Module in

ENG 11 – Study and Thinking Skills

Part 1
Contents:
Part I. The Library • Phases of Research
• As a Resource Center • As a Multi-media Center
• General Reference Books • Resources
• As a Research Center

Part I. The Library

As a Resource Center
 Library (as a Resource Center)-is an
indispensable part of learning. It is a
place where an individual can find
materials on a broad range of
subjects.
 Book Classification:
 Dewey Decimal System
 Most well-known subject
classification and library
arrangement system.
 Devised by Melvil Dewey
 He divided various fields
into 10 main classes and
assigned a hundred
numbers to each class.
 Library of
Congress
 The
Library of
Congress

Classification (LCC) is a classification system that was first developed in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to organize and arrange the book collections
of the Library of Congress. (Uses letters A-Z instead of numbers 000-900)

 The Card Catalog - A guide to the collection of books in the library. It is an alphabetical listing of
all works together with the information on where they may be located on the shelves

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 Is there a book in the library
with a certain title?

Does the library have a book by

a particular author?

What books does the library

have on a given subject?

Where can a specific book be

located?

General Reference Books

 General Reference Books - Reference books that are broad in scope and not limited to any single
subject
 Encyclopedia - It provides information on a wide array of subjects and normally consists of several
volumes. These are written by experts and specialists in their respective fields.
 Dictionary - An alphabetical listing of practically all words in a language. For each word, facts are
given: pronunciation, origin, examples, etc.
 Yearbook – Annual. Gives account of valuable factual information about the events that transpired
in a year.
 Almanac- Originally a book on weather forecasts, holidays, and projections for the coming year. A
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 collection of sundry information, including statistics on various fields.
 Atlas - Is a bound collection of world, regional, and country maps, plates, or charts, contemporary or
historical. Ex: World Atlas
 Gazetteer - A geographical dictionary. Alphabetical listing of names of places that provides
information on location, population, birth and death rates.
 Handbook - Small (therefore, handy). Provides miscellaneous bits of information. Also called a
manual.
 Biographical Dictionary- Arranged by surname. Compilation of sketches about the lives of famous
individuals.
 Directory- An alphabetical listing of names and addresses of persons, organizations and institutions.
 Index - It shows where a particular information can be found.
 Specialized Reference Books - Bilingual Diction aries, Dictionaries of Abbreviations, Thesaurus
(Words in a thesaurus are grouped together by their meaning.), Dictionary of Quotations, Grammar
References (Any book regarding grammar)

As a Research Center
 Library (as a Research Center) - Is the repository of knowledge and center of secondary research in
any educational institution. It seek information and knowledge on different fields of academic
endeavors. It is a place where phases of secondary research work.
Phases of Research
 Research- A careful study and investigation for the purpose of discovering and explaining knowledge
or phenomena.
 Note-taking - The process of writing down main and subordinate ideas.
 Legible (understandable penmanship)
 Accurate (accurate to what is discussed)
 Complete (has important and relevant details)
 Outlining - A written plan for logically arranging data gathered and ideas formed during
research. Has two types: Topic outline and sentence outline
 Topic outline - words, phrases or dependent clauses
 Sentence outline – formal and requires grammatically complete sentences.
 Footnoting - Additional information given separately to avoid complicating the main text. It is
the usual way of acknowledging or crediting sources. It has 3 forms.
 Book source – indicating author, title ,imprint and page reference.
 Magazine source – author, title of article, name of periodical, volume number, issue number
year and page reference.
 Interview source – name of interviewer, identification, ate and place of interview.
 Latin Abbreviations
 I. Ibid. (In the Same Place) - GENERAL
 ‘Ibid.’ is short for ibidem, which means ‘in the same place’. It is used to prevent repetition
when citing the same text twice in a row.
 II. Loc. Cit. and Op. Cit. (More Repeat Citations) - SPECIFIC
 Like ‘ibid.’, these Latin terms are also used for repeat citations in footnotes. ‘Loc cit.’ is
short for loco citato, which means ‘in the place cited’. ‘Op. cit.’ stands for opere citato,
which means ‘in the work cited’.
 III. Et Al. (And Others)
 Et Al. is short for et alia, which means ‘and others’. It is used when a text has too many
authors to cite in one place (or for repeat citations of sources with more than two authors)
 IV. Passim (Here, There and Everywhere)
 Finally, we have ‘passim’. This was originally a Latin word meaning ‘here and there’ or
‘everywhere’. In referencing, though, it means that information can be found throughout
the cited text.
 Bibliography- List of group or materials that one has read or made use of.

