Department of Veterinary Medicine

Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur

Synopsis of thesis of Postgraduate student

Name of the student : Dr. Akash Bawa

Admission No. : V-2020-30-012
Degree : M.V.Sc.
(M.Sc./M.V.Sc./Ph.D.)
Faculty : Veterinary and Animal Science
Discipline/department : Veterinary Medicine
Major Field : Veterinary Medicine
Minor Discipline(s) : Veterinary Surgery & Radiology
Title of the research : Clinico-therapeutic studies on canine
endocrinopathies with special reference to
problem
diabetes mellitus.

Introduction:

Among all the animals, dogs have proved to be the best and faithful companion of
man because of fidelity, loyalty, obedience and pleasant disposition. The human attachment
with his pet is based on the principles of “Care dependency” and “Feed dependency”. At
present it is popular pet all over the world and because of their co-operative behaviour and
natural instinct for affinity with humans, dogs distinctly occupies a place in a family as a
beloved member.

The pet as a companion serves the society in a number of manners. A watchdog

ensures security at night. Dogs render excellent companionship to blinds. Shepherds’ dogs are
maintained by people for managing farm animals on pastures and ranges. Selected breeds are
used by the police, military, railway & prisons to detect criminal, drugs, explosives and other
such materials items. As a pet, dog provides great relief to humans from tensions and brings us
close to nature. With such an increased importance of dog, it becomes absolute to care for
them and provide the best possible treatment against the diseases they suffer from.

The dogs suffer from a large number of diseases, which may be of infectious or non-
infectious origin. Among non-infectious diseases, endocrinopathies in dogs are important.
 Endocrinopathies are escalating global health problem both in human as well as domestic
animals and common canine endocrinopathies includes diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and
hyperadrenocorticism. Endocrinopathies stems from imbalances in hormone levels and are
manifested by derangement in function of target organs. Very few studies on
endocrinopathies have been conducted in India with epidemiological data lacking on these
disorders.

The perusal of records of Veterinary Clinics, DGCN COVAS reveals that clinical
cases of diabetes are frequently encountered and other endocrinopathies to some extent.
However, no systematic work has been carried out on the clinically affected dogs. Thus, the
present study on clinic therapeutic aspects of common endocrinopathies is being undertaken
for better management of these conditions.

1. Objectives:

 To study the detailed clinical appraisal of dogs suffering from canine

endocrinopathies.
 To study the haemato-biochemical alteration in the affected dogs and to formulate
suitable therapeutic measures

2. Brief resume of work done:

A. Work done abroad:

1. Diabetes:

Hess et al. (2000) conducted a retrospective study on 221 dogs with diabetic mellitus
(DM) to describe concurrent illnesses in dogs with DM, and found that dogs with DM might
have a wide range of illnesses. Hyperadrenocorticism, urinary tract infection, dermatitis, otitis,
acute pancreatitis, neoplasia, and hypothyroidism were among the most frequently detected
conditions.

Good et al. (2003) stated that diabetic dogs' corneal sensitivity is markedly diminished
in all areas when compared to non-diabetic normoglycemic dogs. In diabetic and
normoglycemic dogs, regional variations in corneal sensitivity are comparable. Corneal
hyposensitivity is not associated with either glycemic management or diabetes duration. In
diabetic dogs, corneal nerve dysfunction may be linked to recurring or nonhealing ulcers for
which no other underlying cause has been identified.

Mori et al. (2008) investigated the time-action profiles of both Neutral Protamine
Hagedorn (NPH) and insulin glargine in normal dogs to see if co-administration of NPH and
glargine might assist insulin-dependent diabetic canines in the same way as it does for human.
The time-action profiles of both of the above-mentioned insulin preparations showed a distinct
difference, indicating that NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting preparation and insulin
glargine is a long-acting preparation. Furthermore, in diabetic dogs, co-administration of NPH
insulin plus insulin glargine resulted in tighter glycemic control than NPH insulin alone.

Lee et al. (2009) looked into the possibility of using serum glycated albumin (GA) as
a glycemic control indicator in diabetic dogs. The findings showed that, despite diurnal
variations in blood glucose concentration, serum GA percent stays relatively steady and
unaffected by acute hyperglycemic circumstances (intravenous glucose injection).
Furthermore, in diabetic dogs, serum GA percent can reflect long-term changes in blood
glucose concentration and the action of given insulin.

