' wli:~texisls presently.

- Thc Clurriculr~ni \Iring o f llic Minislry of Etl~~c:~lion

~ l i o r t ~ u gstrrtly
coritluctctl a
l ~ o f ilic csisting c ~ l r r i c ~ ~tnl aitlcn-iljl the strengths an(1
\~~cnkricsscs.In ihc lic.lit .~ o r tl~c;~rialysis. Naiiolial Coniniittcc has
fornit~latctltlic prcscnt (.l~rrricr~I~~rii.

Thc National Rurc:i[~of Curriculum ; ~ n t lTcsl1loo.c~(Curricr~lr~rn Wing)

clecply ackno\vlc(lgcs :lie contril>r~tionsrnatlc 1)y ihc nicmhcrs of the
National Clommittcc, Ihc Prc~vincinl Govcrn!iicnts,. Provincial
Curriculu~nCcnlcrs. Univcrsilirs, T;,tl~~catinnal Irlstilr~tions,Exatni~iing
Boards, all other Organizations inclutling Scicnce Eclucation Prqjcc.1,
agcncics and working tcnchcrs \vho Rctivcly cc>llahora~edin tlic
preparation ;\nd finnli7;ation of this report.

. h4lJITAA4ATAD IIASHIM ABBASI

JOIN'I' EDIICArLI:2NAL ADVISER
- h4INISTRY OF EDUCATION
(CITRRICITLUM WING)
ISTAMADAD
b
S-. No, :r(y?ic

II.

I?.
 A i i ~ I i r l i c ~ ~ r r i r i t l r i~ ts~ ic c r ~I c r r r l ~ ~ c . l'liis h a hrcri
r c i l l n i n i p v I i ~ i r : i l i r n sI t i t t:trr~-ir~~l:i ill crlnsOtinncc will1 nnlirlnnl
~ d > i ~ c l i v c '\villi
i . c t ~ i l ~ l t1111 a ~lenrrii~i:~
i~ I,!' S<.irnlit'ic. cc!ncr.lll.: a1111scictilific mclliorlology
l c n t l i ~ 10i ~ c ' ~ r ; r l i v rlliitikitl~..: ~ ~ l i i r ~ c o~f i 4:ills
i ~ ~ ianrl
l nri apprrcinlion o f impor~;lticc o f
Scicncc for llic tlcvrlt~jiriic~ni or soi.ict\,. 'l'lic e s i s l i ~c11rriclil:i
i~ lin\tr g c ~ i c r a l l ynot yiclrlctl
lltr tlrsirctl rcvrlls.

A ntcclitip. r ~ l 'llic N:r~iori:il ~ r ~ t i i t i i i t \v;l'i~ r r ~ hclrl ill Islntiin1i:itl t l i ~ r i t i g1q9.1 nritl

I W ? 111 c r i ~ i c : ~ l lr\,;tl~~ntc
y 111,: vxi\Iitt<! I~it~lo:!!, c i ~ r r i c i ~ :!I l a (Iilfr3t.(~ri~
l c \ ~ l sand Srarlic llic
Tuture cut-riculn. 'I'lic s l i o r t i ~ o i n i ~ i !of ~ p r c ~ c r i l i v r l lcull>rlrllts, prcsciil insliltilioiial
rcsotirccs, p r ~ > l ) l c ~1i1i1<. lc~iiclicrsatiil ~ i i ~ ~ t li I< : ~*l \,IT~:iIit(lctil~
l ;il cat.11 Icvcl i n rclnlinti l o
l c n r n i ~prrlc.c*.;T
i~ li:r\~c :11so i l r . r t i Inkell i n l o ;icco~rtil\vliilc rr-\,isitip. IIic c ~ ~ r r i c i r l n .

~ ( , ~ ~ r r i c t ~f~tll
I n r c \ , i % i t ~llir I n vonsirIt~r;ilintil i a ~Ii~rti pi\,cti to f11111rcn c ~ r l c ~ ~ i i c
pi~rsttilso f s l t t r l r ~ t it1 l ~ l i l t . tlisciplinrr (11- 1~itllrl;:y. Ikitnnv. 71xilci::y ntitl Mcilicinc. 'rlic
r slrivrrl l o n<*liicvcn 1)al:iricc i r i i,ul)osltrc r i f s l t ~ t l r ~ r ilo
c o r i i ~ i i i l l r Ilas l s l)iological, l>olatiicnl
i t o l i l c o r r i l ~I i i r ~ i i i i o t i Vcslic;il lirili;ip~ \ ~ i l lni vic\v to acliicving
cntilinr~ily,inlrotltlclion n f n c n r cntii-rllls :r~itl llic qr~ntil!triio f itt(;irnialion at tliS1c:rctit
lcvcls Iiavc- I>rcti :ivrri t l ~ i r . i ~ o t i s i t l c r : i l i ~ ~ ~S~rl)irc.l
n. r r ~ t i l c r i lnritl l l i c ~ i i c sliavc l)ccn
i t i t l i c ~ l r 1~11l rti?Irrc (I1:it SIII(ICIIIF 1 ~ ; 1 t - t i nCw coiiccpts 3'; they prcil:rcss fro111 ('lass V I 111
V I I ntitl nn\\.;rrtlr. .l'lir tii~-ttiI>r:rs rlir c ~ i t i i * i i i ~li:i\,c
~ r r Il111'i :111rriip~rd10 rlcvrlnp
c i ~ r r i c ~ ~rirll)liti):
~ l ~ ~ ~ i Ill<.
i l ~ : i c l i c r;in(! llir st11(1rtit In rcncli IIir t l r ~ i r r ( rcsrtlts. l

T'Itc. N:ilir~ti:rl("trrric111111ii ( ~ rri!:.ixiti~t 111lticil,)yy ctrrricltln fnr C:lnxxe<

C ' o t i ~ ~ t i i l tr11r
V l - X l l . ~lrrrlic(l;inrI r t ~ v i r ? \ Ilir
~ ~ ~~ ~: xli ~ I i t i wl:iolo!:y e~~rri(.trlittii :il rlirlcrcrit lcvcls ntirl
ft>iitirI ilir l'l~Ilr>\\,i~i~:
sli~isl~~~i~i~i~i:~:

b) hlor? rmplinsis i s l>nsccl on llic mc~noriznliiin(IT ~ i i r a ~ i i n g l c stlcscril>livc

s
: i i i i I I ~ r ~ i l s i ~ t It l Ii i I I ~: l l i ~ i i c s . I n otlicr \vnrtlx
llir ap~-~roar.:li
In llic s1111it\rI!!,:I\ t l t ~ x c r i ~ ~ l :111cl
i ~ : ~ 1ir11
- 1I)cnialic.

(I) Iixislirir syllnlii t l i r l nnl sliciw any li:ilatic:c I ~ c l \ ~ i crliTTcrctil

rn tlisciplincs of
f3ir1lrit!1~.
 (4) '['ti i ~ i ~(:ale , ! , !li~,:iliilitv 111 np11Iy 13ioI1i~:ical ktion,It-[lge to nrlr social
~ l r " l l l ! ~.;.l

r ! i i i 1 1 ~ ! ~ \~~I : I \ , \::!I i ~ ~ i p o r I :~ io~llri t 1 v . i r r ~ r er ~ 1 1 1 , ~ a f i c iI ti ir ~ , . ; i i ~ < rof its O\VII spcrial

.;ln111.: a1111 I ~ I Y ~ I Ii *t :i ~. a li;i~,I111' 111,- l i i ~ i f i r l ' i ~ ~ lor r l < ( . i v ~ ~ i1~1,Ir.
cr I y r r i ~ ivirxv
i p i i 1 1 I (if
c ' i l ~ t c . ; ~ l i ~~IIII:
~ ~ l01
. 1 1 1 ~ . 'ii1.r I,:I!II(.\ III' l l i ~ ~ l ~I <~ :III;II
7 * v il I i r i ~ lt~~~~! ~ r IOle I ~ r~r i ~ r ~ l i atlcl
ri~ls
rr-i~tlls11: :I ti11111l11.1 1 1 : ollirr ~(.irtic.c-;. l < i n l l ~ ~ ~II;I\\JY
! \ ~ 1711 l'li\~sics, ( ' I i r ~ i i i s l r y a1111
:I<.(;v ;III i ~ : f f ~ t * . ~ ; x f i t a!!t.t~l
M ; i t 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 ; 1 f i ;1ti11
t~ ~~,, !\l~o\:r- ;11ll ? i t i l r i j ~ yIlclp? 117 to t~firfrrslari(l
o~ir.scl\~c-<n t i ~ llllr \!c,~lrl 1r.c li\,r in. 'Ill? ~ ! I - C ~ I 01 l?ifilngy i.r. c v n l ~ ~ l i n ~ i .
iflf*;i?
l!rcis\,.sl~*~li,llir i~li(-~iii:~:~l
aricl p l ~ y < i r all ~ : l ? I i l r 1iai.r i~ifl~rrric.r(I
11l'i ~ all firl(ls o f 11\11nar1
tllrnll~ll.
,
;
I
ii
-
4. AIMS ANT) 0 I I S I ~ C " I ' I V I ~ S 4~:
 'I'IIiii;i;tiini:~.i;;i! i!n:i:.rl~~t.IIIIII~:II~11r;ilili;1111l 10 rl1$llrc (IIC l ~ c n l l l io r llic
~ ~ i ~ 1 i i 1 1 ' 1I]!.
1 i ;~iiliIy~ri;:
i;y ! . I ; ~ > Y , , ; , ~;IIILI
I I ~ .skill
~ l i y lc;~cliitigo r Itiolwgy.

'1.11:111;1iri 211 t ~ ~ i l i ~ t i n ~ i\;~i Ial ly~ l cpi-rsii~i;lli~y

- l i y ;il>pIying skills l r a r ~ i c t l i y
l ~ ~ l',ii>li>!!y:
:ii11:; i ~

I i i nI ' I I i q I t ) p r ~ w i i l c111c l i i ~ l i i l sail t ~ n d c r s f a ~ i ~n

l if~ i p
I ? iI I I .I ~ i
i I i. I i I ~ I I l Ii l y l i e TIIC d i ~ c t ~ s s i ~ l i
:~ppvix'.Ii nlul 1111% Iii\lorir~:11lrr~l111c111 I~;i\,t.I>c.cli: i ( l ~ j l l c tllo tltrvcloli l i ~ l p i l ' sundcrslantling
1 I I ~ V ~ II Ii ~l I i I l i ~ I I Ii I I A 111111111er o f cxcrciscs, Ii;l\~
1 i i ~ ~ tlcri:!i~~*ti
11 113 11l'l.r lri Ill? (iilliil XI~II~L. skillr i t i \c.irnlilii. i~i\:eslipalion.

