‫‪ir‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫آنالیز و طراحی سازههای بلند‬ ‫انتشـارات‬
‫‪206‬‬

‫ویرایش جدید ‪ -‬با اصالحات‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫برایان استفورد اسمیت‬

‫‪re‬‬

‫الکس کول‬

‫ترجمه‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫دکتر حسن حاجیکاظمی‬

‫استاد دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد‬
‫‪Stafford Smith, Brayan‬‬ ‫استفورد اسمیت‪ ،‬برایان ‪ – 1931‬م‪.‬‬ ‫سرشناسه‪:‬‬
‫آنالیز و طراحی سازههای بلند (ویرایش جدید – با اصالحات)‪ /‬تأللی برایأان اسأتفورد اسأمیت‪،‬‬ ‫عنوان و نام پدیدآور‪:‬‬
‫الکس کول؛ ترجمه حسن حاجیکاظمی‪.‬‬
‫ویراست ‪2‬‬ ‫وضعیت ویراست‪:‬‬
‫مشهد‪ :‬دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد‪.1392 ،‬‬ ‫مشخصات نشر‪:‬‬
‫‪ 535‬ص‪ .‬مصور‪ ،‬جدول‪ ،‬نمودار‪.‬‬ ‫مشخصات ظاهری‪:‬‬
‫انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد؛ شماره ‪.206‬‬ ‫فروست‪:‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ISBN: 978-964-6335-67-7‬‬ ‫شابک‪:‬‬
‫فیپا‪.‬‬ ‫وضعیت فهرستنویسی‪:‬‬
‫‪Tall building structures: analysis and design, c1991.‬‬ ‫عنوان اصلی‪:‬‬ ‫یادداشت‪:‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫چاپ سوم‪.‬‬ ‫یادداشت‪:‬‬
‫کتابنامه‪.‬‬ ‫یادداشت‪:‬‬
‫ساختمانهای بلند – طرح و ساختمان‪.‬‬ ‫موضوع‪:‬‬
‫مهندسی سازه‪.‬‬ ‫موضوع‪:‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫کول‪ ،‬الکس‬ ‫شناسه افزوده‪:‬‬
‫‪Coull, Alex‬‬ ‫شناسه افزوده‪:‬‬
‫حاجیکاظمی‪ ،‬حسن‪ ، - 1329 ،‬مترجم‪.‬‬ ‫شناسه افزوده‪:‬‬
‫دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد‪.‬‬ ‫شناسه افزوده‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪8 1392‬آ‪5‬ال ‪TH 1611/‬‬ ‫ردهبندی کنگره‪:‬‬
‫‪690‬‬ ‫ردهبندی دیویی‪:‬‬
‫‪3436196‬‬ ‫شماره کتابشناسی ملی‪:‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫آنالیز و طراحی سازههای بلند‬

‫‪ss‬‬

‫پدیدآورندگان‪ :‬برایان استفورد اسمیت؛ الکس کول‬

‫دکتر حسن حاجیکاظمی‬ ‫ترجمه‪:‬‬
‫وزیری‪ 500 ،‬نسخه‪ ،‬چاپ ششم‪ ،‬زمستان ‪96‬‬ ‫مشخصات‪:‬‬ ‫انتشـارات‬
‫‪206‬‬
‫چاپ و صحافی‪ :‬چاپخانه دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 300/000‬ریال‬ ‫بها ‪:‬‬

‫مراکز پخش‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫م‬ ‫م زنشههه ف دو ی ههه مشهه‪ ،‬م ه ‪،‬م ا مو ه‬ ‫فروشگگهاه و نیایاگگهاه پگگاس گگر ی ‪ :‬مشهه‪ ،‬م ما ه زا ی‪،‬ز‬
‫جنب لف ی س تلفن‪)051( 38833727 :‬‬
‫مؤسسگگک پگگابیرا ‪ :‬ت‪،‬ههوزام خا به ا ه جنو جنههیبهم خا به ا ه دهنژز م بههان خا به ا دههویج ین ی زج ی ‪،‬شه م‬
‫تلفن‪)021( 66484715-66494409 :‬‬ ‫شم جف ‪238‬‬
‫مؤسسگگک اناگگیرا ‪ :‬ت‪،‬ههوزام خا بهه ا زن ههابم خا بهه ا مناههو ج ییهه (زج ی ‪،‬شهه ) نهه خا بهه ا ن ههو م‬
‫تلفکس‪)021( 66400144 – 66400220 :‬‬ ‫شم جة ‪142‬‬
‫‪http://press.um.ac.ir‬‬ ‫‪Email: press@um.ac.ir‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬

