2019 First International Conference of Intelligent Computing and Engineering (ICOICE)

Ubiquitous Computing Environment:

literature review

Sarah Abdalrahman Alshqaqi Ammar T. Zahary, IEEE member Mohammed Mohammed Zayed
Department of information technology Faculty of Computer and IT ,Sana'a Department of computer science
Sana'a University University , And Faculty of Engineering Sana'a University
Sana'a, Yemen and IT , Azal University for Human Sana'a, Yemen
Development, Sana'a Yemen
sarahalshqaqi@gmail.com aalzahary@gmail.com mzayed@su.edu.ye

Abstract - During the fast improvement of computing technology
worldwide, the new intelligent concept of Ubiquitous Computing
(Ubicomp) has appeared as a promising field that cover different
areas such as sensors network, artificial intelligence and computer
science. Ubicomp is a way to improve the quality of users life by
making many computers available and effectively invisible to the
user throughout the physical environment. There have been
number of studies, research developments and technologies that
have emerged in Ubicomp such as the components and fundamental
properties of Ubicomp system, context aware systems, wearable
systems, Internet of Things technology(IoT) and Things That
Think(TTT). However, there is still a lack of understanding of
Ubicomp environments and the comprehensive studies in this part
are limited. Therefore, this paper aims to show understanding
literature review that classify the Ubicomp environments into
Pervasive computing, Context-aware system, Internet of things
(IoT) , Wearable system and Things that think (TTT).
Index Terms - Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing,
context-aware Systems, Internet of things, Things that think and
wearable systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ubicomp is a revolutionary in the world of computer
science and information technology such as information
communication technology field (ICT)[5][8]. Ubicomp
contains microprocessors and tiny sensors. These devices are
interconnected by a network. They collect and record data
from their surroundings. Then this data will be processed to be
meaningful information that is then shared among
devices[1]. The types of sensors are thermal, acoustic, visual,
infrared, magnetic, seismic and radar sensors. Each sensor
detect data according to sensor type for example : temperature,
humidity, vehicular movement, lightning conditions, pressure,
soil makeup and noise levels. In ubiquitous computing Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) is used by these sensors to
identify distance to determinate which devices will then work
[3][7][8]. RFID is an automatic identification technique which
depends on storage to remote retrieval of wireless data through
RFID tags or transponders which include single identification
numbers and additional appropriate data for integrating virtual
data in the physical world. It allows to trace all types of
physical devices that aid to certify that electronic systems will
be embedded in smart world: smart phones, smart cars, smart
cities and smart homes[4]. The smart devices learn the user's
behaviour through collecting, recording, processing and then
let devices to communicate to facilitate the life for user[1].
The devices should have a good simulation and integration for
acting into reality[2][9]. The name of ubiquitous computing
has different ranges such as pervasive computing, Internet of
Things and so on. However, all ranges target to facilitate the
life and promote the economics. Ubicomp system are
supporting a growing part of everyday life events such as
shopping, working, government services[6]. Consequently,
Ubicomp is essentially an infrastructure-based innovation it
will need high early investments hence it is one of issues in
world of Ubicomp[3]. In[3][8] From other perspective, the
greatest vital of all is the power consumption of devices
subsequently these devices must work uninterruptedly
regardless of their location. They must be energy effective to
work with little power consumption. The environment of
Ubicomp, all devices are necessary to keep on association
with one another for continuous exchange of information.
Technology of wireless is enabler for a kind of
communication in the meantime most of the Ubicomp that are
inserted in other devices. Wireless technology and privacy of
these devices were permanently a concern of Ubicomp. In
addition, if Ubicomp is going to be applied, price becomes a
significant factor for the reason that these equipment will need
to be pervasive. Consequently, it is not practical to assume
that people will be willing to pay great costs for multitude of
Ubicomp that will be in place for their lifetime. As a result,
Ubicomp has to take price into consideration to be helpful in
making cost effective solutions[8]. Ubicomp spreads on a
wide ranging of research areas, containing distributed
computing, mobile computing, location computing, mobile
networking, context-aware computing, sensor networks,
human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence. We
clarify our objective in ubiquitous computing environment

978-1-7281-4487-0/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

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through in figure 1:
Fig. 1. Ubiquitous computing environment.

In this paper, we went through the most critical and significant

studies in Ubicomp environment. First, we will explain
pervasive computing. Then, context aware systems. Next,
Internet of Things, Things That Think and wearable systems.
Finally, we will discuss and conclude the literature review.

