‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

‫ا
 ا

دس‬

‫ا رات ا  
وض‬

Statistical Tests of Hypotheses







:            :


. 
    .1
.     .2
.   
    
  !
 .3

.
  "# $ 
%  &
 '( )  .4
.*
 +
 , 
  .5
. 
 &+
  - , 
   
.6

. 
 & 
+"  - , 
   
.7
. 
  & SPSS . 
+   .8

:"! 1 6
( 7
"
0+/) ,/
0+/  1" ,# 2 .3 (   4 % , 5  " % - +

&'0( ,/
0+/ ." " 93# 
#/ : 4 *
 . , &'(

 109 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

0
 % (= >
 % "  
) 4 .3 Estimates  
;   < 

.,
  , '(  
 ,"
"+ .4 . ?2 .5 , 

,0= .*
 +
 ,= *
3 3 #  % 3 %   &'( 
/
* ,
/ *
+" / ""; :  A
3 .@"+ 60 2  *
 &  +
 % #  :

0( @0"; &

  .: !B 4 3
 5 C + *
 & " D)
 3
 ( C+" *
3 3= "# 
  /  2  , 

@"+ 30 2 " &  +
   .- +   % ,  5 
" .= " ?2

0
 2 ,4 ,@"+ 58.5 2 " &  +
    . "+ A
 "";
&0 0 0+
 % ,'  , " $ *
 &  +
  & , C5
A 9 *
 " &+
  @"+1.5 2 - G! %  ,2 F@"+ 60 2 *


 3 
&" H .F'( "  (2) " - % .% F "
:&3  

. *
 & 3 5 , 3 # > #
:

:
  

." " ,# 
#/ +  , *
 & . > # % .3 ,  
 # > #

:# $ %& ' () $ *& 2 6

:% #   # + 1

.? A
% @ 
9 $  , *
 . , $  -3
  :"2   > #

.0
 µ = 50 02  
/ % & '
/ 3 B
   +
   B=

&0 &0 1

 9 G J + C3+) 2 % =  .#! .3
 & $  C3+% - 

 110 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

? 0A
% @ 0
90 =  , G $  -3
   "2 . B
 K
+

0 0 Research Hypothesis $   "%  2 9+ : . µ f 50 2

& > ! $  . # 

 G &+  
 :  FF 2 ,= 
 

K
+0 & > ! $  ,' ,   "L 5 *5 & " ?"3 5 ; B
 K
+

0B
 K
+ & > ! $  .  ,'  "L  ""% 9" M N ,B


-3
  *L  > # .B
 K
+ & > ! $  ,'  "3 5 5 " "";

0 9+ B

 K
+ & > ! $  . # 
 G  % ,  $ 

: % G% .& 

:Null Hypothesis " #"

Alternative ( Research ) Hypothesis % #

H1 : µ f 50
: ,+

% ,0" % *
+0" / . H o 0 ,  / @"% &" " " 93# " H o , 5

0
% C0 *
 3 5 ; : G%  M % A
" & @") : .M H o

. 
 & " 93# 
#/ C : O3#  < 2 O3

.0= . "...(P3) G"   / " , &   % " ""% PB C L%

0# 3
 > # "   + ( 5 
 .+  , *
  "# 
"

0" B
/ 2 ,2 2 3# C" % ," G ,J+ .*
 3 L
/ 

 111 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬


 ; ." ,J+ 2 93#  R .F( ) " C + @"% .% (P3 %  G%)

. 
 > # 9+ "3

:" #"

   < .*
 .  =% % 3 5 , (#  % .#!) 
 