Sako et al. (2011) investigated whether oral administration of transglucosidase (TG)

with maltose or dextrin can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic dogs treated with
streptozotocin (STZ) and fed a high-fiber diet. In STZ-induced diabetic dogs fed a high fibre
diet, TG supplementation resulted in a 13.8 percent and 23.9 percent drop in mean glucose
concentration for TG with maltose and dextrin, respectively. Moreover, TG with dextrin
resulted in a 13% lower mean post-prandial glucose concentration than with maltose. The
results indicated that TG supplementation with diet leads to lower postprandial glucose levels
than diet alone but the efficacy of TG may depend upon the type of diet it is supplemented
with.
Hess et al. (2013) investigated the effects of twice-daily glargine insulin delivery, in
dogs with diabetes mellitus. According to the findings, glargine insulin is a peakless insulin
that does not cause an unique blood glucose concentration nadir in diabetic dogs fed a high-
fiber diet. As a starting dose for glargine insulin, 0.3/kg SC twice day is indicated.

Holder et al. (2015), stated that in certain situations, anti-insulin antibodies (AIA)
may be implicated in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. According to the study, bovine
insulin preparations are more immunogenic than pig insulin preparations, and dachshund,
 miniature schnauzer, and Tibetan terrier breeds are more prone to develop AIA than
crossbreed dogs.

Corradini et al. (2016) investigated the accuracy of a diabetic dog's flash glucose
monitoring device (FGMS). The interstitial glucose (IG) concentration is measured using the
FGMS. For 14 days, it was worn around the neck. During the 1st-2nd, 6th-7th, and 13-14 days,
the IG readings were compared to plasma glucose (PG) concentrations. At low, normal, and
high blood glucose concentrations, the FGMS was 93, 99, and 99 percent accurate,
respectively. It was concluded that the FGMS is simple to use and accurate for measuring IG in
diabetic dogs.

Jaen et al. (2017) investigated the long-term effectiveness and safety of insulin and
glucokinase gene therapy for diabetes. Diabetes in dogs might be treated using Ins+Gck gene
therapy using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, according to the findings. The long-term
effectiveness and safety of single intramuscular delivery of AAV1-Ins and AAV1-Gck were
assessed in treated dogs over an eight-year period. Despite the passage of time, good long-term
glycemic control was accomplished without the use of exogenous insulin.

2. Hypothyroidism

Jaggy et al. (1994) studied neuromuscular signs in association with hypothyroidism in

29 dogs. Eleven dogs displayed symptoms of lower motor neuron degeneration, nine had
peripheral vestibular impairments, four had megaesophagus, and five had laryngeal paralysis.
Large-breed dogs, mostly older (mean age = 9.5 years), were afflicted, and there was no sex or
breed propensity. Clinical indications lasted anywhere from 2 to 8 weeks before to presentation
(mean = 5 weeks).

Dixon et al. (1999) found that high triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and fructosamine
concentrations, as well as high CK activity, low inorganic phosphate concentration, and low
RBC count, were the most common haematological and biochemical abnormalities found in
hypothyroidism. Euthyoroid dogs have been shown to exhibit similar oddities. The most
efficient abnormalities for identifying hypothyroidism from disorders with similar clinical
symptoms were low RBC and neutrophil counts, high 7-GT and AST activity, and high
cholesterol values.
 Daminet et al. (2003) studies the association between Clinical hypothyroidism and use
of sulfonamides. Thyroid hormone concentrations should always be evaluated in conjunction
with a thorough examination of the patient's history and clinical symptoms. Any dog getting
medicines, particularly glucocorticoids, phenobarbital, sulfonamides, and carprofen, should
have their thyroid function test results carefully analysed. Treatment duration and medicine
dose are also key considerations.

Scott-Moncrieff et al. (2007) stated that hypothyroidism was characterised by a

reduced metabolic rate and dermatologic symptoms, which are the most prevalent clinical
findings. Although the association between hypothyroidism and a variety of neurologic
disorders were well recognised, the association between hypothyroidism and other symptoms
such as reproductive dysfunction, clinical cardiac illness, and behavioural issues were less well
established.