I 'I i l I I I I I I C I . Sc.~liieo f llic ltnowlctlgc

:iIrc:~(Iyj:;i111(.<11 ' 1 i 1 1 1 i l i ~ . r , v i i x lcI:~ssr*Li
~ i s ri-\,i~:\vi~d alltl Inor(! ~ l n ( l ~ ~ r - s l ; ~ nl i rf lLllc
i n ~ ccll as
;I ~Irtli.lllral;111il 111111 l i ~ i l i : ~ ! t i ( lik i:, ol'ic-~.(.(Ii ~ l ~ l l l i lai lIirlsir:
111lil l ~ t ~ ~ i t l c r s ~ a ~oVcell idi~ig
iIivi$ir>n. '1711.[illpil\ :trt~r.:i;~iirc\(i 113 c;lrs;., O I I ~ l ; ~ l ~ i i r : ~ l:ii:li*.,ilii-$ iir~ 111 gain c x ~ ~ c r i c n cill c
~ t ~ i l[lie
i ~ tiiit.~rt~~.c~if>t-.
. Ill? : ~ ! ~ l I ol' ~ i ~%i~l i i s t i i i I i\111(lv,
c i111tI; ~ p p I i < ~ l i io?r~k~in\vlc(lgc
i In
Iheir ~ I a i l vl i : ~ - .

I ' l i c ;>111iil'ciilcn.; r111 \.arliillr \r.:iy.; of pl.cit~liing nr,ranisnis has bccn

c o ~ ~ ~ ~ i l i ~;i~ici
l : ~ !1r1i 1\ ~;i:~li~r;ii s!~\It*111of cl;~LiriI'i~~;~liot~ :I< ~ v r l a% l llic I \ v n - ~ v o r ~
n la ~ i i i ~ ~ g
SSCI~II i i r i i ~I l i i l r 3 c i c r s i I l i e ) . Otic o r tlic main oli,jcclivcs
is In i11111rc?\ii1;iI liic i!ril:t;i it.,lo ! u l ~ i c l:II~ ~ o r ~ a n i \ t i iI~I:IVlir r ~ ~ r r c ~placccl i l l \ ~ i s lialilc l o
ciinncr \vi!ii iil?i<..;IICI I1?c- : - ~ , ~( ilf ~c l~; ii~i : x i ~ ~ ~;11li~[ilril l i ~ i t i liia), vary will1 atlllinrs.
I..aIior:~ii~ry: i , . l i \ ~ i t ~!IA\.c-
~ * : I I C L ~,!t,\.cli~ji(~ilIii I::I:II~Ic llle p11liilLi 1 0 I i c ~ ~ i ~r;~niiliar
iic \villi
I ~ Ir i I ~ I iI ~ i r l ~ i ~I i I i r i I ; ~ s i l i .'l'lirrc i s no inlcnlion In
i ~ i c l i ~ t riiis~
l c ,;~VI:L.!II~L-~; ix ~~>l;~?:,i~~l~>:-i,..~l
~ i - a l i ~ 01'r ~ p
~ isr l i c i i l a r ~>r!:a~iisn~sill (lclail.
 l i r c r i p i v c r i ill C.linlilr*r~ ,1,?.6.7.8 nticl If1 r1,q1>r'Iivrly. A l i i ? l t i t i ( ~ aaliprnarlr l lins ticrri
a t l n l i ~ r t l i r i rricnllr:tJ:c llir [ ~ t l p i l c I i r i i : I~ ~lir(.nllrrpl of p l ~ c i l o t y n l l t r s i c
( l r \ , r l c ~ ~ i r ( l . 'Vlic i r i i ~ i n r l n r i r rcir ~ ~ l i ~ i l n s \ ~ ~ ill i l l i~r~~i :i i~i t;i I ; i i t i i l~i ni ~l a ~ i c ciir ri:lllrrc all(!
i i i r i t i ~ i i e ~ iqn l n i i t I t i t i ~ I , 'I'lit. i t - i ~ r i r r [ i 01' l n't[iiralion i n nrpnrlisriic
nn(l il l i n v r Iirrli i r ~ l r i > r l ~ ~ c \villi - r r l rrirrr11i.r Ilr lrnlli p1:11iIs n1111n i i i ~ i l a l s . Tlir Iirnress n f
t l i r r ~ t s i o nirirlr~(liri~ i i s ~ i i c i t i s ,911rI llir ri>!lcclilr; o f r r i ~ Iirestrlrr l a11cI I r a r l s p i r : i l i ~ i ~l i a v r
i v l I t i l r I r i i r of ~ i ; r l : ~ l I; 1 : 1 1 i l . S r n i l i v i f y nf p l n n l t In
c ~ i v i r n ~ l ~ l i r r il'n(31rirs
tnl all(! t l i r c i n l n ~ l a p t n l i ~ i r ii tx1 pI;itilx fiir 1111Itilin11l i a v c Iirrli l i r i r l l y
c ~ l , ~ r ~ r l l i oof
i t i l ~ - o r l ~ ~ r .I'lic. ~ l srcpr(i(111cliniiin l i l m i f ~ .IJ~III ~ T V X L I . a~ ~~ i r s l e x ~ r a l ~ n v elirrti
ellnrril i s i c ~-crc.rcticc l o Iio\v rnnn Ii:it llsrrl t t ~ c l iktio\vlrtlge for I i i s I i r r i c r i l .
r leclniri I : of i r r i i l t , I : ~ l ~ n ~ m l o ra\ r. l i v i l i r ~h a v r f i e r n nl'rrrctl In
r t ~ a l i l cl l i c 1i11piIs In 1r::rri t l ~ :c n ~ i c c p t tn r ~ tl r i r r ~ l i f i rsl:ills IIV (lirrrl oliservalioti atl(l
rx~irric~ire.

.I.lrr-irrli::litrrt :ilto 1ici.111iy1111. liic- l i r o < . r x t r t i t 1 a ~ i i ~ i i awl ?l i i c l i o r c ~ r p y111.i

