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    357 views9 pages

    Statistics and Probability Q3-W6-8-M5

    Uploaded by

    Leilla Mae Pata
    Uiy9

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 9
    s. Northern Zambales College, Inc. 4) Inhobol, Masinloc, Zambal / Basie Education Depar fie STATISTICS anp PROBABILITY SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION Quarter III: Weeks 6 to 8 -Module 5 so fntow aye ae some remitaters in using his module Fico the modate with care Do not waite anything, on the module, + pach lesson ts untiodiced and discussed with numerous examples assimilated with J-jye situations for mastery and appreciation, Cavelisly sead the instructions belare doing, each task, Vnnaver all he provided activities in the module, Write your answer tn separate Enjoy learning Uxpectations.-’these are the objectives of the lesson thatthe Fearner is expected to acquire after studying the module + Pee-teste This section will gather information about your prior knowledge in this lesson. © Introdnetion — This section will give you an overview of the lesson. © Empowering the Mind- This scetion discusses the topic. © Essential Learning ~ Chis section summarizes the concepts and application of the lessons. © Activity: ~ these are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other competencies. ‘This can be done with or without a partner depending on the nature of activity ¥ Assessment- This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the teaming competency. ¥- Answer Key- This contains answers to all activities in the module. ¥ Referenees- This is a list ofall sources used in developing this module. ing Outcomte(s) [Atthe end of the lesson, you are expected to: Fund the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean; b. Deine the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population when tae variance is: (a) known, (b) unknown, ¢. Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem; 4. Deine the sompting distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit Theorem, an 2, Solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean. MUL Op PIPLE CHOICE fon, Chouse the fetter of the best answer ean, variance, and siandard deviation are called. Sumple steustics —-b Sampling distribution. Standarderror ed Sample atcan Ks 4 distribution that shows the frequency with which values of statisties are observed when ail the possible random samples are drawn from a given population. Sample stausties -b. Sampling distribution, Standard error. d. Sample mean ve standerd deviation of @ sampling distribution is usually called the = Sampie stansuies —b, Sampling distribution ¢, Standard error @ Sample mean “ample of size 25 is taken from a population with mean 6 and variance 9. What is the stunnlate 3s 3s oe Which of the statements are always TRUE? he mean of the population mean (12) is the same as the sample mican Tite standard error of tne sample mean (a) is equal tothe population standard deviation 9 divided by ve squat oa of the sample siz this, og = The mesn and standard error of the distribution of sample means taken from a population with mican 4 nal standard deviation can be computed as, wg = # and og the sampling distribution of the mean of all samples of size 7 selected from 'is normal with mean jog = and variance 62 ‘ ¢ Sampling Distribution } in the previous modules, you have leamed how to determine a sample and describe it numerically using «a appropriate measure called a statistics. In this module, you are expected to enuich your understanding of sample and sampiing though a distribution of the sample statistic. IEMPOWERINGOUMENTIND] She Sampling Distribution deviation are called sample statistics. Replacing the 15 members formerly chosen, choose another sample of 15 and compute its | corresponding mean, variance, maple statistics c ifferent from the ones you identified earlier. icantly affect the whole group- siren apatenovetie snes whether positively or neyatively members is selected. At first, you can randomly take a sample of 15 and you know thst this sample may be described using its mean, Consider a population with 50 members and suppose a sample of [qq Big Iden In sample distributions, & small change in an element can have 2 drastic effect on the value of the statistics. Similarly, a minute change nce, and standard deviation, The mean, variance, and standard ind standard deviation. Then, the new | in 8 single member of a group can Repeat this for many times over and you will find that the mean, arian , and standard deviation vary from sample to sample. Therefore, sample statistics can be classified as sncom Variables and thus, have a corresponding distribution which is called the sampling distribution, are observed when all the possible random samples are drawn from a given population, tribution A sampling distribution is a distribution that shows the frequency with which values of statistics { Statistics and Probability | Quarter IM: Weeks 6 to 8- Module 5 | Edquiban, Joylyn © Be ENample 1: A sample with size x3 is drawn from the set 5, 6, 8, 12, and 20. Construct the sampling distribution ofthe meds Solution Using combination, there are Ci = 10 possible samples with size 3. The table below gives all these 10 samples and their corresponding, mectans: Sample Median | 2 12 The sampling dist “Frequency | Similar to the probability distributions you encountered in the previous modules, sampling distributions have a mean and a standard deviation. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is usually called the standard error. Example 2: Find the mean and the standard error ofthe sampling distribution ofthe medians given in example 1 Solution, The mean of the sampling distribution is _ 63) +8(4) +123) _ 86 He 10 Ti es _ Calculating the standard error ofthe distribution, L £ uy) LG =a 3 - 676 2028 t 4 036 144 ~ 3 1156 34.68 { ~ Tf=10 Ef — ug)? = 564 Ef(Z— ng)? 564 op UE us) on oy = VEG4 = 2.37 ‘The standard error of the sample medians is approximately 2.37. Example 3: Random samples with size 4 are drawn from the population containing the values 14, 19, 26, 31, 48, and 53. a. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample means , Find the mean of the sample means. ©. Compute the standard error of the sample means, Solution: There are «Cs ~ 15 samples with size 4 that can be taken from the population with size 6, [ Sample ‘Mean Sample Mean | ! 14,19, 26,31 5 14, 26, 31,53 31 i (71419, 26, 48 2675 | 14, 26, 48, 53 3525 Statistics and ._Distnbution of the Semple M 2675 | 29.25 | 29.75 py + 87.0489 0 L 25,8064 14.6689 | 29.3378 | st 66568 66564 | 1 4.3264 I 43264 i T 2 0.6889, ___ 13778 | 1 0.1764 01764 | | 1 2.7889 2.7889 | [4 - 11,6968 11.6964 2 467 21.8089 43.6178 1 3.92 5 5.0964 1 167 58,8289 _ | 3f=15 Ef = a)? = 306.7085 standard error represent? ‘The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means ‘Suppose that all possible samples with size n are drawn from a population with mean ye and standard deviation ¢, Then, the means obtained from all these possible samples will make up a sampling distribution ofthe sample means e Direction: Answer the following questions, Show all necessary solutions. 1. The following are the ages of 8 jeepney passengers in a waiting shed: 12, 15, 18, 19, 21,2: and 40. A sample with size 7 is chosen to ride in the current jeepney. a. Construct the distnibution of the standard deviations of all samples, \. Find the mean of the sample standard deviations ¢. Determine the standard error of the sample standard deviations 2. Explain the meaning of the standard error in a given sampling distribution. What does the apbig haea Small samples formed from a given population maintain the value of the population mean when the individuel sample means are put | together. In the same way, when smaller groups | are formed from a large group of people, they ‘cooperatively keep the original value of the group. lity | Quarter IIT: Weeks 6 to 8- Module 5 | Edqui 1. The sean ofthe sample means (jg) is the same as the population mean . 2. The standard error of the sample mean (a) is equal to the population standard deviation o divided by the square root of the sample size, thus, ‘Mean and § ‘The mean and standard error of the distribution of sample means taken from a population with mean | 1 and standard deviation o can be computed as Example 4, Random samples with size 4 are drawn from the population containing the values 14, 19, 26, 31, 48, and 53. Find the mean and the standard error of the sample means savaovaseaaeanesa _ 391 Solution: ‘The mean of the population is x = - 224 = 31.83. Therefore, bg = p= 31.83. et the stand error, compute first the population standard deviation: c= (aa — 31.93)? + (19 — 31.83)? + (26 — 31.93)°(31 — 31.83)? + 48 — 31.83)? + (63 — 31.83)" 1 Observe thatthe previous example isthe same as example 3 and from this, you can verify that the mean ‘ofthe sample means is the same as the population mean. However, you might be wondering why the computed standard error for examples 3 and 4 are different. This is because of the sampling error Sampling error is influenced by two factors ~ the population variance and the sample siz. Infact, the larger the size of the sample, thg smaller 1s the sampling error. Reflect Upon Sampling error and sample size are inversely related. The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error. Can you generalize this same observation in the formation of groups and clubs? Explain, Example 5: A schoo! has 900 junior school students. The average height of these students is 68 in with a standard deviation of 6 in, Suppose