Krupka et al. (2021) studied that the thyroid gland was shown to be heterogeneous in
100 percent of dogs with hypothyroidism in the context of obesity. In 71.4 percent of sick
animals, gland echogenicity increased (71.4%), its size decreased (57.1%), and the capsule
thickness increased (71.4%). (42.9 percent).

3. Hyperadrenocorticism

Rijnberk et al. (1968) studied twenty-one dogs with spontaneous

hyperadrenocorticism and clinical manifestation were belly enlargement, muscular weakness,
obesity, and baldness that appeared gradually. Some of the participants had diabetes mellitus
that was mild. Signs of heat intolerance were widespread, in addition to polydipsia and
polyphagia. The signs and symptoms identified are compared to those seen in patients with
Cushing's syndrome.

Halliwell et al. (1971) demonstrated that a normal baseline plasma 11-OHCS value
does not rule out the occurrence of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Diurnal changes in cortisol
concentration in the plasma could be demonstrated in normal dogs using a specialised
radioimmunoassay for cortisol, but not in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Kantrowitz et al. (2001) found that dogs with nonthyroidal disease may have low
serum free T4 levels as well as low total T4 and total T3 levels. TSH levels in the blood are
unaffected by nonthyroidal disease. The relationship between nonthyroidal illness and baseline
thyroid hormone concentrations has been demonstrated in a variety of illnesses, including those
affecting multiple organ systems. In addition, dogs with severe disease were more likely to
have low thyroid hormone levels, and all thyroid hormone values were lower in dogs with
severe illness compared to dogs with less severe illness.

Behrend et al. (2006) studied that in the healthy dogs, serum cortisol concentration
increased significantly after administration of cosyntropin, regardless of route of
administration, and serum cortisol concentrations after IM administration were not significantly
different from concentrations after IV administration. For both routes of administration, serum
cortisol concentration peaked 60 or 90 minutes after cosyntropin administration. In dogs with
hyperadrenocorticism, serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased 60 minutes
after cosyntropin administration, compared with baseline concentration, and concentrations
after IM administration were not significantly different from concentrations after IV
administration.

B. Work done in India:

1. Diabetes
Sandhu et al. (2000) investigated alloxan-induced diabetic mellitus in dogs, both
alone and in conjunction with ethylene glycol-induced nephropathy. Clinical manifestations of
alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus included vomiting, polydipsia, hypothermia, depression,
polyuria, recumbency, and mortality. Vacuolation, necrosis of pancreatic cells, coagulative
necrosis in the kidneys, and degenerative abnormalities in the brain, liver, heart, and intestines
were discovered on histopathological investigation. However, in afflicted dogs, the combined
effects of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and ethylene glycol-induced nephropathy
worsened clinical symptoms.

Kshama et al. (2007) discussed the long-term care of diabetes mellitus in dogs. The
basic five goals of diabetes mellitus treatment are to restore water and electrolyte losses,
correct acidosis, address underlying problems if present, to give a carbohydrate substrate as
and when needed during insulin therapy and to give enough insulin to minimise
hyperglycemia.
Das and Shah (2011), stated that insulin is the most powerful antidiabetic medicine
for lowering blood glucose levels. It improves lipid profile, endothelial dysfunction, anti-
platelet effects, and quality of life by lowering glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity, reversing insulin
resistance, preserving beta cell function, and improving lipid profile, endothelial dysfunction,
and anti-platelet actions.

Kumar et al. (2014) stated that diabetes mellitus in most dogs was immune mediated and
insulin dependent. The dog leukocyte antigen gene pool, which encodes for major
histocompatibility complex-II molecules, was thought to be responsible for breed predilection
in dogs. Other diagnostic approaches, such as measuring fructosamine and glycated
haemoglobin, have showed promise in the diagnosis of diabetes.