‫از آن ﺟﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻛﺘﺎب ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ در زﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ و ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ از ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ در اﻳﻦ اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮداﻧﺪ و داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن را ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎزه آﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺎل ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ در داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻚ ﮔﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا اﻳﻦ اﻣﻜﺎن را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎدان ﻓﻦ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋه ﭘﺮوﻓﺴﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﻮرد اﺳﻤﻴﺖ از ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻧﻤﻮده و از‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮده در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪ ﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎي ﺑﻌﺪ از آن‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﭘﻴﺶ روي ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺮوﻓﺴﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﻮرد اﺳﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺎد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻚ ﮔﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا و ﭘﺮوﻓﺴﻮ اﻟﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺆل اﺳﺘﺎد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻼﺳﻜﻮ اﺳﻜﺎﺗﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو در اﻳﻦ رﺷﺘﻪ از ﺳﺎزه داراي اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ‪ 25‬ﺳﺎل ﺗﻼش ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬
‫اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ آﻧﺎن اﺳﺖ‪ .‬واﺿﺢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اراﺋﺔ ﺳﺎده ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در ﻳﻚ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﺗﻼش ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت و واژه ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺄﻧﻮس‬
‫ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻤﺘﺮ آﺷﻨﺎ در ﭘﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻮد ﻻزم ﻣﻲداﻧﺪ از زﺣﻤﺎت آﻗﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﺣﺴﺎن ﻳﻤﻴﻨﻲ و دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺮاﻟﻪ رﺧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه دار وﻳﺮاﺳﺘﺎري ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و ادﺑﻲ ﭼﺎپ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬از داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن و‬
‫اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻛﺘﺎب را ﺑﺎزﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮده و در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻛﻴﻔﻲ آن ﻧﻜﺎت‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫ارزﻧﺪه اي را ﻳﺎدآوردي ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬از زﺣﻤﺎت ﺳﺮﻛﺎر ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺗﻜﺘﻢ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي دﻗﺖ و ﻣﻬﺎرت در ﺗﺎﻳﭗ و ﺻﻔﺤﻪآراﺋﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد ﻛﺘﺎب و آﻣﺎدهﺳﺎزي آن ﺑﺮاي ﭼﺎپ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ از اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا از ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﮔﺮاﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ارﺟﻤﻨﺪ و داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻲ رود ﻛﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎت و ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ را ﻳﺎدآوري ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﻲ ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‬

‫ﭼﺎپ ﺳﻮم ‪ -‬ﭘﺎﺋﻴﺰ ‪92‬‬
P
re
ss
.u
m
.a
c.
ir
 ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎر ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن‬

‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ‪ 25‬ﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن در ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن از اواﺳﻂ دﻫﺔ ‪ 1960‬در داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ‪ Southampton‬اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪ و ﭘﺲ از آن در‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ‪ Strathclyde ،McGill ، Surrey‬و ‪ Glasgow‬اداﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫در اﺑﺘﺪاي اﻳﻦ دوران‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺎزهاي ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ در اراﺋﻪ روﺷﻬﺎي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫آورد‪ .‬در رﺑﻊ ﺑﻌﺪي ﻗﺮن‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬در ﺳﺮاﺳـﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎن رخ داده و روﺷﻬﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزهاي دوﺑﻌﺪي در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑـﻮد و آﻧـﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه‪ ،‬اﻣﺮي ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣـﻲرﺳـﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺮور زﻣـﺎن ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎي ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ در ﺳﺨﺖاﻓﺰار و ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ؛ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس روش ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬اﻛﻨـﻮن ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮان ﮔﻔـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫آﻧــﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﺴــﺒﺘﺎً دﻗﻴــﻖ ﻫــﺮ ﺳــﺎزه ﭘﻴﭽﻴــﺪهاي اﻣﻜــﺎنﭘــﺬﻳﺮ اﺳــﺖ و ﺗﻨﻬــﺎ ﻣﺤــﺪودﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴــﺖ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي در دﺳﺘﺮس‪ ،‬زﻣﺎن و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ از ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﻳﻲ اﻣﻜﺎﻧـﺎت ﺑﻮﺟـﻮد آﻣـﺪه ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺤـﻮ اﺣﺴـﻦ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﻮد‪ .‬ﺳـﺎزه ﻫـﺎي‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ آن ﻗﺪر ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ دﻗﻴـﻖﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪار‬
‫زﻳﺎدي ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ اﺳﺖ و دﻗﺖ آن ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺪل و روش‬
‫آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻣﺪﻟﻲ از ﺳﺎزه ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻧﻤـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ دﻗـﺖ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮب‪،‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫ﺑﺎزدﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و در ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫـﺎي اﻋﻤـﺎﻟﻲ را ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎده ﺗﺮ از ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي ﺳﺎزه‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻃﺮاح اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠـﺎم آن ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴـﻨﺶ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ و داﻧـﺶ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ از رﻓﺘﺎر اﻋﻀﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳﺎزه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﻠﻨﺪ دارد‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫و ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺷﻴﺎري ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ اﻛﻨﻮن ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺷـﺪه و ﻋﺼـﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧـﺖ ﺳـﺎزي و ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدي‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻫﻨﻮز ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ‬
‫در ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل در دﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻃﺮاح ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت و اراﺋﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي‪ ،‬از ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﻛﻨـﻮﻧﻲ و ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺪف ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ و ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزهﻫـﺎي ﺑﻠﻨـﺪ در ﻳـﻚ ﺟﻠـﺪ ﻛﺘـﺎب اﻣﻜـﺎن ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬روﺷﻬﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺟﺒﺎراً ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه اﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﺪف‬
‫اﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮارد ﺳﺎزه اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﺑﻠﻨـﺪي ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ؛ ﻟـﺬا ﻣـﻮارد‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ اﻋﻈـﻢ ﻛﺘـﺎب‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺒﻴـﻴﻦ روﺷـﻬﺎي اﺻـﻮﻟﻲ آﻧـﺎﻟﻴﺰ رﻓﺘـﺎري اﻧـﻮاع ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳــﺎزه اي‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﻫـﺎي ﻗـﺎب‪-‬دﻳـﻮار ﺑﺮﺷـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺪاره اي‪ ،‬ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ و ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺎزوﻳﻲ‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬روﺷﻬﺎي دﻗﻴـﻖ ﻛـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮي و روﺷـﻬﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﻲ آﻧـﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﺷـﺪه اﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ دارا ﺑﻮدن ارزﺷﻬﺎي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺳـﺎده ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌـﺮف ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎ و ﻣﻮدﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري اﻋﻀﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﺳـﺎزه ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ و ﻟـﺬا راﻫﻨﻤـﺎي ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﻴـﺪي ﺑـﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن در اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫در ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب‪ ،‬راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎزه‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫـﺎي ﻣﻬـﻢ و ﺧـﺎص ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و اﻧﻮاع ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزه اي اﺑﺪاﻋﻲ؛ از اواﻳﻞ ﻗﺮن ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن‪ ،‬ﺑﺤـﺚ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﻧـﺎﻟﻴﺰ اوﻟﻴـﻪ و ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ اﺧﺘﺼـﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري و اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺰش و آﺑﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣـﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺧـﺎص ﻗـﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫در ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎي آﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺎزه ﺗﺤﺖ اﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺑﺎد و زﻟﺰﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫واﻛﻨﺶ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎب ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺼـﺮي ﻧﻴـﺰ در اﻧﺘﻬـﺎ اراﺋـﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه اﻫﺪاف ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻣﻬـﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌـﺪاد زﻳـﺎدي ﻣﺮﺟـﻊ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ارﺟـﺎع ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﺎد ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺘـﺎب ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮاﺟـﻊ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻨـﻮع‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﺟﺎزه ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﻧﻤﻲ دﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮاﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻧــﺎم آﻧﻬــﺎ ﺑــﻪ دﻟﻴــﻞ ﻣﺤــﺪودﻳﺖ ﺣﺠــﻢ ﻛﺘــﺎب ﻳــﺎ ﻓﺮاﻣﻮﺷــﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴــﻨﺪﮔﺎن ذﻛــﺮ ﻧﺸــﺪه اﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘــﻮزش‬
‫ﻣﻲﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼـﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ در ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬـﺎي‬
‫ﻋﺪدي از ﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺧـﺎص اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﺸـﻮد‪ .‬ﻟـﺬا در ﻣﺴـﺎﻳﻞ ﻫـﺮ دو ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ‪ SI‬و ‪US‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﺮاي دو ﮔـﺮوه ﻧﮕﺎﺷـﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‪ -1 :‬ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮش ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ و اﺟـﺮاي‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ در ﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي دﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺳﺎزه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪ -2 .‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ و ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻲ رود ﻛﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻛﺘﺎب درﺳﻲ دورة ﺗﺤﺼـﻴﻼت ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠـﻲ و ﺳـﺎﻟﻬﺎي آﺧـﺮ دورة ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ واﻗـﻊ‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫در ﻧﮕﺎرش ﻛﺘﺎب‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺪﻳﻮن دوﺳﺘﺎن‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎران داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎران اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻣﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫‪ ،1 CTBUH‬ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ‪ 2 ICPDTB‬ﻛﻪ از اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎ آن ﻫﻤﻜﺎري داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺘﻴﺎز وﻳﮋه ﻛﺎر در داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﻤﻔﻜﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮان ﺟﻮان اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻫﻤـﻪ‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻮن داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ در ﻃـﻲ ﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺎن دراز ﺳـﻬﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺰاﻳﻲ در ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎم ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از آﻧﺎن در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ و ﻛﺘﺎب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از آﻧﺎن ﻫـﻢ اﻛﻨـﻮن در‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫زﻣﺮه اﻓﺮاد ﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎس اﻳﻦ ﻓﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﺘﺎب در ﻃﻲ ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻳـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴـﻨﺪﮔﺎن از ﻧﻈـﺮات‬
‫ﭘﺮوﻓﺴــﻮر ‪ Joseph Schwaighofer‬از داﻧﺸــﮕﺎه ﺗﻮرﻧﺘــﻮ‪ ،‬در ﻣﺮاﺣــﻞ اوﻟﻴــﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣــﻪ رﻳــﺰي ﻧﮕــﺎرش‪،‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در ﻧﻬﺎﻳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴــﻨﺪﮔﺎن زﺣﻤــﺎت ‪ Regina Gaiotti ،Ann Bless‬و ‪ Marie Jose Nollet‬از‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫داﻧﺸــﮕﺎه ﻣــﻚ ﮔﻴــﻞ‪ Andrea Green ،‬از داﻧﺸــﮕﺎه ﻛــﻮﺋﻴﻨﺰ و ‪ June Lawn‬و ‪ Tessa Bryden‬از‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻼﺳﮕﻮ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎن در آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻛﺘﺎب‪ ،‬ارج ﻣﻲ ﻧﻬﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪B. Stafford Smith‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺮال ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا‬