 2
." 5 G+
*
 3 % ,
3

:% #

.&    B " " "

#%  43 " &
 3

Level of Significance : . + .2

0 > # .M *5 & 2 " H o &    ,
 " K
+ 
*05 &0 02 " &    5 
 > ,= 2 . α ! @ !
$0 *0 & .05 & 4  
 +  B
 3
 ,
/ 2 .M
&0" &0 G%0 1B
0+ /0 &0 0.10 O> 0  5 , & .01 O:34
+
.S...++

:3+  '*&   4 / ) 012 (

:Type – 1 Error : 5  6*&

02 105 ,
 , M *5 & 2 " H o  5 
 # T
" A 2
.Level of Significance " K
+ 9+ ,
/ 2 α 2 A

:Type 11 Error 3 5  6*&

 112 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

,
 & *5 & 2 " H o (  . # ) ,  5 
 # T
" A 2
.0
β 2 A 2 $ 
The &'( 
/ >5 9+ &"= 1"  A $  ,
/ , ,
 :"2

,0
 2 1 − β G+ 
/ > 3# K  N 2 Power of a statistical test

.&   "# H o &   

:Test Statistic :%&7 '+) .3

0
/  9+
 ?2  2 
 & . 
+
"  "  C+"

." *!
9+  &
 *!
@ &'# U
 # > # &2 Test Statistic

:(#9  %! !* +) : ! &  .4

Acceptance Region , 5 " 

" 9 
/  2A &
 . .+


 " H o &   , " ""; 

/  5 4 5  &
 " &2

5  &

 &2 Rejection Region  " :"= " . H 1 ($  ) , 

% P0B . H 1 , 0   , " H o &   " ""; 

/  5 4

.Critical value   9+


"  ,
&
  % "

: "! "&) .5

. H o &   , 5 %   

 &2 >) >

 113 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

$0    4   . θ 3 , 

   # #  .3
" + H

, 0  0 & 0  ; θ 0 " 5  ,5% θ %  =( , 93# , 2

H 0 : θ = θ0 H1 : θ p θ 0 :&3  "

05 04 *0

&0
 " " .= 
/  C+" H 0  % , 5 " &

 "# H 0 ) ,) 1"  A $  ,

 F,  " .%  " :(

. " - *
&
 9"" 
+ G+ (M 

:9*  %&7  + 
*  %&7

03  % (+0% % 0%) 0 () ,   5 

/ % 9 >(  

. H 1 ,  3 
: ( )

H 1 : θ f θ 0 : : % #  ) .1
?2 & . % () ,  
 :
/ 9+ ) , & *
 " ;

     % (

/ ) ( 5 "  H 0 &   " 

.( )

H 1 : θ p θ 0  % #" " ) .2
?2 & .+% () ,  
 : 
/ 9+ +) , & *
 " ;

0    ,5% (

/ ) ( 5 "  H 0 &   " 

.( )

H 1 : θ ≠ θ 0  % #  ) .3

 114 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

 ?2 & .(  ) 3  

 :
/ 9+ 3 & *
 " ;

% )  & " 5   % 

/  5 "  H o &   "

.+)  & " 5  ,5%

:; <% %&7 ' () $ *& =& 

,0  0
/     "" "2 : H 1 ,   H o &    

. H 1 ,    
 2 . 3 %  ()

: $7+ ?@3 A % #  , H o : θ = θ o  #

H1 : θ p θ o
θ f θo
θ ≠ θo
.C+" " K
+ "

0" . θ = θ o 
 "# G% M H o   "# Test Statistic 
/  C+"

.,  "  "

:  H o ( #9 B ) % / #9%  ! &6

0 % Z ( 5 "  H o " ""; H 1 : θ f θ o 2 H 1 ,     V

. Z α (    )   

2

  ,5% Z ( 5 "  H o " H 1 : θ p θ o 2 H 1 ,     V

. − Z α (    ) 

2

 115 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

Z "  % Z α   % Z "  H o " H 1 : θ ≠ θ o 2 H 1 ,     V

2

. Z α −  ,5%
2

*
 & 4 . , 
  &  ?2 - 
 K" + H

. µ *
 +
 , 
 ; 2% "+ 
 & % 

: µ C( * %& 3 6

:/ $B= :"2 % " = >

 µ *
 +
  
"#

0"  % O(*0

3 &0
/ *!
 # P"  )   n " .   V

n " .  4) .3 σ G " µ *5

&  *!
 @ *
   +

µ *5
&  *!
 *
 &'# U
 # > # X " +
   ?2 & (U

 σ2 σ2
0
 *0!
 *
 Z % G% 0 X ~ N  µ ,  ;0 &
  % G% . 

 n  n

Z= n
X −µ
~ N (0,1) .(1 
 0 *5
) &+
σ

. 
+0"  ?2 & .,4 σ G "/  
  +  "  V

.n-1  t *!