lest Il1a11(111arIrt or ll.,:. 1oI:il : i l l ~ ~ l(-~cliiti!! ~ : ~ l ~I r~: ~~t ~l r i i ~Iiriir. i~. 'l'lir Iirnnd ail11 is lo 11rIp
[lir litrpil lii l c : i r ~ iIir11\1 : ~ ~ i i ~ i ic:rrrv a l s 1111 v n r i ~ u t ?lilr l i r n w w r t , Sl)rl.i:il atIrllli(i11 lia? lirr~i
g i v r l ~10 llir li1111i:i11 I i 1 ~ r 1 ~'l~lir
. ~i111)ilt r l I r n r t i lirt!, ki<,l<a l i n ~ ~~ ito l r i r ~ l l llir
a r r r ~ l ~ r r l f . 111 s,
I l i e I I I I i f I : I ~ i i i i l 1111- , iliili~irl:rrt~.ror l i a l a ~ i c r d(IirI. llir
1iIiysic;il n ~ i crl l i r r i ~ i c n1l ~ t ~ ~ : i l r ~ l 1 1 101'\ ~ 11.1~irl.
1 alv:r~tl,Iio11 ( 7 1 1 i 1 1 l r i r r 1 l v:111(l i l i r r s l i v r (litcir~lcrs.
\ ~ a r i : i I i r i ~i ti 1 rrrili~i!,a110rlip-\li\,e ~ ~ i i ~ r l i n ~i ti1i ;itii111:11t ~ l r t ~ lia\:r a l t o Iirrrl lii~liliplilr(l.
- V n r i ~ l i , ~ l i r~i :s l r ~ r r t l r l ~ ra1111
< ~itiiiI:trilir~ ill pallf3rti<( i f lifr p r o c r t t c t l~n!:r
Iirrri rrrrrrril I i l i i i r i r r t t I : ~ l r i r v cvclrrll. I ~ r r a l l ~ i r i(rrspiralintl)
y ty?Irtii,
r x r r r l o r .v s .y < l r l i i , SII~~IICI:.~ t y s l r n l ? r i r l rrlil-~,rlr~r.lir~ri. l \ i ~ , l n ~ i r al !lt ~ ~ i \ v l c ( lrrs[-rrtl
~c fnr llic
~illliil'ttlaily lili. ?trrIi .I.; h11iotI~ ~ r i i t~i ipn l. l ' ~ i ~ ~ c ~0 1i orr' i~ ~ - l r l c *~l vr ~ n t i rs~, i ~ i r ~ i ~ i r r l c t i l n l
I l a ~ n r ( l tl r i Ii~~r;itl~iti~! s\,<trrli a r r r t i i p l r : l ~ i / r ~ l .I'IIP
. c n t ~ ( . ~oyf l 1111- c l i \ , i t i c i r i nr s r x c c l l t it
. ~ . r i n r n r c r r ill
l 1111. r l l n l i l r r o r 1 R r l i n ~ t l ~ r r l intul ~ w ilr\,rlnil~~iir~il (('11:tplrr 10). 'l'llr itlca rir
s i s rrj:~~Ialiririi q i t i l r o ( I 1 t c r ~i1r i ~ i i r i %01-l 111,- ( ~ l i n l i l i ~ r t'I'll?r l l a p t r r Q d e a l t
I i ~ > ~ i i r i i ~ l antirl
\villi s l i ~ i i r l loi i l~lnril';. r i ~ r \ , n ~nnrl r ~ r r l r l r ~ e . ~ i F\,v!r.riir
~~~. 01 n t i i l i i n l ~ .Y O aq 10 r c i v r r r011cr1~I':
Iircc'ztary lo i l r v r l o l i llir 1 ~ 1 l i i lis~ ~ i r I ~ ' ! ~ I : i ~or i ~ i j ~: i ~ i i l i r n l t1r':1111ri(l10 CII~IIP_PS
i r lIin!\~ ill l i 0 1 1 1
l i ~ ~ i r n ~ ~ i ~illi p~l r' r~~l l i rIn
c ~ l r r l i n nl ~ i (ilt i I t * r l i ~el ~ r ~ ~ i r o ~ ~i r1 ni r ~I ~ ,rl i~i al .:II,- r tllirir t ~ ~ r v i v a l

111 Ill(, l n t l l\vri c.l~alilrr.; (I1 ;i11c1 1.3). 1i1;11ivII(' (111. r.rirl~.rliI\ ~ ~ ( f r r irf 1dIllr (irrtfintr(
- l . r ~ i ~ ~or~u-11.
c l i a p l r r s li~\,c%Iirrri c ~ ~ t i ~ i i l i ~ l : ~. l ' tl i (t * ~ r~ o ~ ~r ~ l i rri ~! ti iIi ~~i s c i ~rrprii(Irrc.li~iri
iir~~
atid l l i c procrss ol' ~ i i r i o ~lia\,r i s I>rr11 lircl t~ij!t.Illrr 111v ~ l i l a i t 1111.
l ~ i l i r ~ ~ o ~ni fi rl i~r rira( l i l y
. a1111 c\,nIrrli~itl ~ I IC ' l i ~ l i l r r I ? . 'l'lii< cIi:11111-r a i l l i t 21 lo (IrvrIrili llie 1ir1liil's l i a t i c
i t t i ~ l c r s l a ~ i ~ ol i f~lil yi c l ~ i o l o p i r nliriririp>I<
l \~:l~i,.li
p n v r t 11 i ~ l l i r r i l : ~ ~n irra~9r i 1 \ ~ l rcl i a r a c l r r .
A I i I I f i i i I i t ~ i o ((71 ~ i;I SOII~I(I ~ ~ t ~ ~ l r r s l ; i r iof'%? ( l i ~ ~ gc n r l r r r i l or
( l n ~ i ~ i r i ; ~ r l rcir
e rli;ira!~lt~rs, ~ i l ~ r t i ~ i ! y\ r~~~i ni l rv ~l v , , h l t ~ r i i l e l i n r ~r:ilin? alicl !lie I n w of
s r ~ r c ~ ~ n l i c i'l'lir
n . iriil~orla~iceo f the knc~wlrtl~(r
o f grnrlics In 11111nan and socicrics is
also pointrtl ~IIII.'l'lir itlea nT ~ c n e l i rvari3lion ant1 i t s i~ilrl.playwill1 environmcnt i s
e11ipliai7crlill Ill(* ~ c t - l i nor
~ i r:voluli~ll.

'flir picliil'~I i a c k ~ r n ~knr~wlctlgc

~n~l ~ ~ l prc\riol~sclasses as WCII
or e n v i r n ~ i t i i c l'ro~ii
a p i c r r I l i i i ~ r a l c r in l I I ' ~ 13, l or give a bcttcr more
~ ~ i l c r s i Il i i ~ i r r i i r r i n i c n Rrlatintisliil~l)rl\vc.~'~iorpanisms and encrgy flow
in ecosyslrms :,I tlirlrrcnt lcvcls o f o~.gnni'alin~ir;ire t l i s r ~ ~ w rl o t l ljring out tlie cnnccpl
nr l~alanccin n ; i l ~ ~ill
r r nrtlcr the pupils In rclalc llie ccol~rpic:ilprinciples to tlieir daily
life.

7Iic scqllcncc or concepts in cncli o f t l ~ c13 cliaplcrs programme has hecn

arrangctl from siniplc I n a rnnrc complcrt organism. I t is cxpcclctl that thc understanding
of llic scrics o f llic.<r,
r a r r r ~ ~ lsclcclctl
ly concepts will liclp llic. sl~~tlcnts
in comprelicntling
llie val~rrnI' scirricc anti hinlogy lo sncicty and i t s tlrvclop~iicnt.
l l i t d n ~ yill r i ~ t r
clnily l/fr
D r ~ c r i llir 1Zr:iI li1.1- prolil:-~ii<Ili;tl
i111porI:t:lcr o f ~ i i r i t i v n l c~>r.rilili. I r i ~ a l l i r r
l~ioI~ir.v, l i ~ ~ r i \ \ ~ l r ~it1l j * rirtlrr
.c. In ::nlve
Ili<-111 ;iti,I I i r i l t ~alinttl Iirofirrqs
nti(I i i i t l i r ~ ~ \ . r ~ni f~(111~1iIy
r~il of
l i ~ t t i t n l iIiTr.. l l ~ i rtlr5rri1,linn
f
r11 Illr r l r r l \ , 01. l i l n l n r i : ~lo
~IIII;II;III- llir ~ ~ i c i l i \ t a l i olvliiii(l
~i
,511rI1 { 7 I , ? ! + l i . Y Y

Ilislnrical I )r;rriIv ~ l i c , ~ l r ~ . ~ r l ~ i ~( '~ r ~~i iil il~~

~~- ~t tl !i or
o t i\,;ii
~ : ~OIIS
r l r \ ~ c I c ~ ~ i t i i c t i l ? l i i ~ ~ l o ~l i i~~i :~~~l ~ * ~ l ~~~~ i, \l~j i !I i~7 : i l iio~t i1, . I r ~ ~I lI iI~~i ~
in liicdngy ;itirl c ~ o ~ i l r i l r ~ ~ l i cc11'i t t x l l 1 1 1 ~ l i 1loi i 1111~r I r \ ~ r l ~ ~ p ~ i t r ~ i f
v n r i o i ~ yr i \ , i l i ~ a l i c ~ ~ i q I I 1tioIorir:il
~ k~~o\vI~-~lpr
r i l l I ~ I II I ;rlrrl ! ~ i ~ . l l l r ~ c l c .
11ir~ ~ r \ ~ r ~ i c i of pi~tr~i~
l~ioln~y,

.l.lir I V ~ V \\fr IrlrnliTv q~t:.rlir~nc ntirl ' 1 . 1 ~ ~~llrlllflll

- ($1S I ~ I ~ I ~ / Itlrnlil'ping q ~ l r s l i n t l
~l11111lrl &III~I\< II~~I(IIIICFCS.:~ri(l 1~1nl;r 211 Iiir11ry:y mirl ::kill? a ~ i r ! anrl l i y p ~ l l l i r s r s .311tl
l>it>Inj:y inlrrprclalicrn rrolii Ill(: scir~~ilifi(- i11111!irv. ititerl?~rrli~iEflata
~iI1inlir>115
n11cl (lxla ci\,cii. I l ~ r o m ~r x~rlrir i s r .
L
7
cTIA1'7'ER 2 ORIGIN AND ORCiANTZA'fION OF I.lFE

{'ON(.~'Yl'S Rl~llAVlOl7Al.. Sf7OI'1:. S I l(;GlS'l~l:,I)

OIZI I:~:I.I\~~~Y A( .~I.I\~ITIF.S
1 ,ir r :
('linraclerisli 13rfi11rl i f e ill Ir1.11is 111irl' ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ; ~ 111 1 i ~~ ~ i l il ~
~ 1~ 1~1~ a co rl ~ ~ lt~i i ~\ ~l ri scl i?~ ! a rl >i nl ~ ~
t.q r ~ l i vi i l i g o i s rli~alrrilir. i i ~I i I ~I II s i ~ i i f i ~ i r lri v i l i ~a11t1iinli
I~I~IICS 1111lriIio11, I C Y I > ~ ~ ; I ~ ~ O I II, , Y ~ ~ ~ I I C I I I , l i v i l i ~
r r p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1~i . i n r ~ i i Ii l , I I cliar;iclrrislics.
qr~i?ili\,il\~.

O r i l l i n of lifr l>rsc~il~ 11 r 11::tlIlrc

r I s l n l ~ i i c~m!irqiI>II(~III 111if!i11 c i l lilr.
lira;l
r ~ ll~r
r II~,.[fir111 'I'll(- I l i c v ~ nf \ ~ l,i~y!~*~i!->i%. I?~.,lt'r
nntl 11o\\,lli\fc,r!.e ~ Y J ) ~ ~ ~ I I I I . I I ~ . 1111% i(1r:i 1 9 1 ' ~ . l i t . ~ i ~;.I
i(
r o r ~ n sr ~ lire
l c \ , r > l ~ ~ t :irid i t ~ ~orpn~iii.
i ~.\~c~l~rlim~.
r\,r>l\~c<l.

(I-11: 'l'lic IIII~I(iivc SOIIIC l ~ i s l t ~ r i c :c\:r11Is

il t!! l,!-ll,
'I 111% (Iiy~.tv\'t-~y Slutly o i rcir-lc
n i liic I m t l i n g I n I!:(! r l i ~ c n v c r y cc.11. ('01it,(-111~ o f 111v(,ll.
r crlls. clict-li a ~ i r l