II. UBIQUITOUSE COMPUTING

Ubiquitous computing consists of five concepts that we will
explain as follows :
Table I. PERVASIVE COMPUTING

Definition Component Interaction Application Distinct How they Purpose

with user attribute function

Pervasive Smart devices Users can Mobile cloud These The devices They are responsible
computing is a such as : interact with computing distributed collect and for providing user
field in different forms (MCC) is an system are share data with services and
ubiquitous - modern smart of devices such application unseen in the which information[10] at
computing cars. as laptops, of pervasive background. contains anytime and
where tablets and so computing[1 It should information. anywhere.
distributed -Context aware on[14]. 2] and necessary Some The main objective
systems are the system. similar to consider four information of pervasive
computers that Pervasive education. features: can be computing is to be
are unseen in -Certain computing environments "(namely, sensitive such available as well as
the network contains . sensitivity of as user's to assure an
background[10] technology has complex context, credit card environment that has
. been combined systems[18] that connectivity, and the unobtrusive and
Pervasive with pervasive embeds sensors, and ability to behaviours of constant
computing computing such applications[15] analyse)"[13]. the user. connectivity[14].
as artificial without user Consequently It uses devices
intelligence[14] intervention , it should be for assisting
. [17]. secured [10] user’s
as in e-health everyday tasks
systems, as well as to
information rise efficiency
that is shared [13]. Such as MCC, in
by physicians a classroom if students
and by the are
internet or unable to
mobile understand because
networks they have new default
from diverse subjects, MCC
locations can address these
[11]. problems by
integrating the
technologies of
pervasive
computing in the
classroom
environment[14].

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Table II. CONTEX-T AWARE SYSTEM

Interaction Distinct How they

Definition Component Application Purpose
with user attribute function

The abstract There is no Smart home The ability of The context Presentation
Context
architecture of direct applications. a system or a aware of
awareness is the
context aware interaction system systems have information
ability of a
system contains with the component to a significant and services
system or a
four layers user. gather feature in to the user
system
1: network layer However, information pervasive based on
component to
contains a the user about its computing. context,
gather
network would environment They have automatic
information
supporting know about at any given capabilities execution of
about its
context aware the existing time and adapt of sensing services. In
environment at
systems ,sensor of context behaviours the smart home :
any given time
gathering low- aware accordingly. environment, when a user
and adapt
level of context system by tracing the returns
behaviours
information its output, user's home.
accordingly.
such as such as behaviours Context
Contextual or
protocols and smart home as well as aware
context-aware
network applications building applications
computing uses
application. . intelligent should make
software and
2: middleware decisions to the coffee
hardware to
layer achieves achieve and on the air
automatically
that processes context condition by
collect and
and stores specific task tagging
analyse data to
context [15]. context for
guide
information Context is information
responses.
such as very for a latter
In intelligent
metadata based important retrieval [16].
environments,
middleware and during
the context
agent based runtime,
aware systems
middleware. because it
are an essential
3: based below will make
component[16].
layers, the
The design, the
application information
Context development
layer that offers about the
aware system [15] and
users through status of
building[17] of
suitable service people,
context aware
such as web places, and
systems remain
services. And, things
meaningfully
4: infrastructure readily
more
layer such as available.
challenging
user interface These
than traditional
[18]. to offer processes
systems.
appropriate have
Without the
interface to numerous
support of well-
users. actions such
organized
collecting
formal
raw data
specification
aggregation
and verification
from the
techniques and
devices, then
tools[15] as
process it for
well as how to
information
manage the
to know and
necessary
decide what
context
actions to be
information
taken from
consequently
the
the techniques
environment
of software
and that is
engineering is
because of
necessary for
the changing
addressing the
behaviours
difficulty in
of humans, it
context aware
is difficult to
systems[17].
decide the
context [19].