*

t  t = n X − µ ~ t (
n −1
S

*!
@ " &  *!
 *
 / *
   + " U " .   V

.&  *!

 *
 /  ?2 & " +
 ; W

:; <% %&7 ' () $ *& =& 

 116 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

,0  0
/     "" "2 : H 1 ,   H o &    

0 O H o : µ = µ o &   . H1 ,    

 2 . 3 %  ()

:/ $B= @ , 

H1 : µ p µo
µ f µo
µ ≠ µo

.C+" " K
+ " .2

 2 µ = µ o 
 "# G% M H o   "# Test Statistic 
/  C+".3

.t  % z 

.,  "  " ".4

:&
) H o (  . # ) , 5 %   A".5

  % Z ( 5 "  H o " ""; H 1 : µ f µ o 2 H 1 ,     .%

Z α
2
.(  )  

0 ,05% Z ( 5 "  H o " H 1 : µ p µ o 2 H1 ,     .C

− Zα . (    )  

2

Z 0"  % Z α  % Z "  H o " H1 : µ ≠ µo 2 H1 ,     .7

2

Zα −
. 2  ,5%

Assumption Testing %&7 #9

 117 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

9 7

 ?2 .,3
G  , 5 4
C  4 '( 
/ ,

&03# -0 "
 ?2  . ?2 :4
" K  &3# 


/ +
5 ) .

.X  
=%  )   ,t 
 1"% *

:t $ %& C(  <%*  *1

.>
 %  +" N >  
% C :! 0+ V1

.+  *
  '# " 
% C :D 1  V2

.X  #! *
 & . 
% C :%* CE V3

 .&'( ,3

 N .
 & $  
2  &"=  ,) 

.3
 - >  ?
  $=

:# $ %&  !3 $ 9 % @

>0
   ; ( H1 : θ ≠ θ o ,     "# :)   
/   "#

0
/ 0 0 / O ?2 & *
+" $ ,  "   4+" &2 
=

,2 K" .= O,  "   93# "3 5 " = >

 C+" % O2 - + 

903# 02 0"   .@L" % H o , " 3# "  / .%   ?2 & θ o >
  *

0 70 G+ /   +

 A ,'  
  &  - + ,= "

,  " & *

70 >
  .66.7 , 82. 9 &2 (,  ") = >
   % "

, 0  0 "  70 G+   +

 A ,' &   , " .= 

. 70 G+ /   +

 A ,'

 118 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

C( * + #9 %&7 T %& '12

Analysis '5 
 V1

One- 0 - " M" One- Sample T-Test &3# .= Compare Means 93# " V2
.Sample T-Test

*  9 U
 :
 ! &3# " .= wbc   3 U
 
 .
 V3

. Test Variable(s)

.11.5  +
  
 .
 Test Value *  & V4

.OK 93# " V5

One-Sample Statistics

Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
WBC 80 9.9321 3.29080 .36792

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 11.5

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Difference
t df
 119 
Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
WBC -4.261 79 .000 -1.5679 -2.3002 -.8355
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

t 05 ,B0  :  +

 " +
  
 :"2  <  


,5%   " K

+ 5 "  .   " K
+ (df)   

05 :"2 % 93#  ,

.X=J  +
  - ; O(p<0.05) 0.05 

."

 * % < %&7 T %& 4 6

T-test for the deference between two samples

0  + "     >  "#  & t 
 . 
+ .
O- + ! &

"  # ,J+ " !

.4 & , 2 & 
+" ./ .% +" 
 *


0 '# " " ; . 