‫‪A. Coull‬‬ ‫ﮔﻼﺳﮕﻮ‪ ،‬اﺳﻜﺎﺗﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ژاﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪1991 ،‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪1 - Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat.‬‬

‫‪2 - International Committee for the Planning and Design of Tall Buildings.‬‬
P
re
ss
.u
m
.a
c.
ir
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪19 .................................................................................‬‬

‫‪1-1‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎ ‪١٩ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ روﻧﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزهاي ‪٢٠ ......................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1‬ﺳﺎزه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪٢٣ .....................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-1‬روﻧﺪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪25 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-1‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ‪٢۶ .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-1‬ﻫﺪف ‪٢٧ ....................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٢٧ .........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم ‪ :‬ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪29 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪٣٠ ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ‪٣٠ ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ -1-2-2‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ‪31 ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ‪٣١ .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-2‬ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ‪٣٢ .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 5-2‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎ رآﺳﺎﻳﺶ ‪٣۴ ...........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 6-2‬ﺧﺰش‪ ،‬آﺑﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ و اﺛﺮات ﺣﺮارت ‪٣۵ ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 7-2‬آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي ‪٣۵ .............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 8-2‬ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﭘﻲ و اﺛﺮات ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﺎك و ﭘﻲ ‪٣۶ ...............................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٣٧ ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٣٨ .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ‪39 ...........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-3‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ‪۴٠ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 1-1-3‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎر زﻧﺪه‪40 .................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-1-3‬ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي ‪42 .......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-3‬ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ‪42 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﺑﺎد ‪۴٣ ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-3‬روش ﺳﺎده اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ‪44 ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-3‬روش دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ‪45 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري زﻟﺰﻟﻪ‪۴٧ .........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-3‬روش ﺑﺎرﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل ‪48 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-3‬روش آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻮدال ‪51 ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-3‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎي ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ‪۵٢ ...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-3‬ﻃﺮح ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز ‪52 .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-3‬ﻃﺮح ﺣﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪53 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 3-4-3‬ﻃﺮح ﺧﻤﻴﺮي ‪53 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪۵۴ ........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزهاي ‪57 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4‬ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزهاي ‪۶١ .........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-4‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه ‪61 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-4‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﺻﻠﺐ ‪62 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-4‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﺮ ‪63 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-4‬ﺗﺎوهﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺖ و ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ‪64 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-1-4‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‪65 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-1-2‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮار ‪67 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 7-1-4‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ‪68 ................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -8-1-4‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﺎر ﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪72 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 9-1-4‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‪73 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 10-1-4‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻫﺴﺘﻪاي ‪75 .........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 11-1-4‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻓﻀﺎ ﻛﺎر ‪75 ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 12-1-4‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪي ‪76 ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻒ ‪٧٨ .............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٧٨ ........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ‪ :‬ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪81 ......................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-5‬روﺷﻬﺎي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪٨١ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-5‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ اوﻟﻴﻪ ‪82 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-5‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪82 ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-5‬روش ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪83 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-5‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت ‪٨۴ .................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-5‬ﻣﻮاد ‪84 ...............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-5‬اﻋﻀﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزه‪84 ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-5‬ﻛﻔﻬﺎ ‪85 ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-2-5‬ﺳﺨﺘﻴﻬﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ‪85 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-2-5‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ‪85 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-2-5‬ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ‪85 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-5‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزه ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪٨۵ ..........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 4-5‬ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪٨٧ ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-5‬ﻣﺪل ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ‪88 ....................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-5‬ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺗﺎوهﻫﺎ ‪92 .................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-4-5‬ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪93 ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-5‬ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ دﻗﻴﻖ ‪٩٣ ............................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 1-5-5‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ‪95 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-5-5‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ‪96 ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-5-5‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻗﺎب و دﻳﻮار ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي ‪98 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 4-5-5‬اﺛﺮات ‪101 ................................................................................................................................... P-Δ‬‬
‫‪ 5-5-5‬ﻣﺪل ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ‪102 ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-5‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي ‪١٠٣ .................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 1-6-5‬ﺗﻘﺎرن و ﻋﺪم ﺗﻘﺎرن ‪103 .......................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-6-5‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي دوﺑﻌﺪي ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﭼﺮﺧﺶ‪104 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-6-5‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي دو ﺑﻌﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪109 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 4-6-5‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﺳﺎزي ‪113 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 5-6-5‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﺳﺘﻮن ﻋﺮﻳﺾ‪ -‬ﺗﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ‪117 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪١١٩ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪١١٩ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه ‪121 ......................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-6‬اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪي ‪١٢٢ .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 2-6‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ ‪١٢٣ .......................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-6‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه ‪١٢٧ .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-6‬روﺷﻬﺎي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪١٢٩ ........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-6‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻋﻀﺎ ‪129 .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-6‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ‪131 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-4-6‬ﻣﺜﺎل آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‪135 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-6‬اﺑﺮﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ ‪١٣٩ ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪١۴٣ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪١۴۴ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﺻﻠﺐ ‪145 ...................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 1-7‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﻗﺎب ﺻﻠﺐ ‪١۴۶ ......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-7‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻀﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪١۴٨ ...................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-7‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺷﺎه ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪148 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-7‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي اﻋﻀﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎر اﻓﻘﻲ ‪١۴٩ ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-7‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎر در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ‪149 ...........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-7‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻋﻀﺎ ﺑﻪ روش ﭘﺮﺗﺎل ‪151 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-7‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﻃﺮهاي‪152 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-3-7‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﺻﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ‪153 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 4-7‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ‪١۵۴ ..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-7‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ‪155 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-7‬اﺻﻼح ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ‪159 ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 3-4-7‬ﺻﻠﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ)‪160 ................................................................................................................(GA‬‬