r p i l l ~ r I i ; ~clr l l ?
alirl ntiin~ia1111
I'lritlcn Itxnr crlls.
111ii1 , i f lire. t ~ i j
'Srll llinl a (.!.I1 i s Ill?l i n ~ i cr ~ ~ r i l C-rlI nq 11:i~ir
"v
or lir(..
O ~ ~ r ~ ~ ill i cllir
l l 1.1-11,
r ~ S l ~ l r l yI I c~
rll
('rll l ) r ~ t - r i l ~V:>:~I>IIT
r ~1.11 {'<,I1 1 1 i r 1 1 i l ~ r n 1, 1 ~ ( or-pn~~rllcs
or~:a~irll?~ n~-p;i~icllr?, r~lolil:i?~~i. C ~ I ~ I I ! ~ : I ~ I Tlliro~i$!l~
I~. cli;irl?.
~ i i i l ~ ~ f ~ l rrfil::io~~~l~i:~.
li,wli~-?,~ i l ~ < i v i ~ ! i r .
c ~ i ( l o l ~ l ; > ? rrIir!11111ii
~~iir
n11,I 1111rlr11<.

f)iiirrencrs i II~IIVI~I~I~ -111: SIIII(III~:II ~ l i l l r l r ~ ~ cSllltly

E ~ [ i l ; i i ~~lifficrc~ircs e (if
I'rlW~CII n1ii11ia1211rl 1ila11l cclls. II~~~\v~ a c~ ~~ Ii I~ i2i 1a ~l 1 tli lir;e~ice.;
n ~ i i ~ i iaiitl
al p1:11iIccllx. l i r l \ v r r ~ ai ~ ~ i ~ i i n l
~ i l n n cclls
l n11cI p l n ~ irl r l ! ~
l l i r r ~ ~ ~ rpl ,i lai ~ ~ l s ,

('ell r)c-fi1ir ct,ll r i i c l a l ~ o l i s ~ i ~ l?rirl' ~ I c v ~ ~ i l i qI >i ln ~ i

~~irlaliolis~i~ ~lirl;~Iif>li(~ rcn~,lio~~~
iii?i(l(,1 1 1 ~ - CI-11s.

I Iivisir 1 ) r r r r i l i r Iiow srin~alicnntl ~ c r l i i I l ~ i r tlr.;crililion~

f :>I
r c l l ? tli\~ill[:. ~ i i i l n c i c31id tiiritr?is.

.l'iqsi~cs, I?cscrilir \,;rrioir? Iypcs o i 0 1 i i : i 1 i 11 111 I Sllltly of' plat11

. or)!arls, ant1 tiqq11cs ill ]il;i~il?a1111; ~ i i i r ~ i : i l ~ . I I I i i s I
I

I nlicl i ~ i i ~ i i n l
tlI-l?811sySlClllS ;~~ii~ii:il
I~\.?IIC?. Iissrtr? I1iro11,~li
~wrp;irrrls1itli.s.

( 7 ~ ) ~ ( ~ ~ : inr:ll
" ~ sAVIORAI.
or\s r:r'!.i ~ 1
.l'rll l l i a l c r l l s
a ~ p r r k : n l r lo for111
I i q v t t c ~ ,nti(l I l ~ c l i
nrpans nrirl svqlrtii o f
orxatis.
(:cllulnr T I i n I si~iiilrvl
r i i n Ir\,rl or oron1ii7aIiori
in orgnliisliiq or l i f r i s l l
r ~ p t - r ~ q i oot li' a
n itnicc-ll~~l,it.
nrpa~iis~ii.
.
n
S(-OI*I; SLJC;(;I<S~I~I;T)
7 ~ ~ A,?J'I
, ,
\'l.l'lris
Or~atii7:1ti01icif l i < . , : ~ ~ rlfi
q
lor111r i r j : : ~ t i v . :!ti11 !~tf!n~ii~:ilic~ti
n l crr;!3liv: 11, lor111\vxI(~tii.
Il~iirr.llt~l:iro r ~ : ~ ~ i i ' : ~ i i . ( i ) * S I I I ( I ~01'
Il t l i c r l l ~ t l a ra1ir1 11111llicrll11lnr tlilfrrrlit
(ii)"' lcvrls o f
rll gq l r v r l o f r>rya1ii7;1lio1i~f lif'~.. nrratii7nlic1n
i ) l r l l i l ~ i i r l n nr l i f r n t i i n ~ i j l
ant1 A ~ i i o r l l n or~ntiis~i~s.
* * ( i i ) I ? t i r l ( l r - s ( ~ r i l i t i ~(if
~ti
r x l c r ~ i n ?l l i d i ~ ~ l r l ~ tvtr~1cIfll~r
ial
o f rf>ol. ~ l ~ lIr:1f l l . allfl f l f l l ! , ( ~ ~
[ i f l<u;ix<iv:i.
I'rof:: ~.ulr.rl~:ilrl~:~t;ic.lr.tv:1t11I
Iirirl i t i l r n ~ l ~ ~ rnr,rnllvl ~ l ~ ~ r v1 ) 1
( l i ~ r \ l i v ~ I-X: I c ~ f ~!r.li r f . ~ ~ l n l l i ~ y .
ltrqpir:ilrir\f. l ~ ~ c ~ g r l ilf l r ~ t ~ ~ ~
l ~ r l i r ( ~ ~ lv~y tv r~ ~c -~~vl i~i~~r ;~i i ~ i
>rid S p i ~ i a ('rir,!,l
\'r~leliralrs l>esc-rillellir s111igrn11p Strldy of
or vrrlr0rillrs iln(l tlirrerrril grorlpr
give Ilirir tlisting~~isl~ of vcrtelirnfc
rral~~re?. animals l l i r n ~ ~ g l i
nreservrd

Sotiir c~irilliiorlflnra
811tl ra1111n td' l'aki?lari
anrl llicir iniporlanc~
ill tlnily lire..
S t ~ ~ to
l yf local
flora and rallna
ant1 l i s l i n ~or
tlirir iniporlancc.
 I'lirt! ~ a ; \ ~ ~ ~ ~ !~li(-
ir,:i~;, Experinicnts I n
l , ' x l i l ~ i11iv
~ i l i r . t ~ v ~ 171'
~;< I : I i i ~ i i r i c c d c ~ i i ~ r i s ~ rlliaf
a~c
liliril~ix\f~~l!i~-~~i~;. 11.11 1~1:1111~. foot1 nrirl Oxvgcn
arc protl~~ccci
tluring
plintocyri~hcsis

CON('EPI'S
(iii)Eflccl r>T
crinliitip, on Toci(l.
1Zal;itirrtl tlir~
r Iisrrlcrs.
I)c\crilir (IiKrri-111 ,Srlrrli-ql a i l ~ i i r ~ i s11r1i
~ i i a l ~ ~ ~ i i r f i r i ~ i x I f j i ~ l(Ire-?ty.
tli~:t.rti\.c Iiroccx.
17
IZI~.IIA\lI~~I~AI. S( ~ I ' F . SUGGESTED
Ol~ll~~"l'lVl~S ACTIVITIES
'I.t~ll;i~\v~iitapc.satit1 A(\va~ita:r~a ~ i d
i l i i l i i ~ a ror
. c i ~ i (lixad\~iitil;i~!r~
o r cooki~ip
iricvl looil. Allrtntinn o f
nr rood nntl its
crrn~pc~sili~>~i
Inrlr.
(iivc rc-:~cn~~s \vhy slineil~l 13alnlicc diet. So~ncdietary
1t.i. l:~kca l>:iI;t~iccrl( l i ~ ~ . g~~itlclirics
l o kcep oricself
llc:llllly.
1)cvrilic soliic iliclar:. Iliclary tlisortlcrs alitl their
ili.?iii-rkrsrc?riIli~ij:rrn111 ci~rrscs:inlpropcr rood supply,
v:~rii>~ts rnr~sc.r. ~rnliygicnictiahits, and careless
s c l & ~ i n ~ofi iontl.
ls :I<
I~ i~lccr~,
~ ~ ~ i t i ~ . l i ~ ) >pl?r~i(licili?.
:~lir~!i,
('IIAP'Tf;.Ii -5 I ! ! PRO('J~SSES:
?. 'l'l<.A NSI'OIZT

( '~~,N('T~I'I's l~l~lI.~\'ll')I~Al, S i '(l!'!,: S l l(~X;T:.S'l'FI?

Ol3ll~~~'l'lVI~~S A( ~ l ' l V l ~ l ~ I I ?

~r~ra11slio1I I)cTitir tlirr~~?inti. , \ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ or t ~ t~i ilni l or ~t ~i n ! x .

arrcisq c r l l v
o:tii~i?is ntitl lrll llic.ir I )il I'IIYI~LII. r i ~ ~ i i ~ i ati(1 vix
itiipi~rt:~ti?ri t i lrnti?pcirl ~(ItI~- Ii ~
I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ I - ~I > n lI ~ - r i :as i l ~lr;~sic
01- t i ~ ~ l c r i n ilt s1 ~ I ~ I I I < . II~Pl ~ ; i t ~ i ~ Ii t iIi C~
III~(~II~~III~I~.

A. 7~rz~~<port
i ~ I'l:~titx.
t

.l'~lrpor I k l i 1 1 1 -,,.;~ci(!ily:111d IT lh~fitiilioti01- l ~ ~ t ~ i i ;l~it il( yl i l s

i t i ~ ~ i ~ ~i(ir ~ I p~l ; ~i ~ :i l c? .r i111porI;itic~~.

~ ~ I I ~ I )c-$acri~.~
' I ' ~ ; I I I ~111' ~ llir V o t , . t - , II I I I I I Slttily rrf
,,.:llrr :11111 ::lll.L ll...ll,llil ';\I.
l i ~ r11:111'.11(11l 1rv11 1)11,..'.1111. 'I'I:IIIC:III.I~~OII. : ~ I i x ~ ~ t p loi fo ~ ?
111 \\:;I' . :!11,l ,.:,I!. .I I.III,;II~I:I~I~ $11 111111 ;iti,l \ v : t l c ~ ~ j v a l r r nriil s?llv
I I : ~ I I ~ ~illI I lI r~~ s ( . \ . l i \ r ;I pI:trtl

I 1 1I r l : i ~
~ i t i i r t ~ Sltrrly
f or
:111il:irli\:il~,.%. l t n ~ i s ' ~ > i r a lill iti~~
~ i l n l i l <I l i r o ~ t p ill
l~
r~llrritiir~tl.

' l ' ~ n ~ i ~ ~o r? ~ i r l 'I'I*IIII~V., ToI~<! II~:I(!C iii l * I i l o r r i i ; t ~ i i I l ~ ; ~ ~ i x ~ > t ~ tof I:lli~r~i

I'ooc1 ;11ic1 Ic.!\YT 1,: I ~ ; ~ I I < ~ ~: t~ l I . ;(I,I~I
t i l> ~ Y I ~ I I I I Il ~ ( - : ~ v c \ ,\ ' : i I~
I~IIT ,:
\loi-~>:c. s1orr.tl. X I I ~ I P I I I ~ ~ <01 ~I:IIII.;\\.I:VI~? 1.
L P Y , Y ~ * ; ~U i ~ t v li~ ~11>rf il

11.
7>fr?r,s11017 irr
A~rir~~nl,~:
'rll' crlnccpl 1:xlilnin llic tliffrrrncrs I ) r l l ~ i i l i c i nnf rr.s~~iralinii.
n f r c s l ~ i r n l i ~ i ~ il i c ~ u , r c ~
rcspirnlio~i,
i 'I lir rliffcrr~icr.:I w l w r c ~ i
C~I~~I~ I I S I ~ ( ~ I ~ revpiration n111lr n ~ n l ~ ~ ~ s l i n n .
;111(I
pliolosynllicsis. -I.lir r l i f ~ ~ * r e ~ai ~c icc l
relnlio~i\liipl i r l w c c ~ i
rcspir:ilio~~ a~itl
pli~>lorv~illicsis.

Tlic process Dcscrilic I!.<: proccss o r .I'IIcprciccss o f rcsliiraliri~i.-

o f respiralinn rcspirnlinn. nxi(l;;~io~io f f r i ( ~ for
I
rclc;~qr n f energy.

Tnvcsligalinn o f
re~iinv;rIof' o x y ~ e ~ i
from a l ~ i ~ n < p l ~ c r c
tlttrinp. respiralinn.

R r c a l l ~ i ~ si gy ~ l c ~ i i l)r?cri',c! llic SI~IICIII~Cl'arls o f 1i1111ia1il i r c a l i i i ~ ~ ~

i n li11111n1i l i c ~ t i ~ . nritl ii:-,.cc~sr~ nl' sv?Ir111a1111 llicir fi111(-1iri11.
rclcnsc n f c r i c r ~ y Iircn'!:iii; syslcni ill 1jrfi11ili011 irilialnlio~i211tl
Ii111ilnt;I ~ c - i t i ~ , t-~Ii;il:ilir~n.

Dcmnnslralion o f
rclracr of l~catenergy
(Illring colnhu?lion o r
clirfcrcnl Tootl?, c . ~ .
nil, p r a ~ i i ~ l ? .

T:.scl~:i~i~c