3
 
  % @+" *
  
' 
"

.' " & B

/ 9 * %  #  B
 G% ; O@+" *


 0 0+
  B
 K% ; O 3
 
  '# " "  %

. =A
% U
 B
+ 9 *

:! $ + 9 T %& :7/

&0 3
 
 ,   "# 3
+ "  & t 
 . 
+ C+") 

" & 

 # 3
 9) " & 
   "# G% .( 
") U


 120 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

  
& C<
5 ,G% > .#  .
 2 &3# -3 ,#  .G)

 @ 3
+ "  & t 
 ./ .% X" 
" & +
  -  

: L

. 

 < 
#  >  # & 
 4P : 
" ,B
+ .1

.+
 
@ *
  # 
 C : 
 N"
.2

0
/ 2   . 
 G+
 Levene 
 SPSS T" . 
+ ON"
 
/

0< 0"
 A0 ,' ,   , " &   " ""; O(P <0.05) "

G0" 0< 0

/ 2   . 
 G+
. #  
9  ?2 & A3" .+


& A3" ."

  P3 B
 :"2 N @"A ,' &   , " ""; O(P>0.05)

90 A03"  "# "  =% 

+
 ?2 . 
 G+
. #  
9  ?2

.3
+ "  & t 
 

,03
&0 
 &"=  " ,($  .
1L) $   & ,) 

0 C +0  .0"  &3# &  *!

 
  C ,3
 , 5 .3
+ "

,B0 0 :   .>  &3# U

 ,   
 9 7
" ""; 
3
 
"#

.Factor List  . 

+ Explore  - "

! $ + 9 T%&  *

.Analyze '5 
 V1

 121 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

 - " M
 Independent- Samples T Test &3# .= Compare Means &3# " V2

.Independent- Samples T test

0U
 ?2 :
 ! &3# " .= wbc  ?
 C3 U
 
 .
 V3

.Test Variables *  9

Grouping *0  90 U

 ?2 :
 ! &3# " .= Sex U
 
 .
 V4

.Variable

groups2 *0  & "=  , " .= F 

 U
3  ,5 C
" Groups1 *  & V5

.M 


 122 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

.OK B3 Continue ! 6

t 0
 & ) # 3
 3
+ "  & t 
 & ) % PB
+

0 !0
3 0W 0U
 :"2 3
+ "3 t 
  & .3
+ < "  &

."= # 9) #

 123 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

Group Statistics

Std. Error
SEX N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
WBC F 25 9.3632 3.34916 .66983
M 55 10.1907 3.26185 .43983

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)Difference Difference Lower Upper
WBC Equal variances
.013 .911 -1.043 78 .300 -.8275 .79333 -2.40692 .75187
assumed
Equal variances
-1.033 45.406 .307 -.8275 .80133 -2.44108 .78603
not assumed


 
% 
  ""; O0.05    ,
 @ Levene s 
  
,

(sig. (2-tail)) 0  " (df)    t 5 . 

+   .+
 X +"

0 0 0" .1" & & B

 :"2   #  
 
 G +
 &

,,  " &   , " &

  .p>0.05 $ " . # &3# ,
(wbc) U
3

." % 2 B

  .  +" *
  
% C 
" % G%

! G $ + 9 T %& :3

"3 t 
 % @3
+ < " @3# -3 ,Repeated measures  & t 


0 >  #  " "    "# . 

+ paired sample t-test @3
+ <

0U
 0 0
3
 
+0 "# 
5 &3#  , OW &" . 
 

4+0" >  / # , 43# -3 .4+" 

  *
&
 "  .3
+

 124 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

 
0+ ,0
 =% &2 
/   , 5 .
&3# ' +  . 
 & . 
+

>5 &3# +" :

  ," ,+  ?2 & .Repeated measures  & t 
/

0 C<" .posttest G% >5 &3# ," "  % >

   pretest 
/ , 5

. 3
 .% +
 
" & +
  -     
& :

0 0
.0 
/    -
 C ,,J+ 2 &3#  ( &   , 5

t 
 .t 
 1"% * &3# - "
#  :"2 A 
/  D !