‫‪ 5-7‬ﺳﺎزه ﺗﺎوه ﺗﺨﺖ‪ -‬ﻣﺪل ﻗﺎب ﺻﻠﺐ ‪١۶٢ ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-5-7‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ‪162 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 6-7‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮي ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﺻﻠﺐ ‪١۶۴ ......................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 7-7‬ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﺻﻠﺐ ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪١۶۴ ...............................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-7-7‬ﻗﺎب ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎه ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺎدل ‪165 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 2-7-7‬ﻗﺎب ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ دﻫﺎﻧﻪ ‪167 ..............................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪١۶٩ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪١٧٠ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﺮ ‪171 ................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-8‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻴﺎنﭘﺮ ‪١٧٣ ...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-8‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻗﺎب ‪١٧۴ .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-8‬ﺗﻨﺶ در ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‪175 ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-8‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻗﺎب‪177 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-8‬روش ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪١٧٨ .........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-8‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ‪178 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-8‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻗﺎب ‪181 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-8‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻓﻘﻲ‪181 ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-8‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ روش ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪١٨٢ ...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-8‬ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻬﺎ ‪182 ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-8‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ دﻳﻮار ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ‪183 ...................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 3-4-8‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻗﺎب ‪183 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-4-8‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪184 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 5-8‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ﻗﺎب ﻣﻴﺎنﭘﺮ ‪١٨۴ ...........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪١٨۶ ......................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ ‪ :‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪189 ................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-9‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي دﻳﻮار ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪١٩٠ ..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-9‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪١٩١ ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-9‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ‪191 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-9‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ‪192 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 3-9‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪١٩۵ ...................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-9‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ‪195 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-9‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ‪203 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 4-9‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪٢٠۵ .............................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 5-9‬اﺛﺮات ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ در ﭘﺎي دﻳﻮار ‪٢٠٧ .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-9‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﺶ در دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‪٢٠٨ ......................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 1-6-9‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ اﺟﺰاي ﻣﺤﺪود ﻏﺸﺎﻳﻲ ‪211 ..........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-6-9‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻗﺎب ﻣﺪل‪211 .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٢١۵ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٢١۶ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ دﻫﻢ‪ :‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ‪٢١٧ ..............................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-10‬رﻓﺘﺎر دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ‪٢١٧ .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-10‬روﺷﻬﺎي آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪٢١٩ ......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-10‬روش ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ‪٢٢١ .................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-10‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت دﻳﻔﺮاﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ‪221 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-10‬ﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ‪226 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-10‬ﺣﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ‪228 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-3-10‬روش ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻤﻲ ‪235 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-3-10‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺎ دو ردﻳﻒ ﺑﺎزﺷﻮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن ‪239 .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-3-10‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ‪240 .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 7-3-10‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ‪247 .....................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 4-10‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎب ‪٢۵٠ ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-10‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻗﺎب ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪251 .........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 5-10‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ اﺟﺰاي ﻣﺤﺪود ﻏﺸﺎﻳﻲ‪٢۵۶ ................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٢۵٨ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٢۵٩ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮار ‪261 .............................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-11‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن ‪٢۶٢ ......................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 2-11‬ﺗﺌﻮري ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎ ‪٢۶۴ .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-11‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت دﻳﻔﺮاﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ‪267 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 2-2-11‬ﺣﻞ ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ‪269 ...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-2-11‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي دﻳﻮار و ﻗﺎب ‪270 .................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-2-11‬ﺣﻞ ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ‪273 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 5-2-11‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻠﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪273 ....................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-11‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻤﻲ ‪٢٧۴ .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-11‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﻞﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ روش آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪٢٧۶ ..............................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-11‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮي ‪٢٨٣ ....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 6-11‬وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮار‪٢٨۴ .........................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-6-11‬ﺳﺎزه ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ‪285 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-6-11‬ﻗﻄﻊ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪285 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 3-6-11‬اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻧﺪرﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪286 ...........................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٢٨٧ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٢٨٨ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوازدﻫﻢ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺟﺪارهاي ‪297 ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-12‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺟﺪارهاي ‪٢٩٠ ...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-12‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪290 ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-12‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ دﺳﺘﻪﺷﺪه ‪294 .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-12‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪيﺷﺪه ‪295 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-12‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﻪﺑﻌﺪي‪٣٠٣ .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-12‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﺳﺎدهﺷﺪه آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺟﺪارهاي ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن ‪٣٠۴ .............................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-12‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﺎب ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺳﻪﺑﻌﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎب ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﺎدل ‪305 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-12‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ دﺳﺘﻪﺷﺪه ‪311 .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-12‬ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﺮي ‪313 ...................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٣١۴ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٣١۵ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻴﺰدﻫﻢ ‪ :‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ ‪317 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-13‬اﺻﻮل رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ‪٣١٩ .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 2-13‬ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺪار ﻧﺎزك ﺗﺤﺖ اﺛﺮ ﺧﻤﺶ‪٣٢۴ ...........................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-13‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ ‪324 ................................................................................................................. ω′‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-13‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮش ‪326 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 3-2-13‬دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ اﺻﻠﻲ ) ‪327 ......................................................................................... ( ω‬‬