n f osjr~c11 I i r e I l o liucl~:i~i:r o f n x y ~ c r l
n ~ i tcarl~oti
l rlicixirlc. :~VCILI? csc!ia~~!:c ;11irI c n r l l t ~ tlioxirlr
~i lo
O C C I I F ~ ill lllc I I I I I ~ ~ nt~rl(rn111l l i r l ~ l n n t iln
n ~ i t ri-lenrc
l o r cr1rrp.y ra1iill;iricq nl llic \vall
l:ll<(- place. or :~Ivcrili. '7.11rr r ~ l 11f r
I ~ c ~ i i r i y l o lant1
li~i
o\, ~ ~ l : ~ l i ~ i ~ i .
 SUGGESTED
ACTIVITIES

1 1 1 i i I ii i I ~ Allcr~ialc~iicclianis~ns Not more than one

I I I I I In ~ c ritl
t of wastes in pagc.
( < > I t,,:,. ?,,ti1>11 2 5 iii p!:111l~.
. .
:III!,I:;:'<, \\':~Ivr 1 1 i f \
l!':,>ll"l?~~l~~ll1;lI:l.
!! l~,:I~:l~: :.,:;!I
I i i ! ~ '- ,. ~
l.,!lI'< ',,;l<l,-'.,.

II i I S I I I I I ~ I'arls o f 11111iiari Study o f llic

,.IS IC\~.~CIIII~ .;ys~~.~ii
of' cxrrctory sys~c~ii. mammalian kitlncy
111:111. .flicir struclurcs aticl ming frcsh specinicris
luncliotis. l:ilfralc (Goal, Sliecp, Cow).
:11i(1 r ~ r i ~ i 13ricf
c.
cclriccpt of' cxcrclioli
iri ,411i~iclia. liver
1111kra ~ i t earlli~a~or~ii.
l
 in

C1 IAPTER 8 T.IFE PRO(?I:SSl?S:

5. StIPPORT, R4OVEhTT:N'I'S A N ! ) I.O~'('~~lOTION

CONCI7I"I'S RE1IAVIORAI, S(V 11'1; S I I(;GF-Y'I'l~,l)

ORII:.CTIV~:S ACTIVI-1'11:s
A. P1,AN'I.S

Types o f plant D:ic.rihc various typtz or hlovCtncrit in planls: Stntly tactic.

t~;ovr~nc~~l [~l;iilt~nnvc~nrnls. lac-lit.
Iropir all(! tropic a t ~ t l
., . 1 a i i i i r ~ ~ i c ~, i t . ~iaslic
. movcnicnls in
plilllls.

- I .momolion ill T)rscribc 1 ~ ~ c o 1 n o l iin

nn I. r r o ~ i ~ o l i ill
(i~i
plants ~~1~~1~ts. 1~,11~1c11a arid Volvox.

nwnqArs
~1.

Tvpcs or skrlclons Tell llic two 111ni1il y l i r c (if .I.\\?(I IJIlcs (>r
skc:lelon arid na~iicrornr s k r l c l r ~ ~T~x~iskrlrlori,
i:
rx;~~nplcs o f racli lv[ir. rri(10sl~clrlor~. I

Rolcs or skclclo~iin Ti:iplnin tlic r~itictinnal r?ol(*o f skcIr1111iill

sr~l>pnrl
ant1 or:-nnizalion or a forlr- s111il)orti11~ Illr ~ \ ~ c i g l ~ l
~iiovc~iicnl f o ~ l c tvcrtcl>rnlr.
l or l;i~id\ ~ r ~ f c l ~ r ; i l c .

M~lsclcsaritl Exl>lnin how ~ ~ i u s r l cn~c11.k

s (:o~ilraclio~ia~irl
niovc~iicnl in opposing pairs. rrl:iualio~~
o f ~i~usclcs.
I:lrsion 3ncl c.slcnsion.

What can go wrolig I>csc.rihc sonlr co11111lo11 o f joints.

I~i~:localinti
will1 thc svslc~nfor tlcrccts o f rkrlclon an(I
s1111porta ~ i d ~iii~rclcs.
~iiovrmrnl
 SUGGEYrED
ACTIVITIES

3 . I'l,~lN~l'.S
~

' i IIV \V;IV 111,1111~YI-I~,~(. I ,,/I :Il,11!~::III[~,

;lrc I )cI 111ili1itio f s l i ~ i i r ~ l ~ ~ s ,
sIi1ii1111 s . t . ~ l t ,r i ~ l l c i ~ i calitl
I,>
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r . sctisorv
~ ~
I i ! ~ t ~ ~ , t ~ ~ ~ ~ I , [~crrrlllinn.
(.I;\ il I ' r r ~ c p l i \ ~ancl
c
,.!:;I,l-,,.\ rr,,l~nn\i\,r rcgiotls.

'1-lii- !.(.~III:~-I~I
(11 i',.i! l l ~l i t~ ,* ~nrrv1111\
f l ~ i ~ c r : ~ s l i\villi oti Inlcrprclalion o f
COI~II~I'!:IIII I %. . I C ~ I : 1,: > !~!piclII~~.,II-,\; ~tivtr1~11tiict~I: aticl finclings from
SOI~~II~I~:~II~~~I ; : . l , , , ! t l , ? l ,,!.l,l
9 , coni~iillalcdrcsponscy. an cxpcrimcnl
,,., I,T,~,II I k f i l ~ i i i o t of i llic ncrvnrts on role o f the
~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I : ~ , I I,111,l ! ~ ~ ~ ~ , I I~T..flc-ii~
I O ~ I a1311 ~,ti(l~icrinc ncnwrls syslcln.
i I I l l , ! l ~ l . l ~ l I,/'
t r,li yi:tti(l~.SIIIIII~~:I~V o f (lie
,,,~li,.tl?,~<. l l t ~ l - \ r c l l l \ \vslc~lll,

(.C,IIII:II ~ i ~ ~ r ~ , , , > ~ t ~, ., .,, , I /I,,.

~ t t ~ ~ ( . l i ~Iirirl'
r c tlcscriplinli 01tlic
lili:
I
I l l 1 /1111i1;111 .I.! I I1:til i i l i l i
1111. 0s
I,r:licl :111(1 ~IIC spilial cnrcl.
I1c !~1.111!..~/1111.!1 ,.'ltO :11111 I<~,:.lil;~lin~~ oS co~iiplcx
I1 ' I l l l l : ~ . l111icIir11i~ ati(l liclia\linr.
l(cflry arc ati(I rcllrx
;~cli~it.~.
l~titlocrincplant1 n ~ i t l l l r i r f l y tlcscril>c
Ilicir f~~riclicitis ct~tlncrinr~ l n ~ ~ ill
IKI atid l l i r i r rtilrz i ~ i
l l ~ l l l l ~ llr>llv.
tl
I11icf (1rqr.1 ipliot~or
tl.; itii{i(irlat~lrn(l(i(-ri~ir- ~ln~icl~
r i l i ~ i a ~ iN;1111r(*
. ntitl rolrs of
l i ~ ~ r t i i o ~11121
i i - . 111r.\l ~~r(irIttrc.
IZrici t l r ~ c . r i p l i c0~I~ki i n d of'
nli~iortiinli~irs n ~ i i llirir
l
rrfccl 011 i1111n;ln
tlcvrlo]iiiic~~t. grci\vlli,
l ~ l i y s i o l i > 211d
~ y 11ir11ln1
llr3llll.
CITAPTER 10 LIFE PROCESSFS:
7. REPRODUCTION ANT, TlFVE1,OPMENT

'r'ypc n f rcprnd~~cticin Tcll (tic variotts typrs Ikfi11ilio1io f

o f rcprotlr~clivc rrprotl~~clio~i.
rnclliotls.

S c u ~ ~ protluclion
nl 'l'cll Ilia1 SCXII;~~ I k ~ l i ~ i i oI fi ~S(TII:II
~~i Sltltly IllrollgI~
rrprotluc~io~ i ~i s l ~ a l l y r c ~ i r o ( l ~ ~ r l hfriosis
io~i. ,111 cxercisr in
i~ivnlvctlni;llc anti I g ~ i i r l r sf i r i i l i ~ Irarn how sex
I;.~nnlc scxrs. crlls licco~ne
A. Rcp,nrlrrclion irr lia~iltii(l.
plrrrtfs
I ~ n I l i ~ ~ a lf icor l~i l~i ?, ~ ~ i o ~ i F,ylilain
. llic pr~icc<c SrxttaI r c p r o t l ~ ~ c l i ni ~ ~ i
scctl fnr~nalion, pc~llinalinn, plnr~ls. l ' n l l i ~ l a l i ~ i ~sclf
i,
pnrllienogc~icsisant1 f r ~ ~ i :'c.rtiIizalion, l ant1 crciec pollirialio~i.
formalion ~ n r ' l l i r n o f - c ~ l r ssrcrl
is~ I:e11iIi7:11icl1i.Srrtl
nritl lr~rilTcirnialion. for~iialio~~. !P

Ili%pcrsalo f scctls a ~ i t l T)cccrilic how srctls I>is[icrs:~l(if scrtls ant1

fruils arltl rruit? arc frt~ils. A t c ~ i c i r s
tlixpcrsrtl. rrspo11cililc for tlispcrsal:
\vi~itI.\ v a I r r , a11iI
a~ii~iials.

Dcscrilic llic str~rclr~rc SI~IIC~II~C o f e~nliryo. Slutly o f srctl

o f scctl antl c ~ i i l i r y o (;cr~iiinatio~l o f srcd gcrriiinalinn ant1
nrld explain liic (caclor nil scetl). hlndc$ s c c d i r i ~thro11gl1
j~l~etioriic~ionof srrtl o f ~ r r ~ l i i n a t i o hppogeal
n: 211 expcrinlcnl.
prr~ni~infiori. a11d r p i ~ m l C'ontlilions
.
ncccswl~yfor
p - r ~ ~ i ii~ ~ iw: of
i l srr(ls.
'1-vpcs t%f~ c r ~ i i i i ~ a t i v ~ i .

I,ifc history o f planls Dcscrihc lirc liistory

ol' a flowering planl.
E x p ! n i ~vcgclnliv~'
~ I'ro!~n!::~liri~~ o r plnnis - - Slritly o f val-iflt~c
1xo~a~.atin1i ill p1;ints. ii2I111;11 niitl :~rlilicial 111e1lio;lso f
c111Ii1i>:,g~-afIitig.iising prnlingdinl: [)ln~ils
(~ SICII~S, i Ic~\,cs ant1 I I ~ r o ~ an
l~li
root. A 1irir.f rxpcriliic!~l.
i ~ l l l - c x l ~ l c llo
i o ~lisstrr
~ - (:nrry (1111rclnlctl
cllllll1.c. cxpcriincnt anti
nclivilics.
CTIAPER I I MICRO-ORGANISMS

l'hc concept o r Explain wllat arc I>cfinilic?nand lvpcs o f

micro-orpanisms ~nicrnnrjianistns. n~icl-onr)>,anisrii?
;~ndtlicir
inl[iorl;l~ice.

1l;lrrnful rffccls o f Dcscril,c sonic cnlcgorics Footl sri(iilagc : ~ r i t I Slutly o f tlic

~iiicroorgariisnls o f li..:-nifitl rffccts o f ~iicllintlrfor prcvcritioti. r f k c t o f licat
nntl prcvcnlinn rilicrn-orjianismr. i'rcvcnlion oS on 1)ncleri;r.
conlnrliiti~liori.Killing of
micro-organis~iis.
I'rcvcnling gro\vlli ant1
r l o ~ vrln\s~iiiir1;~Iinlisti~.

D i s c t ! ~ ssoriic ltcy ~nelliorls Rnlcs o f m i c r o - o r ~ n ~ i i s n i s

i n prcllccting prntlucts ant1
prccnurin~isamirisl
~ i i i c r o l ~ itlisc;lrcr.
al
i r i s ~ ~ n i l i rl>npcr
ig arid
Irxlilc. criiiiliion
tlismscscnusctl l i y ~ n i c r n -
orpnllirtns: poliotiiylilis.
~ i i c : i ~ l r rdyscnlrl.y.
,
cliolcra. Iyl)lioiti. Iclarirts.
~~~I~crcr~ln skin
!~sis,
dirrasrs 2nd riialaria.
Cicncr:il ktio\r,lrtlgc nn
svlnplnriir, prcvclllive
liicar~lrrsslid (:arc.