:&L   @ Repeated measures  &

:( % < %* 1

,30   % " .   .&  *!

@ 
" &   -  % C

. 4 .
4
/ "";

0 C +0  .>  "  & 4+"  + ( . 

+"  2 
/

A , : M+ O>  &3# U

 , *!
  
 9 7
" ""; 3
+ < 
"#

0 ,0 &0   -

 .XL% &  *!
@  + U
  -

.Repeated measures  & t 

   ""; O(pretest & posttest) U


Repeated measures + 9 T %& 


/    
/  , 5  % .
  
 "# :,=

 125 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

:
  1
 .

/    
/  , 5  -  


Analyze ) 
 V1

Paired  - " M
 Paired-Sample T Test. &3# .= compare Means &3# " V2

.– Sample T Test

! &3# " .= 

/    
/  , 5  3 U
 
 .
 V3

. paired variables *  9 U

 ?2 :


.OK 93# " V4

 126 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

Paired Samples Statistics

Std. Error
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean
Pair ‫ي‬ 56.1875 80 2.03198 .22718
1  34.9750 80 3.77860 .42246

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1  & ‫ي‬ 80 -.037 .743

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1  - ‫ي‬21.2125 4.35656 .48708 20.2430 22.1820 43.551 79 .000

"    
 ,   " G
+ (df)    t 5 9 P"

. 
+    2 "  
  C+" ./ .% @+" *
  
#

0 "  
L%  .&' C
 G% 3 & 
 Ot ,    

α 5 ,5 ,

/ 5 "  ."3   D (p) &
/ G
+ ,B

& -  95% % &3# ,95% = >

 ,
." 
 + t 5 ; ,> 

.>
 ?2 , * + 
" &+
 

.
/    , 5  " 5 :"2 % O  G" % 

 127 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

:C( 9 P % + #9 %& 5 6

: +5 9 .+" *

 & 3 GA D &'( ,/
+/ % + "


(Point Estimation


)

‫


א
א 



א‬:7/

.Interval Estimation



Test of a hypothesis
 ‫"
!




א‬#

$‫
א‬:3

:&2 % =B= "+ $ " µ " *

 +
 D &'( ,/
+/ ""
5

. X " +
 D " *!
.%

.*
 +
 = >
 "  .= "  
 X " +
 µ *
 +
  
.C

." µ "*
 +
 ,   
 .7

" *!
"+ $ *
 &  +" D &'( ,/
+/ 9 :  "3
"

*0
 &0  +"  
 L% & ,   " .   "# " & C+"3

.*
 & P  +" ,  
  N " + H .= >
  >  

:%&7 ' () $ *&

H o : P = Po
&   .1

P p Po
H 1 : P f Po ,   V2
P ≠ Po
Pˆ − Po
.M H o   "# : Z= ~ N (0,1) 
/  V3
PoQo / n

.,  "  "  

  . C+ V4

 128 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

: H1 93# 5

/ 3 :"2 : 

 V5

Z ( 5 "  H o " ""; H1 : P f Po 2 H1 ,     .%

Zα
. 2 (    )     %

5 "  H o " H 1 : P p Po 2 H1 ,     .C

− Zα
. 2 (    )    ,5% Z (

Zα
 % 2  % Z "  H o " H1 : P ≠ Po 2 H1 ,     .7

− Zα
. 2  ,5% Z "

 <%*

0 0 % .P
" , 
 . 
+ 3L &
B    +" A ,'  


O%59G+
" &  +" ?2 A 3# .  100  " "# " . 
+ : 50%

. α = . 05 " K
+ . 
+

:"+

H o : P = 0 .50 H 1 : P f 0.50 ,   &   C

" .1
Pˆ − Po .59 − .50 .09
Z= = = = 1 .8 
/  C+" .2
PoQo / n (.5)(.5) / 100 .05
0""; &0
  (&0  *!
  ) , &  ") %   
/ .3

0 ,0 " &   " ,= & . Z f 1.645   &   "

 129 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

p-value 2 " K

+ C+ "" % . 1.645   % (1.8)Z 5 ) , 

,
/ 2 G+
&2

. P(Z f 1.8) = 1 − P(Z ≤ 1.8) = 1 − 0.9641 = 0.036

:  Minitab B &%  +  0.9641 ! 