Pattanayak et al. (2014) investigated the relationship between fasting blood sugar levels
and dog breed, sex, and age. The findings suggested that the blood sugar levels of ill dogs did
not have a general tendency to rise as they grew older. Blood sugar levels in sick dogs were
greater in tiny breeds, especially in the 0 to 4 year age group. At the age of 12 years or more,
giant breeds had the greatest level of sugar in their blood when they were sick. Blood sugar
levels in sick dogs were shown to be higher in females than males across all breeds and age
groups.
Qadri et al. (2015) found that canine diabetes was a common endocrine disorder with an
estimated breed prevalence ranging from 0.005% to 1.5% in pet dogs. Increased incidence in
particular breeds shows that hereditary factors play a role in canine diabetes, and similarities
between canine and human diabetes phenotypes imply that the same genes are linked to
disease vulnerability in both species.
Deepa et al. (2016) proposed that autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
could be useful early prognostic indicators of spontaneous diabetes in dogs because all diabetic
dogs in the study had anti-GAD antibodies, but only 37.5 percent of diabetic dogs had
autoantibodies to insulin.
2. Hypothyroidism
Kumar et al. (2013) reported that Chronic regurgitation, weight loss, lethargy,
weakness, dehydration, and abnormalities of the skin and hair coat are all indications of
megaesophagus in dogs. Hypothyroidism is the most common cause of canine megaesophagus.
Metoclopramide and levothyroxine, as well as better feeding and diet management measures,
can be used to reduce regurgitation in dogs.
Roopali et al. (2020) studied the prevalence of canine hypothyroidism in the districts
of Durg-Bhillai, Raipur, and Rajnandgaon in the state of Chhattisgarh. Hypothyroidism was
found to be prevalent in 1.28 percent of the population in Chhattisgarh, with Raipur (1.73
 percent) having the highest prevalence, followed by Durg-Bhillai (1.25 percent) and
Rajnandgaon (1.25 percent) (0.97 percent). Hypothyroidism was more common in dogs
between the ages of 6 and 8. (52.381 percent). Hypothyroidism was more common in male
dogs (59.52 percent) than in female dogs (40.48 percent). Labrador retrievers, Golden
retrievers, Spitz, German Shephards, Pugs, Saint Bernards, and Rottweilers have the highest
frequency of hypothyroidism in dogs, followed by Golden retrievers, Spitz, German
Shephards, Pugs, Saint Bernards, and Rottweilers. Hypothyroidism was shown to be more
common in dogs with a body weight greater than 40 kg, with a prevalence rate of 57.14
percent.

3. Hyperadrenocorticism

Bhavani et al. (2015) assessed 10 dogs who had received exogenous glucocorticoids
for an extended period of time. Skin thinning and asymmetrical alopecia were the most
prevalent symptoms. Alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, and
cholesterol levels in the blood were all increased. On ultrasonography, the adrenal glands were
atrophied. In the Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test LDDST, cortisol levels were
within acceptable limits. These canines were diagnosed with iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism
and owner were told to stop giving steroids. Initial improvement of clinical signs was observed
at 8 weeks after corticosteroid withdrawal.

C. Work done in CSKHPKV:

Wadhwa et al. (2008) identified clinical indications of polydipsia, polyuria, and

weight loss, as well as blood tests revealing hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis, a case of
ketoacidosis diabetes mellitus in a 10-year-old male Pomeranian dog. Treatment with Ringer
lactate was first beneficial, followed by insulin treatment and dietary changes (Wadhwa and
Mandial 2008).

Kapoor et al. (2021) investigated Diabetis mellitus (DM) in dogs in Himachal

Pradesh's Palam valley. Between February 2018 and March 2019, a total of 1212 dogs were
studied. Diabetes mellitus was found in twelve of the 1212 dogs. Diabetes mellitus-affected
dogs' epidemiological pattern and sequelae were investigated. The total incidence rate was 0.99
percent, with the most cases (8/12) occurring during the winter season (November to February).
The occurrence was higher in older dogs than in younger dogs, with the greatest rate (58.33
percent) occurring in dogs over the age of five. In comparison to females, males had a higher
risk of diabetes mellitus. Labrador and Pomeranian breeds were shown to be more vulnerable
to diabetes mellitus than Mongrel, Pug, and Cocker spaniel breeds. The most prevalent chronic
consequences included were cataract and anterior uveitis. The most prevalent concomitant
disease in diabetes mellitus was asymptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI), followed by
subclinical neuropathy and hepatic lipidosis.

D. Technical programme of work: The proposed work will be carried out as per the technical
programme given below.

1). Selection of Animals:

The proposed research work shall be undertaken on suspected clinical cases of

endocrine disorders brought to the Clinics of Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal
Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Selection of animals shall primarily be on the basis of
presenting clinical signs suggestive of endocrine disorders.