you draw a random sample of $0 students, Find the mean, standard deviation, and variance of the distribution of all sample means that can be derived from the samples, Solution 1 The mean of the distribution of the sample means is the same as the population mean, Thus, 4g . The standard error (or standard deviation) of the sample means is equal to: o 6 = 2 = ~op005 8 0 c. The variance is the square of the standard deviation. a 36 of 507 O72 af Activity 1 Direction: Answer the following questions. Show all necessary solutions, 1. Compute the mean, variance, and standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample means given the sample size n taken from the population and with mean wand standard deviation c. a n=15,n= 180=3 din = 20, = 3.25,0 = 0.72 bd n=Byu en = 30,p =812,0=27 Statistics and Probability | Quarter III: Weeks 6 to 8- Module 5| Edquiban, Joylyn E. Distribution of the Sample Mean of a Normal Variable Suppose a random variable ‘is given and the population distribution of 1'is known fo be normal with mean je and vanable a? Then, it follows that the sampling distribution ofthe mean of all samples of size selected from X ts normal with mean jug = p and variance a2 Knowing the normality of the sampling distribution of the sample mean allow you to’ compute probabilities involving means of samples using the standard normal distribution. Recall from module 4 that any score from a nonmal distribution can be converted int its equivalent standard normal score using z = =*, Now, since ina sampling distribution of the sample mean, the random variable gives the statistic Z with mean and standard deviation =, the formula is derived as Example 6: Suppose thatthe systolic blood pressures ofa certain population are normally distributed with mean f= 125 and o = 8 and a sample with size 36 is taken from this population. What is the probability that a single sample will have a mean blood pressure of less than 122? Solution: The sampling distribution of the means of all the samples taken from the population is normal since the population itself is normally distributed. Since 4 = 125 and o = 8, then the mean blood pressure of 122 can be converted to its corresponding standard score 122-125 _-3 _-18__ 40. re a er v36 6 In the z-table, $ (2.25) = 6(2.25)= 0.4878, P(e (-2.25) 2 4 0 4 2 8 Thus, 7 P(X < 122) = P(Z < -2.28) = 0.5 - 0.4878 ‘This means that the probability that a randomly chosen sample from the population will have a mean systolic blood pressure less than 122 is 1.22%. Recall that when samples with any size 7 are taken ‘The central limit theorem describes the from a normally distributed population, then the | normality of the distribution of sample means distribution of all sample means also follows a normal | taken from a population that means taken from a distribution, But what if the population from which the | population that is not normally distributed. Many samples are taken is not normally distributed? Can you | problems in real life involving the formation of conclude thatthe sampling distribution ofthe sample mean | samples and small groups can be modelled and ‘will be normal? The answer to this question is “yes” | solved using the central limit theorem. provided that the sample size is large enough. This can be the i ‘The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) Given a random variable 1’ with mean js and variance 0, then, regardless whether the population | distribution of Xis normally distributed or not, as the sample size n gets larger, the shape of the sample means xken from the population approaches a normal distribution, with mean j. and standard deviation Central Limit Theorem ig Idea Stati and Probabiy | Quarter: Weeks 6108 Modules] Edgsiba, dosha Ed ‘ote tha the explnsis oF the centeal tims theorem s onthe phrase “asthe sample size pets larger” Your=+ can oy sesume the sampling distibution ta be normal when the sample is large enough, Mostly 2 30 is 30, then you can assume that the sampling distribution of the mean ages of 100 teachers is normal according to the CLT. Converting to standard normal score, 35-34 4 P(X < 35) = P(Z < 2.5) P(X < 35) = 0.5 + 9(2.5) P(X < 35) = 0.5+ 04938 0.2 Raed easty J 8") oad oe — Therefore, the probability that the average age of the teachers is less than 35 is 99.38%. Example 8: In the national achievement test, a school had a total mean score of 59 with a standard deviation of 7. It 40 students who took the test are selected at random, what is the probability that the mean of their scores fall between 59 and 60? Sotunon, 59-59 60-59 y=—z—=0 4 =— 7 ¥ 0.904 va0 va0 By linear interpolation, (0.904) = [(0.91) - 4(0.90)] (SES) + (0.90) (0.904) = (0.3186 — 0.3159) (2) + 0.3159 (0.904) ~ 0.0027 (0.4) + 0.3159 ~ 0.3170 ‘Thus, P(S9

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