As a Multi-media Center
 21st Century - The age of “information explosion”
Resources
 Resources found in a multi-media center: Books and other printed materials and Audio-visual
materials
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  Audio-Visual (AV) - Applied to materials other than books, magazines and pamphlets. Contains 2
sets of materials:
 HARDWARE- Equipment and appliances associated with hard metal, mechanical or
electronic. Ex: Computers, projectors, other automated machines
 SOFTWARE- Materials, manuals, systems, procedures, and specifications which direct a
machine to do its assigned task
Part II. Vocabulary Enhancement
Using the Dictionary
 Dictionary - A repository of word meanings and contains an alphabetical listing of practically all
words in a language.
 Spelling and Capitalization – contains/shows the correct spelling and capitalization of the word.
The first spelling is usually the preferred form.
 Syllabication- Uses marks or devices or marks (space, hyphens, centered dots, accent marks) to
separate syllables. Example: /e-du-ca-tion/
 Pronunciation - Refers to how a word is pronounced
 Parts of Speech - Indicates to which part of speech the word belongs to. (Noun, pronoun,
adjective, etc.)
 Irregular forms- plural of nouns, comparative and superlative forms etc. (Cactus-cacti, good-
better-best)
 Derivation- contains the origin/history of words
 Synonyms –words with similar meanings
 Levels of usage- The present standing of a word either Formal, informal, slang. For example,
Father (formal), Dad (informal), Pops (slang) or Infatuation (formal), crush (informal)
 Use – example sentences using the words.

Affixation
 Appendages (affixes) are added at either the beginning or at the end of the word.
 It is the process of attaching these affixes that is referred to as affixation.
 The affix added at the beginning of the root is known as prefix while that at the end of a word is
suffix.

Unhappiness ( Un (prefix) – happy (root) – ness (suffix) )

Miscommunication ( Mis(prefix) – communicate (root) – ion (suffix))
Underappreciated ( Under (prefix) – appreciate (root) –ed (suffix) )
Beautiful ( beauty (root) – ful (suffix) )

 Root - The central to the building of new words. It is the simplest form of a word.
 Morpheme - A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a word. They change the meaning of
the root word. dis-, un-, and im- depict negative.
 Derivational and Inflectional
 Derivation – when added with affixes or undergoes affixation, it changes its part of speech or
function.

I am happy. Happy (adjective) Happiness (noun) Happiness is great!

My mother is amazing. Mother (noun) Mothers(verb) She mothers him gently.
Buy me some paint. Paint (noun) Repaint (verb) Repaint the walls.

 Inflection- when added with affixes or undergoes affixation, it does not change its part of speech
or function.

I like to sing. Sing (verb) Singing (verb) She is singing on stage.

I play chess. Play (verb) Plays (verb) He plays like a pro.

Context Clues
 Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to
understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.
 Definition/ Description clue - The new term may be formally defined, or sufficient explanation
may be given within the sentence or in the following sentence. Clues to definition include “that
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 is,” commas, dashes, and parentheses.
Examples:
a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see.
“Skeleton-like appearance” is the definition of “emaciation.”

b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common practice.

The commas before and after “examination with a fluoroscope” point out the definition of
“fluoroscopy.”
 Synonym Restatement Clue - The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word
because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby. Synonyms are words with the
same meaning.
Examples:
a. Flooded with spotlights – the focus of all attention – the new Miss America began her year-long
reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes for the rest of the evening.
b. “Cynosure” means “the focus of all attention.”

 Contrast/Antonym Clue- Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. An opposite meaning
context clue contrasts the meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term.
Words like “although,” “however,” and “but” may signal contrast clues.
Examples:
a. When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it grows darker, they
dilate.
b. “Dilate” means the opposite of “contract.”