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Table III. INTERNET OF THINGS

Interaction Distinct How they

Definition Component Application Purpose
with user attribute function

Internet of Internet of Interaction Healthcare Every smart It To make

Things Things include could be systems: to device must interconnects[23] the life
abbreviated as radio frequency between help doctors connect to sensors and smart easier
(IoT) and it is identification devices to to check the internet. devices [27][43] [29][31] .
an extension of (RFID) devices or patients [24] by
the [22][24][30] and devices to and to help communication
internet[29], it is one of user or user patients, for protocols[32]
which merged hardware to devices effective like IPv6[25]. It
with different component [28] [27]. home expanded address
fields in smart that is included monitoring space, supports
environment. in infrastructure [33]. addressing,
It is a system of [23][29]. We , to decrease connecting in
interrelated need an enabler the time and addition to
computing in IoT[25] in cost, and to tracing things
devices, addition to RFID improve the [37].
mechanical and which is a base quality of It means every
digital component in healthcare for smart home has a
machines and the core doctors and WSN that senses
objects. networking of patients [27]. data then gather
To transfer data the structure IoT IoT is also and send this
over a network [35]. It is used to used in other data to central
without transmit fields like device called
requiring information smart home hub that
Internet of human-to- through wireless transport, could be a PC,
things human or communication smart tablet or smart
human-to- [30][31]. education[25] phone. They
computer , smart policy collect the sensed
interaction. makers, smart data, process
The grouping national[23], them then they
of information smart farming can interconnect
technology and [24][26] , with other
communication smart vehicle devices
in addition to networks[27], externally.
sensing systems smart
help to generate industrial
comprehensive and smart
environment, community
such as in [36]
pervasive
computing and
ubiquitous
computing to
perform
everywhere and
anytime[23]. It
is considered a
technological
revolution that
characterize the
future of
communication
[35].

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 Interaction with Distinct How they
Definition Component Application Purpose
user attribute function

In[24]: 1) A Interaction could in addition Every They interact To make the

wireless sensor be between to self- smart between life easier
network involves a devices to driving device themselves, [29][31] .
smart sensing devices or cars[41]. must with the
objects which can devices to user or Smart connect to environment
interconnect over user to devices learning the [22] to obtain
direct radio [27]. approach, internet. information
-communication which then know,
, 2) software that senses and control, and
contains appreciates act[24] to
middleware [33] , its create and run
storage and tools for environment the suitable
data analytics [20] [41][42]. process for the
, 3) presentation right services
contains with or without
visualizations and direct human
interpretation tools intervention
which can be [20].
designed for diverse
applications. In[33]
it is classified as
hardware , software
and architecture
that are required to
Signify, establish
then arrange IoT in
a way which allows
it making the
Internet of things purpose
efficiently[33].
Consequently the
architecture design
of an Internet of
Things consist of a
lot of influences
such as networking,
communication-n,
business model,
processes and
security[34].

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Table IV. THINGS THAT THINK

How
Interaction Distinct
Definition Component Application they Purpose
with user attribute
function

Things That - Smart There is Smart home These The data To

Think are devices. interaction applications. smart is facilities
mobile devices with the user. devices collected the user's
with - can think from the task.
computational Sophisticate according sensors
Things power and d sensing. to then it
that think storage informatio extracts
capabilities[38] n that they a result
. collect. or a
decision
to
facilitate
the user's
tasks.

Table V. WEARABLE SYSTEM

Interaction Distinct How they

Definition Component Application Purpose
with user attribute function

Smart wearable Smart devices There is Sports, medical These Apple smart -increase
devices in core such as : interaction and even in devices wearables, productivity.
are wireless -Apple smart with the user military could be particularly, -facilities user's tasks.
sensor equipped wearable. as input and environment worn. the watch -monitoring tasks.
objects which -Wearable in output. [44][45]. Series 3 and - encourage self-
are set in healthcare later models responsibility.
clothing and such as: with state-of- - It is used for
equipment that HealthPatch the-art instance location of
are intended to MD. heartbeat user, environments
be worn Smart Stop by sensors and and movements.
determinedly Chrono features have
via users. Therapeutics saved people's
Wearable sensor lives and even
itself "is not a assisted in
different detecting
technology what undiagnosed
creates these ones.
objects smart
is their wireless
communication
capability that
allows them to
Wearable system communicate
to the Internet".
It couples
information
communication
technology with
ubiquitous
computing then
cloud
computing,
helped in the
appearing of
smart wearable
devices.
Consequently ,
wearable
technology is
now being
applied in
various diverse
areas.