2). Clinical examination and evaluation of the patient: Full description of the animal (age,
breed, sex, body weight) shall be noted

i. History - A detailed case history shall be taken with special emphasis on

i. Appetite

ii. Water intake

iii. Defecation and urination

iv. Stage of estrus

v. Whether animal is neutered or not

vi. History of prolonged use of drugs etc.

ii). General Clinical examination

It shall include:

i). Rectal temperature

ii). Respiration rate

iii). Cardiac rate

iv). Conjunctival and other mucous membrane examination

v). Hydration status

 vi). General attitude and behavior.

vii). Body condition

viii). Examination of eye

ix). Examination of skin

3). Laboratory examination:

Blood samples shall be taken from affected animals for haematological, biochemical and
hormonal analysis.

i). Haematological Examination: -

a. Determination of Haemoglobin.

b. Haematocrit.

c. Total erythrocytic count.

d. Total leucocytic count.

e. Differential leucocytic count.

f. Erythrocytic indices (Mean Corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin,

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) shall be done.

ii). Biochemical Analysis and Enzymology:

It will include

a. Determination of blood glucose

b. Total plasma protein

c. Total and differential bilirubin

d. Lipid profile

e. Blood urea nitrogen

f. Creatinine

g. Alanine amino transferase

h. Aspartate amino transferase

i. Alkaline phosphatase

j. Gamma glutamyl transferase

 k. Albumin-globulin ratio

l. Electrolyte estimation like Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca),

Phosphorus(P),

iii). Hormonal Assay: Serum samples shall be analyzed for related hormones depending
upon endocrine disorder.

iv). Urine Examination: Gross, Chemical and Microscopic examination of urine will be
done.

D). Therapeutic measures:

Different specific therapeutic regimes along with symptomatic and supportive therapy
shall be evaluated based on the improvement of the affected animals.

References:

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administration of a low dose of ACTH for ACTH stimulation testing in dogs. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 229(4): 528–530.
Roopali B, Roy S, Roy M and Galdhar CN. 2020. Epidemiological Study of Canine
hypothyroidism in Chhattisgarh state, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology
and Applied Sciences 9(3): 1432-1439.
Bhavani MS, Thirunavukkarasu PS, Kavitha S, Nagarajan B, Baranidaran GR and Bhat AA.
2015. Steroid induced hyperadrenocorticism in dogs- A Short study. Journal of Animal
Research 5 (1): 203-207.
Corradini S, Pilosio B, Dondi F, Linaria G, Testa S, Brugnoli F, Gianella P, Pietra M and
Fracassi F. 2016. Accuracy of flash glucose monitoring system in diabetic dogs. Journal of
Veterinary Internal Medicine 30: 983-988.

Dixon RM, Reid SWJ, Mooney CT.1999. Epidemiological, clinical, haematological and
biochemical characteristics of canine hypothyroidism. Veterinary Record 145:481–487.

Deepa PM, Dimri U, Devi G and Yatoo MI. 2016. Assessment of autoantibodies to glutamate
decarboxylase and anti-insulin in spontaneous diabetic dogs and experimental diabetic rat
model. International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture 2(3): 2394-5532.

Das AK and Shah S. 2011. History of diabetes: from ants to analogs. Journal of Association
of Physicians India 59: 6-7.
Ferguson D C .2003. Influence of Drugs on Thyroid Function in Dogs. From the Department
of Small Animal Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium (Daminet) and the Department of
Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine,
Athens, GA (Ferguson) 17:463–472

Good KL, Maggs DJ, Hollingsworth SR, Scagliotti RH and Nelson RW. 2003. Corneal
sensitivity in dogs with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(1): 7-
11.

Hess RS and Drobatz KJ. 2013. Glargine insulin for treatment of naturally occurring Diabetes
mellitus in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243(8): 1154-
1161.

Holder AL, Kennedy LJ, Ollier WE and Catchpole B. 2015. Breed differences in
development of anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs and investigation of the role of dog
leukocyte antigen (DLA) genes. Veterinary Immunology and Pathology 167(3-4): 130-138.