,   , " &   " &

  0.05  ,5% p-value 5 % PB" "2

L & : 50%   % .P

" , 
 . 
+ 3L &
B    +" A ,'

." ?2 "

:( % H # D+2 %&7 6 6

&+
 -3
 >P" * @ 
 "   
# & 
+" , &'( ,/
+/

0"  0
 0 + P1 − P2 
+"  - 3
  
  $ , 3
+ 


5B# , 
 
+" ,  
 % .= >
  
% 
"  (>   )

0P"%) P1 − P2 
+"  -3  
 3# ""
% " - + 5 ."=  +" 9)  +"

% G% O0" &0  +0" G+0 *0

 &0  +0"  0
% 0PB * 40 

ˆ ˆ
. P1 , P2 
4 
+" ,  
  ,"
" + H .( P1 = p1 , P2 = p2

:%&7 $ *&

H o : P1 = P2
H 1 : P1 p P2
P1 f P2 % #   # 1
P1 ≠ P2

 130 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

:%&7 '+) 2

Z=
(Pˆ − Pˆ ) − (P − P ) , Qˆ = 1 − Pˆ , Pˆ = x + x
1 2 1 2 1 2

1 1 n1 + n2
Pˆ Qˆ  + 
 n1 n2 

0  0"# &0 , n1 , n2  

 "# &+ &  *!
 *
 Z ( $

.M &  

'"% AI"9 B /  # #9%  ! &6 %! !* #9 !* + 3

.B& α  . Z  

: +

0B
0 0
" 0
 "  & G 41   ,= " . 
+

:'
/ 3 3


*  ' %  B(+

17% 300 @ 

13% 500 $  

0+
    +"  ,5% 3
 & +
    +" % =  % .#!

,0= G0) 0" K

+ .$  2 .#!  93# 
" " ,
,4 .B
 &

.0.05G+ ( " 93#% +

 131 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

:""+

: ; E B&



.3
 & +
    +" : P1

.B
 & +
    +" : P2

H o : P1 = P2 H 1 : P1 p P2 :‫
א
א 

א
א‬−1

: # + #% %&7 '+) J+

Z=
(Pˆ − Pˆ )− (P − P ) , Qˆ = 1 − Pˆ , Pˆ = X
1 2 1 2 1 + X2
1 1 n1 + n2
Pˆ Qˆ  + 
 n1 n2 

:?+

:3
 "# & +
  2J &
B 3
 # : X1

(500)(.13) = 65

.9) " . : n1

(300)(.17) = 51 :B
 "# & +
   G B
 # : X 2

."= " . : n2

, P1 = P2 = P % G% , 
+
 "
P1 , P2 
+" ; M &     "#

:&
H P 
  +"  
C+" &
 

X + X2 65 + 51
Pˆ = 1 = = 0.145
n1 + n2 500 + 300

 132 
 ‫ا
 ا

دس  ا رات ا  
وض‬

:  %&7 '+)  

Z=
(0.13 − 0.17 ) =
− 0.04
=
− 0.04
= −1.56
 1 1  0.00066 .0257
0.145(1 − 0.145) + 
 500 300 

 & 
 " % :  ) +%   
/ ; ,  3  .1

93# *
,  " .&+ &  *!
 . 
+ -1.645 &2   (+)

+0 93# *
 " ,    ) . ,
G% ,-1.645 " 

.   ,5) . ,

G% ,-1.645 "

&" 2 .    % (-0.42)Z 5 ) &    .   
" V2

C + N  (")   C +  %  0.04 2 

" &
+"  - %

0
" " % G% ,3
 B
  +
    +" & & - 

$  .#!  . # 93# ,

 133