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 III. DISCUSSION
Technology is moving from
personal computers (pc) to handheld, intelligent, and
devices imbedded technology and connectivity. In the midst of
the rapid development of techniques technology and its spread
worldwide, it is essential for us to learn about the world of
ubiquitous computing as well as its concepts within this new
technology. The Ubiquitous computing paradigm was presented
in early 1990s by Weiser (Weiser 1991, 1993). Ubiquitous
computing or "Ubicomp" is a concept in field of software
engineering then field of computer science where computing is
made to appear anytime and everywhere. The objective of
pervasive computing is to make smart objects smart by making
a sensor network capable of collecting, processing and sending
data. And communicate as a means to adapt to the data's
context and activity in a network which can understand
its surroundings in addition to increase the human experience
and quality of life. Context awareness created as a term from the
concept of ubiquitous computing and pervasive computing that
deal with linking changes in the environment by computer
systems that has also been applied to business theory. Context
awareness is used as a part of ubiquitous computing's concepts
and wearable systems. Internet of Things (IoT) has largely
evolved out of pervasive computing there is little or no
difference IoT is likely more in line with pervasive computing
rather than Weiser's original view of ubiquitous computing.
In the Internet of Things there is a concept involved in it which
is wearable technology or smart wearable systems which it
objects are worn on body. They have been applied to kinds for
instance behavioural modelling, health monitoring systems,
information technologies, as well as media development. Things
That Think (TTT) initiated in 1995 through the objective of
involving computation into both the environment and everyday
objects. Things That Think
researchers are in a range of important emerging
technologies for instance sensor networks, ambient information
displays, biometrics,video streaming, video indexing, and RFID
technology. Through the literature reviews we have reviewed
we figured out that there was a relationship among the five
concepts in the ubiquitous computing concepts and we clarified
the whole concept as mentioned.
IV. TRENDS
Ubiquitous computing is the biggest and the newest field in
sensor communication technology area nowadays. To the best
of our knowledge, it contains many concepts as we divided in
this search. We reviewed many scientific researches
discussed one concept such as pervasive computing, context
aware system or Internet of Things and so on. Some
researchers discussed some issues such as security, privacy
and many problems as we mentioned above, how others can
addressed as idea solutions or as experimental solutions. Some
researchers discussed the applications or the areas that where
is in every concept. For example, in [8] discussed the issues in
ubiquitous computing such as the networks and how would it
be more embedded and evolved in more complex devices.
Other proposed a system in [10] for context aware system and
pervasive computing is CASAS by single formalism to
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improve the security and how they will improve the system
and software tools that will be developed to support the
proposed method. In[21] implemented a system in smart home
for fridge and it is called open fridge project to build new
services. The author[31] discussed the services in smart home
by different systems such as control system and monitoring
system. The authors in[39] suggests solutions for disasters as
wearable devices system one of the fastest on the rise trends in
internet of things, particularly for people that were more
technically savvy and they will develop technical solutions in
specific gaps to solve these problems. And in [40] for animal
welfare discussed the development approach to enhance the
systems and will develop it in the future.
V. CONCULSION
We gathered all the concepts of ubiquitous computing to
better understanding it . The concepts that were gathered in
this paper have been merged with many fields. In day-to-day
life activity in the seek of easing the life of the user and
achieving better. Some of the fields that adopted ubiquitous
computing are disturbed computing , mobile computing ,
location computing, mobile networking, context aware
computing , sensor networks, human computer interaction and
artificial intelligence. The concepts of ubiquitous computing
are pervasive computing, context aware systems, Internet of
Things, things that think and wearable systems. Pervasive
computing has become responsible for suitable access to
suitable information and applications through a new
class of ubiquitous, intelligent appliances that have
the ability to easily function when and where needed
. The concept of things that think (TTT) is to create
future of digitally augmented objects and
environments consequently it is a sophisticated sensing and
computational architectures for networks of
everyday things. Context aware computing refers to
general class of mobile systems which can sense their
physical environment and is the component of
ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing
environment. The Internet of Things (IoT) is
becoming an increasing topic of interest among
technology and business communicates. Wearable
systems, wearable technology is a smart electronic
devices which can be corn on the body as implant or
accessories then related to ubiquitous computing.
Ubiquitous computing present challenges a cross
computer science in systems design and engineering
, system modelling and user interface design. Future work
should defined in the concept of things that
think (TTT) and discuss the environment in more details.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To those who supported me all along. Who inspired me and
believed in me. Thank you Dad and Mum. Many thanks to my
brothers Mohammed and Ahmed for their great support. I
would like also to express my gratitude towards Dr. Ammar
Al-Zahary and Dr. Mohammed Zayed for allowing me to learn
from you and for giving me a new perspective on available
opportunities. I sincerely appreciate the time you spent with
me.
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