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- By inspection a singular solution is y = 1 By inspection a singular solution is y = 0. The singular solution y = 1 satisfies the initial-value problem. ‘ ; , ay 1 gte-l * ti bk btait = de. Then ——— = and y — ——____.. Setti Separating variables we obtain uP ir, en, ya z+e y pie ‘ing . . = 101 x= and y = 1.01 we obtain ¢ = —100. The solution is y = = 00 . . , dy -1 ede. 1 1o(y—1) = Seporoting variables we obtain 7 app ggg = d% Then 10tan'10(y — 1) = x +6 ond 1 ate . ae t xz yait pp tans. Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we obtain c = 0. The solution is y = 1+ 7p tan ag - dy Wy -11 fi 4 in ———_ = da, Inj = . = Separating variables we obtain Gaiy oot dz, Then 5in Toy 9 ate. Setting s=0 14Exercises 2.3 and y = 1 we obtain c= 5In1 = 0. The solution is omnf ea = 1 or nem = dz. Thus tan tu =24coru=tan(t+c), and s+y41=tan(z +c) or y = tan(e+e) ~ 2-1. BY. Let w= rt+y tl so that dufdx = 1+dy/x. Then a 2 du 58. Let u= 2+ y so that du/ds = 1+ dy/de. Then 7 — or udu = dr. Tims 5 =2+e or? = 22 +e, and (ce +y)* = 224+. d 59. Let u = x+y so that du/de = 14 dy/dr Then = — 1 = tan?u or cos@udu = dz. ‘Thus ix i 1 gut gsingu =a + ¢ or Qu + sin2u— 4a + cr, and Ae ty) +sn2(z+y) = 40 4c or Qy + sin 2(z + y) = 2e +4 60. Let 4-y 60 that du/dx = 14 dy/de. Then @ — 1 = sinw or —4 . Leb u=z+y 80 = . Then 1 = y uw & lysine du = de or (seo?u—tanusecu) du = dz. Thus dt = dz. Multiplying sinu by (1 —sinu)/( —sinu) we here ~—S™ tanu secu = x4 or tan(x +y)—sec(x ty) = rte. di L GL. Let u = y— 20 +380 that dufds = dy/de — 2. Then yt 2— 24 Valor du = de. Thus Qu ateand 29> wF3—7H+e. a 62. Let u = y—ac+5 0 that dufds = dy/de — 1. Then +1 = 146% or e-Ydu = de. Thus =etcand eH arte, Exercises 2.3, 1. Since f(ts, ty) = (t2)° + 2(tz)(ty)? A - fo 1 f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 3. ie 2. Since f(tz, ty) = Vie 1 ty (4tz + 3ty) = #°/? F(x, y), the function is homogeneous of degree 3/2. _ G2) (ty) = (ea)? (ty)? 3. Since f(tz, ty) = = t?f(2,y), the function is homegeneous of degree 2. (ta + 8ty)? 4. Since f(tz,ty) = + —____ = 1 /(2,y), the function is homogeneous of degree —1. (ey)? + yitz}4 + (yt t 5. Since f(4x,1y) = cos £2 4 1" cos © for eny 1, the function is not homogeneous ye ty) = vty ty ly 7, LOB z zr zt+y 6. Since f(tz,ty) = sin = f(z,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 0.Exercises 2.3 7. Since f(tz, ty) nd? + In? — 2(int + Iny) = f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 0. 3inte 3inty 8. Since f(tz, ty) = # ane 7 any n, the function is net homogeneous. 1 9. Since f(tz, ty) = (ee Fr 1 i) “2p f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree —2. 10. Since f(tz,ty) = (ta + ty + 1)? 4 "(a +9 + 1)? for any 2, the function is not homogeneous. 11. Letting y = uz we have {z—uz) de +2z(udz+adu) = de +2du=0 Ft duno £ In[z| +u=e zln|z|+y = ca. 12. Letting y= uz we have (a+ ue) de + xludr + rdu) = (+ 2ujde+2du=0 Sy du 1+ 2u =0 Info} +5 mt +2u| =e 2 (422) ec a) a? 4 dey = cy. 18. Letting x = vy we have vy(udy + y dv) + (y — 2vy) dy = 0 vydu + (v® — 2v +1) dy =0 vdv dy e-ty inv 1|-—4 empl =e 1614. Letting x = vy we have 15. Letting y = ux we have 16. Letting y = ux we have +iny=e tly (2—y)ln|z - 9] - y= oe — y). uludy + ydv) — vy +y) dy =0 ydu—(v+2)dy=0 dy dy e+2 oy Inv +2| —Infyl = 0 z In|= +2) —In|yl—e y | lul a+ 2y=ay. (v2? + un?) de — 2? (ude + ou) wd —2du=0 dc du zw? Injzl += = Injl+ 2 = ¥ yln [al +2 = cy. (Wx? + uz”) do + 2"(ude + zdu) =0 (u? + 2u) dz + cdu=0 az du atwusy? 1 1 Info| + 5In[uf — 5 Inu +2] =e Exercises 2.3Exercises 2.3 3 woe (£+2) eG sty = e(y + 22). 17. Letting y = uz we have (uz — x) da - {ux + 2)(ude + edu) =0 {u? +1) de + olu+ Ydu=0 dx uti 5 wei 1 2 =1 to jal + 5 In (¥ +1) +tan"lu=e e y Ing? (+1) +2u0t£aa z z mn(e? +9?) +2tent 2 =o. 18. Letting y = uz we have (2+ 3uc) de — (30 + uz)(ude + xdu) = 0 (u? = 1) dr +a(u+3)du=0 de ut3 Tuner? Inf2|-+2ln|u— 1) Inju+t}=e atu 1)? util “E-yea(te) (y—2P = ey +2). =e 18Exercises 2.3 19. Letting y = ur we have —uedr+ (r+ fur)udr+rdu)=0 (e+ afu)du+ 0 de =0 (w9?+2) dus =o w © —2u-¥/? + In ul + in|z] =e ely te y(In [y| — ¢)? = de. lnly/z| + In ja] 20. Letting y = ur we have (us +e wi?) dz — a(ude + du) a¥l+wde—2?du=0 0 de dug z View In|z| — In let isnt | =e utyVltv=azr gt yy+e2 sor? 21. Letting 2 = vy we have ay (udy +y dv) ~ avy" + y") dy = 0 Py de — (ot +1) dy =0 2? dy wey 0 Fimo? 4a) -mniel =e (+ ye =e