Hess RS, Saunders M, Winkle TJV and Ward CR. 2000. Concurrent disorders in dogs with
diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 217(8): 1166-1173.

Jaggy, A., Oliver, J. E., Ferguson, D. C., Mahaffey, E. A., & Jun, T. G. 1994. Neurological
Manifestations of Hypothyroidism: A Retrospective Study of 29 Dogs. Journal of Veterinary
Internal Medicine 8(5): 328–336.

Jaen ML, Vila L, Elias I, Jimenez V, Rodo J, Maggioni L, Gopegui RR, Garcia M, Munoz
S, Callejas D, Ayuso E, Ferre T, Grifoll I, Andaluz A, Ruberte J, Haurigot V and Bosch F.
2017. Long-term efficacy and safety of insulin and glucokinase gene therapy for diabetes.
Molecular Therapy Methods and Clinical Development 6: 1-7.

Kumar P, Kumari RR, Kumar M, Kumar S and Chakrabarti A. 2014. Current practices and
research updates on diabetes mellitus in canine. Veterinary World 7(11): 952-959.

Kshama MA, Deepti BR and Sudha G. 2007. Diabetes mellitus in Dogs- Long term
Management. IntasPolivet 8:117-120.

Kantrowitz, LB, Peterson ME, Melian C, and Nichols R. 2001. Serum total thyroxine, total
triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with nonthyroidal
disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219(6): 765–769.
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(2009- 2013) study in Hyderabad, India. Animal Science Reporter 8 (2)221-224.
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2009. Serum glycated albumin: Potential use as an index of glycemic control in diabetic dogs.
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Results of instrumental studies of the thyroid gland condition in diseased dogs with
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111–118.
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2008. Comparison of time-action profiles of insulin glargine and NPH insulin in normal and
diabetic dogs. Veterinary Research Communications 32(7): 563-573.

Pattanayak S, Batabyal S and Patra A. 2014. A study on effect of age, breed and sex on blood
sugar level of diseased dogs. Exploratory Animal and Medical Research 4(1): 33-43.

Qadri K, Ganguly S, Praveen PK and Wakchaure R. 2015. Diabetes mellitus in dog and its
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Dog. Journal of Endocrinology 41(3): 397.
Sandhu K, Randhawa SS and Brar RS. 2000. Clinical and pathological changes in alloxan
induced diabetes mellitus alone and in combination with ethylene glycol induced
nephropathy in dogs. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 24(1): 12-15.

Scott-Moncrieff JC. 2007. Clinical Signs and Concurrent Diseases of Hypothyroidism in

Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 37(4):709–722.
Sako T, Mori A, Lee P, Goto H, Fukata H, Oda H, Saeki K, Miki Y, Makino Y, Ishioka
K,Mizutani H, Kojima Y, Koikeda S and Arai T. 2010.Supplementingtransglucosidase with
a high-fiber diet for prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic dogs. Veterinary Research Communications 34(2): 161-172.

Wadhwa DR and Mandial RK. 2008. Ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus in a dog and its
management. IntasPolivet 9(2): 243-244.

6. Facilities available: The required facilities to carry out study are available in the
Department of Veterinary Medicine, COVAS.

7. Collaboration with other departments: Department of Veterinary surgery & Radiology

for undertaking imaging studies and other minor invasive procedure.
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this synopsis of Dr. Akash Bawa, Admission No. V-2020-30-012 entitled
“Clinico-therapeutic studies on canine endocrinopathies with special reference to
diabetes mellitus” has been formulated and finalized by the student himself in consultation
with the members of the advisory committee and as in accordance with the instructions of
Dean, Post Graduate Studies, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur on
the subject.

………………………………………. ……………………………………
(Signatures of student with date) (Signatures of major advisor with date)

Approved
Advisory Committee

Sl. No Name and Designation Signature (With date)

Dr. Des Raj Wadhwa, Professor & Head Major Advisor

1. Dept. of Veterinary medicine

Dr. Ajay Katoch, Assistant Professor Member

2. Dept. of Veterinary Medicine

Dr. Pardeep Sharma, Assistant Professor Member

3. Dept. of Veterinary Medicine

Dr. Adarsh Kumar, Professor Member and Dean PGS

4. Dept. of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology Nominee

Head of the Department Dean Postgraduate Studies