‫‪ 4-2-13‬ﻣﻤﺎن اﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ ‪329 ............................................................................................................. I ω‬‬
‫‪ 5-2-13‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪330 .................................................................................................................................... J‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 6-2-13‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ‪330 ...........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-13‬ﺗﺌﻮري ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺮدار ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ اﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ‪٣٣٢ ..................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-13‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت دﻳﻔﺮاﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ‪333 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-13‬ﺣﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ‪334 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 3-3-13‬ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪﮔﻲ ‪336 .........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 4-3-13‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺴﺘﻪ ‪338 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-3-13‬ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ‪339 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 6-3-13‬ﺣﻞ ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاريﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ‪342 .........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 4-13‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﻬﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪٣۴٢ .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-13‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رواﺑﻂ و ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‪٣۴٣ ...............................‬‬
‫‪ 6-13‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮي ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ ‪٣۵٠ ...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-6-13‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﺪل اﺟﺰاي ﻣﺤﺪود ﻏﺸﺎﻳﻲ ‪351 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-6-13‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻗﺎب ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزيﺷﺪه ‪354 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-6-13‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزي دو ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ‪354 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-6-13‬ﻣﺪل ﺗﻚ ﺳﺘﻮن ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪه ‪359 .................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٣۶٣ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٣۶۴ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪365 .............................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 1-14‬روش آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪٣۶٨ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1 -14‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ‪368 ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-14‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ دو ﻣﻬﺎر ﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪369 .................................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-14‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ ‪372 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-14‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ‪373 ............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-14‬ﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪٣٧٣ .................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-14‬ﻟﻨﮕﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺮداري ‪374 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-14‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ‪375 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-14‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻬﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ‪٣٧۵ .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 4-14‬ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﺎر ﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪٣٧٨ ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-14‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻬﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪379 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 2-4-14‬اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﻬﺎر ﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪379 ........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-4-14‬ﺑﺎزدﻫﻲ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻬﺎرﺑﺎزوﻳﻲ ‪380 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-4-14‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري‪380 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪٣٨٢ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٣٨٣ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪re‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ ‪ :‬ﺗﺌﻮري ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪385 ............................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-15‬ﺗﺌﻮري دﻳﻮار ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ‪٣٨٨ .................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-15‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎن ‪٣٩١ ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-15‬ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﺌﻮري در اﻧﻮاع دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ‪٣٩٢ ..............................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-15‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﺒﻴﺖ‪392 .............................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 2-3-15‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎن ‪394 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-15‬ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﺌﻮري در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪٣٩۵ ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-15‬دﻗﺖ روش ‪٣٩٧ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-15‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﺪدي ‪٣٩٨ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪۴٠٠ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪۴٠١ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪403 ...........................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﺎﻧﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ :‬روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ‪۴٠۵ ..............................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-16‬ﻣﻮد ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪405 .................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-16‬ﻣﻮد ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ‪406 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-16‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮدﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﺸﻲ و ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ‪407 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﺎﻧﺶ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺎب‪-‬دﻳﻮارﻫﺎ ‪407...................................................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-16‬روش آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪407 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-16‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺳﺎزه ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮار ‪411 .................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫‪ 3-16‬اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي وزﻧﻲ ‪۴١٣ .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-16‬اﺛﺮات ‪413 ................................................................................................................................. P-Δ‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪ P-Δ‬ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺰرﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ‪415 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻜﺮاري ‪416 ..................................................................................................................... P-Δ‬‬
‫‪ 4-3-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﺗﻜﺮاري ‪ P-Δ‬ﺑﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ‪418 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-3-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪420 .......................................................................................................................P-Δ‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 4-16‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن درﺟﻪ اول و ‪۴٢١ ................................................................... P-Δ‬‬