Dcscril~csntiir way< oS Ilscl'~~ npplicaliori

mirronrji;lnir!iis wliich arc
riccfr~li n orlr tlnily l i f r .
l of
~iiicrclorj:anis~iiill llic
p r ~ t l ~ ~ c ol ifcfootl.
?~~
n~rliliic~~ics, va~-c.ilics.
I ~ o r ~ i ~ c iant1
~ i c nri;ilintlics.
c
I<ole o f r ~ i i c r o o r ~ a n i s ~i n
tis
tlccnriiposing scwajir arid
ill Irarlrt.r irrtlrrstrv.
CHAPTER 12 T I I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~!\?dl)
I ~ I ' Yl ~ . V O I , ~ J ' ~ l O N

Slutly nf
cliro~iioso~iics slid
how (hey hcllave
tlt~riligcell tlivirion
lliroi~glipcrliiaficrit
slitlcs.
Grnrlicq nntl li111iin11 T r l l how 11in11Iiaq
\vrl I'n re nlil>lictl kticiwlcvl~ro i
rctirlics l o Iii1111211
\ v r l (;,re.
o r c v o l i ~ l i n ~ i I)i::,:it?s llir
li\~iclc~~cc.
i r n ~ o r l n ~ i cocf
cvidc~iccin s u l i p t r r l i ~ i ~Iliro11~11
tlic Iincorp o f
cvol~~lion.
I l ~ orr p(.~irlics ror 1111111;1ti
\v~.lk~rc, c;c~irlic
r ~ > ~ ~ n s c l~l'ccllncrln~v
li~i~. of
pwi1'1ic: c-ti~inrcriny:,
liit>lrrl1nolrigy Iiciicfils anti
Ilinrlllics.
.l'lic r v i t l r ~ l c cllnnl s~tpllort:
lllr itlca.; ( i f c v o l ~ ~ l i o r l
fossils.
r*rr,b,~>.l'r;R
i
L .l l , ., 17,
. .
;\, ,\ ':, ' ;1
' ;
!\I, l~\!\Ji~(7NI\IIINT
~ : . ,.
c-();\!( '1 ,.I''j.:; , . , , :! \ 1 ,\.;('(.,;,I< SLTCjGESTED
: ; ,,I);":. .
ACTIVITIES

-!'lit- I . C > I ~ C CI>C

~~ i rli 13, : ~ . i Ii , I .,> II:I i).$, l > t ~ ! i ~ i i ! or
io~l
~-:~\>I~.:>IIIIICII~ t\tl?,l:ittiiii<.:: : \ t i : i 1c. :~lr.,!:y. (~I~~~I~I~IIIIICII~. l'liysical
I:~c.lriri, 1)iologicnl
1';1(.1rir~, arid llic sciclice
\!I~icliIIC:IIS will1 llic
sl~tllyo r IItcir
i ~ i l ~ - r r c l a l i ~ ~-~ i s l i i ~ i
Cc:rlil.~:y.

~ I I
It i ! I iI i I I 0 ; i - :I rt~~iclionnl (Brie0
o f c!-r~\vxlcii~ ,.i,,,,5;,,~,.!:l .,;
,,.!,: I,,,.,,.~~
I 111111III
111r~ - t l \ ~ i r ~ t i ~ i i c n l .
(i?ri,dCl\r]
I~,.,>,,~,,I,~I:, l I ~ ~ l ? i l:iticI
:il (:o~iitii~~~iiIy.
'1';~~~~:s or ccr>syslctns.
' I ' c ~ ~ r c ~ li1111l
r i ~ t x111:itic
l
ccor!.sit:rn

I~,AY~Y ~<
31111 i l kI I - I I ~l ) , ~ . r : l ~ < .SIII;,:!~~>I:or
:I.,,, ' 1 ' 1 1 ~11;1Ii1rr01 Study o f a
I~IIIC.!IIII~ t . , ,I'.~YI~.I:I r ~ - l ; ~ l i ~ ~:III(I
~idiip local
i~ilcrt!t~l?c~itlc~icc o f llle ccosyslcm.
~ ~ r y . : \ ~ ~ii~ ii i s
\ ~tlic
! - c ~ ~ ~ y s I cl:ii~i(l
t t i . cliain.
.l'rati\Scr or cllcrry i n [lie
I l:~,,c.~.il?,~
Kt.,,vI ,.ll:li~i ccocylrlll. r'yra~iiitlo f
! i l ~ lI . I ii1111ilit.1. !vt.i~Ill i i i i ~ size.
l Perform a
I:) Ill!. I . , . $ \ ,,?, :1:111. :!I>!: ficld aclivity
: . ~ r ~ l t ,;:I ~ /j\.r:i~i~i(i'i.
i~ to makr
observalion in
a scI1ooI
garilc~i.
i ~i i ?i t i t v r
Ikti;11i1~1- I.\:i!.ii~i !>'I!1 . 1 1 ~!ti I>,:I~III-C Ih1:11irc i ~11:1111rc i :111(1 llic
:::;,I I>,II;;I ,>,I; [,I:II?;.. ~ii:~:!i;,~~~niicr o r :it1
\ < , f ! i , d ~, ,,.;I :;:'.:I:~I [;,i, ,'.!i:ilil>ri~~~li I?CI\I~CCII
: .
I
, ,I,#,-. ~ ~ r ~ 3 :slid ~ ~Ilirir
i i ~11oti-~ i ~ s
~ I \ , I I ? ! ,! ~ ~ i v i r o ~ i ~i11i i can~ i l
t~!'llr.':'.,:,:ll1.

C'),zlr o!' SII,(~ :I~III

. . ,
; ' . , I ; , ~ : :I:,.::YI;.;;\
i ,I:., ' I I I I ~ II ~ i l c r i a l s (Brief)
. .
, , , : .,, , . . ,.., , . , ~ , . , . ~ s . < , ! .,I..
III,?!I.; 1:lIx :,7. I>CI.,.,.,~-~,II~ir!!.;~riistii\;111cl
Ilon-I:\:~r:~ c~~\~ircltimci~t.
.! , .,
%,
::r c!;clc, carlit111
, \. ~I C ,, ~ l x y ~ ?c)~c:C~
rll
~ii:rqw<~:l c;;clr.
'>I,<,, ,, ?,..r,
<>\t,.r<.;,, ,,l.,$f ,.<ii,j$., ..,
1 ,"<,

p~ --
, ........ .-, ;. P
, , , .
.-; !::.> :
.;
..
r, j,

, - .,!;. , . : ; . : - , ;-,..
&., ,, ~. !' . l ; : : , : . , .

. . .>,. . ;;.: :;:- <.....,

,., . . ..
:,:,.,.~;(.., . :,:;~-

- . ..
... .,
- \ . .
>,.

,<, ,..- ~, - .. . .

. . . . ., .. .
,. .,. ,

l~? . ;>,.:. ;-, : ,-; '. i c

-! .........
, : :,.. . i:.

. . . . ,. . . , ,-
,. .,
.........
. . . .. ,.>,.- (-:~ j<,,

r, . ,-
.~ , , ,
~. . , . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .

. ., ;'. . .< : . . . . . . . . . , . . ,. .. .,>.. .

,I , . .. . , ; . ., , .. ~,. , .,..

....
... ...,; ,
, ,, : .,.~. . . -,,. '
.
.-.:,<~ ~ ,
,
. . ,.~,.-I .
.:
L

~, . .. . ,
, ., , . ,
. .. . . . .\ ., ,.. . .. . ,. . .
,. . n ir I I J i l l1 l i ii i lirl n f I)l1ccr71 cavity.

, I _ T.! , : c,...! , . : . 1 .. . : : ~ ~ ; , ~ l r
~ ); r I'!r,3.??ir:a p l a n t o r ally o t l i ~ r
, t '
1 ; ,

10. ::?,I,:), :>7 71,1i i, <,I , , ; ,,.. ;,f 1.~i;~il{~r..

i) i>.,(. r ~ l ;. ;, ; >, < . i 1 1 i

ij) ,; :,,.,,. ;:I. i i rzriyl-;i , V r ) I v n x , Kllrr I o n a .

. . .
I 1 :j ::!ll,~< I ,. ,::I., I,-,,!: I

I;!. ,. . .
<,: .
. ,. I>: . - r . . , I;! - 7 nf i n v o r t c ~ h r a t e animals throt~qh
: , ,.,,,i >:-.. .i-\,... -.i>:.<.:
l~,~ll:~.

i)
:, : \
,. ,
.
I, ..
.
; ;,-..;.-
i pi: I. -.:-.,I_.,
sponge
,101 l y f i s h
.,, .., .; I .
:,!,.:I ,:;.,., i , . , , ~ . , ; $ . - ' ; ,.:i :?; I,-,: rapt w o r m
i ~r ) - > : 7 yI t ; > .',, - ;:.!I :-.: I.,! ,.,.>:: (;:r>;:l,~tc~~la) Rorund wol-m
i , ' ~ . , ,1
\: ) , ,,, .?.~.
A , , , !, 11,1~.:, , i ic!;-, Fa]-t-h-worm
v; j ,~',ll\:l:I;;) 7' . I 1 ,I::<:.! ::!la i 1
 30

v i i ) Ph\rl.um Arthropods I'raon a n d H u t ~ t e rf l y .

v j i i )P h y l 111n F : c h i n o t l e r r n a t a S t.a?-fi~sh

13. S t u d y o f d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s o f v o r t e h r a t p a n i n a 1s t h r o u q h l i . v j . n q
and p r e s e r v e d specirnons:

i) Fistirr; n o q f i s h , r,;tl>ro (Rahli)

ii) Amphihian- P r o g , Salamanders.
i j i ) R e p t i 19.7 L i z a r d , T o r t o ; se
iv) Birds O s t r i c h , Kiwi, Sparrow
v) Mammals Spiny anteat-cr, DLIC~ hill,
I:anqarno, Rat, Gorilla,
E l ~ l p l l a n t , D o l p h i n , Whale.

11. S t i l d y of 1nc;- I flnr-;1 anrl fauna anrl 1 jst'inq of t h ~ i r

im]7ortanr~.