Word Grouping and Morphology

 Morpheme - the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning
 General Word Formation Process
 Affixation consists in adding derivational affixes (i.e., prefixes, infixes and suffixes) to roots and
stems to form new words.
 Pass + able = passable
 Compounding consists in the combination of two or more (usually free) roots to form a new
word.
 a.. Open, i.e., with a space between the parts of the compound; e.g., toy store, diving board,
flower pot.
 b. Hyphenated, i.e., with a hyphen (-) separating the elements of the compound; e.g., flower-
pot, air-brake, she-pony.
 c. Solid, e.g., without a space or hyphen between the component elements of the compound;
e.g., flowerpot, washrooms, pickpocket.
 Symbolism (or morpheme internal change) consists in altering the internal phonemic structure of
a morpheme to indicate grammatical functions (cf. Pei, 1966).
 Goose-geese, wive-wives, cactus-cacti
 Reduplication consists in the repetition of all or of part of a root or stem to form new words. If
the entire root or stem is repeated, the process is called complete (or total) reduplication, and
the new word is considered as a repetitive compound.
 Jun-jun
 If only a part of the root or stem is repeated, the process is called partial reduplication, and the
repeated portion is called a reduplicative.
 Hocus-pocus, walkie-talkie
 Suppletion consists in a complete change in the form of a root (i.e., a word) or in the
replacement of root by another morphologically unrelated root with the same component of
meaning in different grammatical contents.
 Bad-worse-worst

 Word Formation Process

 Acronymy is the process whereby a new word is formed from the initial letters of the constituent
words of a phrase or sentence.
 ISU, NASA
 Clipping is the processes whereby new words are formed by shortening other words; i.e., by
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 eliminating the initial part, the last part, or both parts, of those words.
 Telephone- phone, Cellular phone - Cellphone
 Blending is the process whereby new words are formed by combining parts of two words, usually
the beginning of one word and the end of another (cf. Godby et al,. 1982).
 smog (smoke + fog), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
 Borrowing is the process whereby new words are formed by adopting words from other
languages together with the concepts or ideas they stand for.
 burrito (Spanish), fiancé (Old French verai)
 Back-formation is the process by which new words are formed by the deletion of a supposed
affix from an already exis ting word (cf. Quirk et al., 1985; Fromkin & Rodman,1983; Richards et
al. 1985).
 Sculptor- sculpt, Creation-create
 Word coinage (or invention) is the process whereby new words are created outright, either
deliberately or accidentally, to fit some purpose. Usually, words are coined to express new ideas,
processes, products, etc. in the language.
 Xerox, Kodak, Exxon, Kleenex,8 Nylon.
 Functional shift (conversion or zero derivation) is the process by which new words are created by
using a word in new functions (i.e., by shifting, changing or converting its original grammatical
class to another class), without any change in its form (cf. Godby et al., 1982; Byrne, 1978; Pei,
1966).
 Give me some water (noun). Water (verb) the plants.

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 Exercise Page
Directions: Answer the following exercises below. Once done, detach and pass before the preliminary
examinations so it can be checked and errors are explained.

Exercise 1. Identify whether the following resources are Hardware or Software. Place your answer in the space
provided.

1. Motion Picture - ______________ 6. Pictures - ______________

2. Projector - ______________ 7. Programs - ______________
3. Tape Recorder - ______________ 8. Desktop - ______________
4. Slides - ______________ 9. Electronic Files - ______________
5. Photo copier - ______________ 10. Records - ______________

Exercise 2. Identify whether the following word transformations are Derivational or Inflectional. Place your
answer in the space provided.

1. Wonder- wonderful -_____________ 6. Annoy-annoyance -_____________

2. File- filed -_____________ 7. Place-placement -_____________
3. Eat - eating -_____________ 8. Cook-cooks -_____________
4. Book- books -_____________ 9. Apply-applicant -_____________
5. Engage-engagement -_____________ 10. Record-recordings -_____________

Exercise 3. Identify which type of context clues are embedded in each sentence.

1. A crackerjack, a person marked with intelligence by his colleagues are a -_____________

little intimidating to talk to.
2. My brother wants everything in shipshape compared to my sister who’s -_____________
always messy.
3. The phenomenal theatre show was truly remarkable! -_____________
4. His bulbous nose distracts the audience with its roundness. -_____________
5. I’ve always wanted to create a mythology inspired costume complete with -_____________
wreaths, crowns of dried leaves and flowers typically painted with gold.

Exercise 4. Identify which word transformation has occurred in the following words.

1. DENR -_____________ 11. Oxen -_____________

2. Coke -_____________ 12. Bra -_____________
3. Fridge -_____________ 13. Pampers -_____________
4. Argumentation -_____________ 14. Teeth -_____________
5. Fave -_____________ 15. DOH -_____________
6. Enthuse -_____________ 16. laser -_____________
7. Pancit -_____________ 17. Disinfectant -_____________
8. Sorrowful -_____________ 18. Alumnus -_____________
9. Plane -_____________ 19. Goody-goody -_____________
10. Motel -_____________ 20. Siomai -_____________

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