‫‪ 1-4-16‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ درﺟﻪ دوم ‪422 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-16‬ﺳﺘﻮن ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮش ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪424 .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 3-4-16‬ﺳﺘﻮن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ‪426 ........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 5-16‬ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ – ﭘﻴﭽﺸﻲ ‪۴٢٧ ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-16‬اﺛﺮات ﻧﻘﺺ اوﻟﻴﻪ‪۴٢٩ ....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 7-16‬ﺳﺨﺘﻲ اﻋﻀﺎ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ‪۴٢٩ ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 8-16‬اﺛﺮات ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﭘﻲ ‪۴٣٠ .................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪۴٣٢ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪۴٣٣ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ‪ :‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ‪435 ............................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-17‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺎد ‪۴٣٧ ...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-1-17‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺑﺎد ‪437 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-17‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺎزه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﺑﺎد ‪439 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-17‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد ‪441 ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-17‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻋﻤﻮد ﺑﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد ‪447 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-1-17‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪447 ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-17‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت زﻟﺰﻟﻪ ‪۴۴٩ ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-2-17‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺘﺎب زﻣﻴﻦ ‪449 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-17‬آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻃﻴﻒ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ‪453 .......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2-17‬رواﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ‪469 ........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪ 4-2-17‬ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﻴﺮاﻳﻲ‪472 ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-17‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎر آﺳﺎﻳﺶ‪ :‬واﻛﻨﺶ رواﻧﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ زﻣﻴﻦ ‪۴٧٣ ............................................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫‪ 1-3-17‬دﻳﺪﮔﺎه اﻓﺮاد از ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ‪473 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-17‬ﺣﺪود ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﺎت ‪474 ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-17‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﻴﺎر آﺳﺎﻳﺶ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪478 .............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪۴٨٠ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪۴٨١ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ ‪ :‬اﺛﺮات ﺧﺰش‪ ،‬آﺑﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ و ﺣﺮارت‪483 .................................................‬‬
‫‪ 1-18‬اﺛﺮات ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ‪۴٨٣ ...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-18‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪۴٨۵ ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬

‫‪ 3-18‬اﺛﺮات ﺧﺰش و آﺑﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ‪۴٨۶ ...........................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-18‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﺰش و آﺑﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺘﻦ ‪486 ..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬

‫‪ 2-3-18‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪﮔﻲ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎ و ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ‪491 .................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ 3-3-18‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﺰش و آﺑﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ در ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ‪494 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-3-18‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ‪495 .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-3-18‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﺎهﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزهاي اﻋﻀﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ‪497 ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪re‬‬

‫‪ 4-18‬اﺛﺮات ﺣﺮارت ‪۴٩٩ .......................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ‪۵٠٢ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪۵٠٣ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ :1‬رواﺑﻂ و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ‪505 ...........................‬‬

‫پ ‪ 1-1‬رواﺑﻂ و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ‪۵٠۵ ............................................‬‬
‫پ‪ 1-1-1-‬رواﺑﻂ ﺑﺎر ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ در ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺑﺎر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ‪505 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎر ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ P‬در ﺑﺎﻻ ‪506 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت )‪506 .................................................................................................p (z/H‬‬
‫پ ‪ 2-1-1‬ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ‪507 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫پ ‪ 2-1‬رواﺑﻂ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎﻫﻲ اﻧﻌﻄﺎفﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪۵١٢ .............................‬‬
‫پ ‪ 3-1‬ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺗﺎوهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻳﻮارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‪۵١۴ ......................................................‬‬
‫پ ‪ 1-3-1‬ﻋﺮض ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺎوه‪515 .......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫پ ‪ 2-3-1‬رواﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﺮض ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺎوه‪519 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫پ ‪ 3-3-1‬ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎي ﻋﺪدي ‪523 .......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ‪۵٢۶ .......................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ : 2‬رواﺑﻂ و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻗﺎب‪ -‬دﻳﻮار و ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ ‪527 ..........................‬‬

‫‪c.‬‬
‫پ ‪ 1-2‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ اﻓﻘﻲ ‪۵٢٧ .............................................................‬‬
‫پ ‪ 2-2‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ اﻓﻘﻲ ‪530 ..........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪.a‬‬
‫پ ‪ 3-2‬ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻓﻘﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻ‪533 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪.u‬‬
‫‪ss‬‬
‫‪re‬‬
‫‪P‬‬