1 . . S t ~ i ~ r ltyl i r , rli l f , i ~ - n t ' t.\.i>-s or e i i e r r f y I-ly qlljll i t a t i v e trst.

1 Est-imat.inri o f " i tamill f: i n r l i f f r . r ~ n t - .f r u i t ? .

17. E x p ~ r iiionl.
i t ~ o( 1 1 ~ 1 c i r l r : t : t ~ ; i t-1- I-110 p i - n c c s s o f p h ~ ~ n s y n t h e s ni s i n q
a11 aq11at:ir ~ > ' I ~ I I ' . ,. I i1.z-y I l y f l r i 1 l a .

I rl. I)omnn.?tr,?t i nil r.f P I i n t ~-,-~: y ! i t - I l ~ ?i 5 Ihy P i r a t i ncf.

1CI. 1,:vper- i m r , i i t - I l n a t + l i e n . : nf n z r n n . ~3
i anrl
11i r r 1 1 . 7 i , > ] I .

I . T.:E~>PI- i n i ~ n t -t o ~l;.mnnrir:t~. T I - t llr. ]>?-nr'n~.~ or tl-anspiration.

71 . I<>:pvrimr5nt; t n !i,,rnnnr.t~; I I P tl10 p a 5 s a r f e n f xaf:?r (c:oJnrnd r o d )

i.n t.110 r ) l a r ~ l . .

77. 'T'o st.11tly t t i r n ~ i r i l e~x i ) ~ rininnt

- t-lie rl i r o r : t i o n @f hl.ood niovcment.

7.3. S t u d y o f c a p i l l a r y c i ~ - c l ~ l a t i c >i nn a n a l i v n f j . s h t h r o u g h a n
expori m~nt.. + L

"
!I< 1
', .
24. S t u d y o r p111r.r 1 - a t e .

25. S t r l d y o f r l i f lr:.r,nt P f n t stems a n d l e a v e s w h i c t i

s t o r e f c ~ o t lm a t t - , r i a lr. ( c . , i r r n t . , I iI , I , Potato, Ginger,
Onion) .

26. F:xprrj.nicnt. t o r l ~ - i i l o n ~ t - r - nt lti~r . p r o c e s s o f r ~ s p i r a t i o nhy u s i n g

Caustic Potash.

77. St-.i~dy o f t h ? r.ai;imalian 1: i l l n ~ y t ~ c . i n r [ f r e s h s p e c i m e n s (Goat.,

S l i e ~ p , Cnw) .

7 S t u d y t.ictr i c , i t ? - o p i c ;irltl na:;t:ir: mnvrmrnts i n p l a n t s .

29. To s t u r i y t 1 \ r r ) o c ~ r > ? 1a n d c p i q c a 1 r f r r m j n a t i o n i 11 c a s t o r o i l / B e a n
 .
10. 2~7,, r l i ~ ~ i ,.,
. , I. I r,::i:- ;lnci i.:,.inrir: h y u!:inrl c h a r t s and models.

.11 . I 1 I I - i 1 I I ~)~.nparfal:.i.c>n
in plants throuqh an
: I i mr : '

6 . ; : I . I iI :r,.il \ t i -7 r T (1 i frcrcrit e x t r e m e h a b i t a t s ( P o l a r
I-PC~ i on?:! :-,:,~,' ! 7 ~ ! i r lt,:r:~tnl:,i i 11::) w i . t h t h e h e l p o f p i c t u r e s a n d
cI1;11 - j ,: .
37. i \ ; i I -:rlr ant1 c.01lert a n p r e w n t 1 0 h e r b a r i u m
I . I - I ') ,111i.nl;l Is p r c s c n t i n q d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s a t
\.!I(. I in,, , i r.,.nmin;il i n n .

in. I f r:t.:,-,-l ivr,l-n~r,: p l a n \ :: b y m r ~ l n r .o f m n r l r l s a n d c h a r t s .

9 . I 1 ; I,,! l : i vnl pc., (:ill-ti i v r > r . r s anrl O m n i v o r o u s in t h e f i e l d

,,ll,l ;115,> f 1 , , . I tb!lr- <:11.1t-t.s.

A q ~ ~ a r i ~(I.:<II-<?I~
l ~ ? ? I-ank)
Aq11a1.iI I P ~ 11,-I-
a 1 . a 1 , I I I r I n , %Gl O r { c , l p a c i try, O.nE;g sensitivity.
P - , I , 1 nnm1 , 3 ' i O m l , i > n O m l , 1000ml
I301 j a r
Illacln (r;aTr-!\.. I ; I : . ~ I - )
FtL~l-fl,.r, l l ~ l ~ l " ~ ~ ~ l t
I*,~t]-!>r-r, r.1, i 1 . ; ! I :,,rnl\
r,qni r.a 1 f I :I!:I:
(:nt:t nli w r v 3 1
I ] i z c ~ < :i tI ~ C I I ~ c > ? 1 ~ ~ 1
[> i ::s:rrt i ! l r [ i it?.I- ! - I I I I I P I > ~ : : ( i n c l t1r1 i ncj r c i s s o r s , s c m l p e l , f o r c e p s
l l i ~ s r r - It I I , I 1 ) i I.IC;)
Ili %ti, I , t "71 at181 l ~ , ) l - t ~ itn m it
I?rr,p/lnf-
1 , 1 ,: " .:, ,,'# : i i ~ ~ ~ : < ~ ~ n l ~
r ; \-\,I,...:
1 ncrll-til < > I ji.,.it r.1 l?at-.ll>
 I n o c u l ~ a t i o n1 o o p
Insect net
Icns papcr
L ig h t s o u r c e
Ma7n i f y i n q G l a s s e s
Mcasuriny Cylinders(lO0cc)
M i c r o s c o p r (c.olnpolln(1) 3 t i ~ v r e t s , 1 0 +-YP ~ VI.PCP
I x , 1 0 x a n d ICrx o h j o c t i v r ! ? .
M i c r o s c o p e ( d i . -,::cti . ' - - )
M i c r o z c n p r 71 i I - ;
M j c r n s c o p c c o v , : - sl.ij?::
P e r m a n e n t r,l irlr .: o f :
- Conj11qat.i r - i i n ]>;ir;iiil~r:i111n anrl l > i ~ d d i n qi 11 h y d r a
- m i t - o s i s irq '.!hito f i r . t i o r o n i o n r o o t l:ip
- s e c t i.nnr. an i nI s p it i 1 connective, muscle
ant1 nr!rvc.t . t i $ : : : l ~ ~ z .
- a s o r t i . o n ,if a i-l~mrnali a n l.:irlrioy
- s o r t i o n s r i a p l ; i n t f c l o a f , r o u t . , a n d stern
- t a n . q v o r s r , m r : t i otis rrf 1 p ? V , root-. ant1 ,stern
P i p ~ t t ~( 1?. 0 m l .: n. l m l )
P 1:lnt: p l - c ~ z o r
Pl at-o ( r + l a z , ~ )
T'otnriict-~r
P r e s o r v o ~ l! - p ~ c i : n ~ ~r )nl c 1 1 1 - I - - p v - s ~ n t n t . i v ~ os f a n i m a l q r o r l p s
Rcailrsnt k ~ > t . i1: ? < -
Rrtort. s t a n c l 51 i : ti r1 atnp ancl 1 , n ~ 11-;i(l ~ ~
S k ~ PI-on
1 mncl~l
!:pi r i t ; l ; i ~ ; i l ~ ~
stop wat-<.11
::i-(>]>)?,-l- ( r , < > r l) :
: : y ~i I ~ < , c ,
* l ' P , ~ tt k l l l *,-
'I'P!< t t . l l t ? , ~ l.:l(~.l:
7'11 i s t ~ l rirlnn-1
Tlicrmomct:or
Tripod stand
Watch g l a s s

R. Chemicals ( p e r section)

Acetic A c i d
A1 coho1
A s c o r b i c : Acirl 7 " o 1 1 1 t i o r 1
R P ~ ~ I - l i c t snl!i!-
~ ' s inn
Rromothymo 1 h l i i ~ xr n I ! i t i o n
Chloroforln
C o p p c r St!lphatm%":ol!~t: ion
Diastaso
Dicholoro-phrnol indol n phenol 14- sol lltion
Dist-.illed watcl-
G I yceri ne
G l u c o s e sol u t in;) 1 %
Eos i n e
C t t i a n o l , i n c t h y 1 , i t c d s1,i.r i t q54-
A i l d i n visr~aln i ~ l( l / s e t p a r section)

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I s c c o n c l a r y 1 ~ v e la ? - n r l ; - . f i c i ~ n t :a n d d o f c c t i v o i n many r e s p e c t . The
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c o m p l i a t e c d T h r t e x t # . : o n t n . i n s nrlrnr.rotls mist-.ilks5 a n d errors, b o t h
fcttlal. and t y p o q r a p h i r a l . Most o r t h o p i c : t u r e s a n d diacframs a r e
i n i : o m p r ~ h e n s i I ~ l oa n d [lo rint - I t n t-110 t o : : ? . T h e enquiry
; 1 ~ p r o a c 1 1h a s not: 1.1ocr1 1 I 1-11" q11"st i n n s ~ ~ i v at: r n t h o onrl o r
I h p r a - I : I f r 11 t y over.-
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t I I . ' ' I i * neo11 , > I - I.,,- ~ 1 . ti i I ~ I 1 1 1 0 ta-.xl l.mok.

. 1t i s r o r . n ~ n n i ~ n r l ot~ol :

(a) I n v o l v c tli- h r s t I in I c o l l n t r y i n t.cxthook

w r i t i n g ; r ~ i r l c 1 r v r l ~ ) p i n q t . e a c l ~ n m : r i . a b o t h fol-
.-,t.uri?nts atill t o a r . h o ? - . 'rhis can 1 1 11y p r o v i d i n q
p r o p r r . i . n c r , t i t . i v e s .inrl r ~ r n r ~tni in n .

(h) T n c - o r - p r a t c 1 ~ a s . r:nnr-opt.5
i~ anrl p r i n c i p l c c o r h i o l o q y w h i c l i
h a v e r m r r q w l a s a r c s r l l t o f t l i ~t ~ r c m e n c l c ~ t las c c ~ ~ m u l a t i o n
o r l ~ n o w l r c l r l o r o q a r r l i n q l i l m S c i o n r : ~ ~ I I I - i n the
g past two
dr?carlos. : m

(c) A v o i d o v ~ r h i ~ r - c l e n i nt qh e s t l l c l ~ n t sw i t h u n n e c e s s a r y c l e t a i . 1 ~
o f t l e s c r i pl- j o n arifl t e r m i n o l o q y . P a y e m p h a s j . ~ o n more
i m p o r t a n t and b a s i c m a t e r i a l s .

(d) P a y s p e c i a l a t t . o r l t i n n to t l i ? p r o d u c t i o n o f q u a l i t y
t ~ x t h o o k st.!i t h f r l l l y i I 1 1 1 s t r a t c r l i n f o r a m t i o n f r o m w h i c l i
izhc s t u d e n t *: c a n rcqrl i l y f i nrl i-.lip f a c t . s t - h e y n e o r l .

(c) ' P r o v iclo r o m p r c h r l i ? : i v n i n s t 1 ~ 1 i r :itn n s f o i . t:lir? e x p r r i mcntal

a nrl f i c 1(1 t,;cn r 1.: .
(f) T h e q u c s t . i c ~ n sw h i c l i s l i o u l t l IF i n r o r p o r ; : t r . r l a s p a r t o f t h e
t.oac.hinrf m:ll;r,rial ~ I i n l r l tr,%:t. t h o reader" r, u n d ~ r s t a n r l i n q
o f tlir c o n r ~ p t s / p r . ni c i p l 0s r a t l 1 ~ 1 - t h a n j n v i t~ s i m p l e
7 - r c a 11 .
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15

(q) Al-poir~l: i f a ~ i r l n l ~ x l , n ~ - t 1:o . s siip?i-vice t h e book w r i t i n g

ar-irl r:oinr. ~ ~ i r ~ m i ~ roi f- 5 t h c c:nmmit.tr- s l i n i l l d b e i n c l u d e d i n
I .
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(11) 7'11,. :i 11.1 1 m i l : i i i r : r t - i 111: r.Iint11d 13n r v v i nwnd a n d e d i t e d by t h e

ri.it i rlna I r-:nmmi I f r ~ .

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i utn, it. is e s s e n t i a l
that. sr~r-niirl:t~ir I n:~t.lic-t~n::lioril.rl jmpai-tnrl r - x t ~ n s i v e t r a i n i n g f o r
lrr.
n n r l i ~ i tn I 1 I an11 f l i ~ o r yr:lac.s"r:. This t r a j n i n q s h o u l d b e
c o n t i nttorls ~I-OI.-.CZ .

2. l'n:ir:li-i-r: . : l ? n ~ t rl l 1,- ~ 1 1 r . n l t r a q ~t o
l iise t e a c h i n g a i d s , s u c h
as, l i a r , rnnrlnl:~, 1 I and Iivincl orclanisms where-ever
possil>ln.

3. I Iy ti iI i r r a l a t c s who have studied

I R n t a n y / Z ~ o l ~ ~a ~t ~ r. ; a i i n 1 ~ v c l sIioi1Ic1 he e m p l o y e d t o t e a c h

I n i o l o q y a t . ~ll.1.0r1i171-y1 r l \ r P 1 ,

I . l'-:l~-lir-i--. ::lin~tlrl C dJ P t Cr a~ i n c c l t o u n d e r t a k e
I J C ~ P ~ C : ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~a n
e x t e n s j t v ~ J i 0 1 r 1 t 1 - 1 : 1.n o l x ~ i - V Pa n si'iidy v a r i o u s e c o l o g i c a l
s I - aI I I i . I t., oT I i v i n q o r q a n i s m s . T h i s should be
s i l p p o r t ~ r l11;. , . ( , l l ~ r . l i n nrbl r:omnir>n a n i m a l s ant1 p l a n t s .

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t.hr:li n i ~ ti n r11.l jr31. 1 1 1 ~ ~ I I ~,lnrl I S t l i i : : c x c r r i s r s l i o l t l d 11r a s s i g n e d some
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r:lini~lrlh n l r l 1 - 1 ~ n r . t ;t w o h o u s e - t e s t s d u r j . n q t h e
r : ~ t l , m i I 1 - ~ - : I I1 t r : 1-.n tlic Iicad o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n .

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t h e i r l ; t l ~ o i ~ . :a.!I v .
 1. The r e v i s e d c u r r i c u l u m c a n n o t h e f r u i t f u l l y i m p l e m e n t e d
u n l c s s ( i ) s u i t a b l e t e x t b o o k h a s ~ dnn it-. i:: r e a d y , a n d ( 2 ) a t l e a s t
[:he minimum r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r 1aborat.o;-v r.~nrl: ( e q u i p m e n t , g l a s s w a r e ,
. chcmi.cals, b i o l o g i c a l s u p p l i e s , lal?riratory supel-vision) a r e ensured
p r i o r t o implementation of t h a r c v i s r d c u r r i c u l a . Science
ec?ucation h a s t o be b a s e d on o b s c r v s t . i o n , e x p l o r a t i o n , e n q u i r y i n
f i c l d / l o b o r a - ~ o r ysi . ~ a t i ~ o , ; s . ,ro aclii.cve t.he d e s i r e d a p p r e c i a t i ~ o n
* o f s c i e n c e a n d it:; p l a c o i n s o c i o t y , t h e t e a c h i n g o f science
demands t h a t a t l e a s t t h e niininn~mr r q ~ ~ i r e r n c n t :o~ d o s o be a v a i l a b l e
in educational insti tutions.

2. I < e e p i n g i n f u l l fncu.7 f-lir p;lr.t c o n s t : r a i n t s , p r a c t i c e and

e x p e r i e n c c a s p a r t o f t!.~r. procnr,:; oi: c u r r j c u l u m d e v e l o p m e n t and
e n s u r i n g t h e s u b s t a n d a r d q u a l i t y o f s c i ~ n c ee d u c a t i o n a t 1 e v e l . s I -
X T T , t h e c o ~ n m i t t . e eF u r t h e r recommnn:lr, t h a t whr!rc. a n d i f n e c e s s a r y
new t e x t b o o k m u s t ba d e v e l o p e d u n d e r t:he c ] u i d a n c e a n d s u p e r v i s i o n
o f t h e p r e s e n t N a t i o n a l C u r r i . c ~ i l u ~ iR i ~ v i c w Comniittee(s). This
c o m m i t t e e ( s ) k ~ o u l dr n s u r e c r i t i c a l c->:p-rt r e v i e r < a n d p r o p e r e d i t i n g
o f c h a p t e r s b e f o r e a p p r o v i n q tl!? l:io@k ? n r p u b l i c a t i o n . I t is
f r l r t h ~ rs t r e s s e d n ~ r et h a t . a c ! e p a r t i ~ r cfr-n:n t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i.s
l~ounclt o r e s u l t i n ( 1 ) m i s - i n t o r n r e t a t i o n o f r c v i s e d c u r r i c u l u m i n
. ,.erms o f c o n c e p t s a n d c o n t e n t : qiiantli~:i, ( ? lack o f u n i f o r m i t y i n
L

r , t y l . e , c 0 n t i . n u i . t ~j n c o n t e n t and s 1 1 i t a b 1 . c i l l ~ i s t r a t i o n s , a n d ( 3 )

. breakdown o f v e r t i c a l l i n k a g e . T T c r ~ r r i c tlium d e v e l o p e r s a r e
r ; ~ r i o u s l y i n t e r e s t e d i n rcachinrj the n a t i o n a l s c i e n c e education
o b j e c t i v e s ( a n d t h ~ ya r r ) t h e n + h r ,?hove r e c c , m m e n d a t i o n s r e m a i n s
one of t h e foremost pre-rcquisits.: :or siiccr?ss.

3. D r a f t o f t h e book slinulil h e c i r c ~ ~ l ? ~ t iend p a r t s i n

s e l e c t e d s c h o o l s i n a1.1 t h e p?rovi.nccs o f Pa!.:istan a s a t e s t
m a t e r i a l a n d t h e fect3-back shoiilrl bc r e v i e w e d by a s e l e c t c o m m i t t e n
t o comply wi.th t h e n f e d f u l ~ accn1-6 i t i r r l } f .

4. I t i s rbcommentled that-. t-lic n i n l o g y Rook f o r S e c o n d a r y

l e v c l s h o u l d n o t excaed 3 5 0 paqr!.:.

5. P r o p o r t i o n a t e w ~ i q h t a c jc(i
~ ven t o v a r i o u s t h e m e s / t o p i c s
should be s t r i c t l y f o l l o w ~ d .

G. Each c h a p t e r shnulcl hr f n l l o ~ d r r l by d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f
* questions.

7. Objrctivcr. of the I i1 I -!ioul d be given in the I

p r ~ f a c enf t h e hook.

8. A q l o s s a r y s h o ~ i l ( lhn ~>l-ovirir~rl
11- t l ~ cr>nrl o f t h e boolc.

9. F o r w r i t i n g u p o f books i l r ! l i ~r ; u g g e s t e d by the
c o m m i t t ~ es h o u l d b e s t r i c t 1 y f o l 1 ov-d.
 i 0. RECO1\/IMENDATION.BZONCERNTNG EXAMINATIONS

I n o r d e r f o r t h e e x a m i n a t i o n a t t h e~n d o f c l a s s X t o r e f l e c t
t h e f a l l r a n q e o f o b j e c t i v e s of t h e c o u r s e and t o c o v e r t h e c o n t e n t
. a d e q u a t e l y , two exar,'inations should be g i v e n a t h r e e hour w r j t t c n
e x a m i n a t i o n a n d a much s h o r t e r p r a c t i c a l e x a m i n a t o i o n .

The t h r e e h o u r . ! r . i t t e n exami.nati.on s h o u l d c o n s i s t of t h r e e
sect-ions:

Section I - r : i ~ , j c c t i v cq t l s s t i o n s
Section 1 - i:i>ort. z n s w e r q u e s t i o n s
-.
::r?ction 1 - !. :ssy r{rinstions

The q u e s t i o n s r:!:oulcl t e s t t h e c a n d i d a t e s a b i l i t y t o r e c a l l .
i m p o r t a n t i n C o r i n a t i o ~ l , t o u n d e r s t a n d k e y i d e a s and p r o c e s s e s , and
t o a p p l y w h a t t h e y ti,ivc l e ~ r r i ~t o d new o r u n f a m i l i a r s i t u a t i o n s .

Only s e c t i o n :1 should allow the candid~tesa choice of

rliiestions.

Thc p1:actjcal. r x a m i n a t i o n s h o u l d be o f n o more t h a n .I. h o u r in

. 1 c n q t h a n d s h o u l r l c c l n s i r , t O F no more t h a n 5 q u e s t i o n s . The
q u e ~ t i o n ss h o u l r l test. t h e r;lngc o f l a b o r a t o r y s k i . l . 1 ~e m p h a s i z e d i.n
the c o u r s e .
T l i r o ~ i g l l o u t thr? c o n r s c t h e s t ~ ~ r l e n ts sh o u l d b e g i v e n a d c q u a t - e
p r a c t i c e a t answrrjni! a l l t y p e s o f a u e s t j o n s u s e d i n t h e f i n a l .
c x a m i n a t io n s .
 ... . !'my. S. hii K::z:;? : ; > r q n r z ,
L T:m< 0.;3r,i;tnv T l r , :?;.;:;lp;;f.
Grnr?rf~!i:?:li I;(;),? < . I , : ! ~ ~ C S .
* Q:!cila,