001 2019 4 B

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University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
ZUL1505/1/2019–2026
70672245
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CONTENTS
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IYUNITI YOKUQALA IFONETIKI (PHONETICS) 1

1.1 Isendlalelo seyunithi (introduction) 1
1.2 Ifonetiki 2
1.3 Izitho zomzimba ezisebenza uma sikhuluma (speech organs) 3
1.3.1 Untu (diaphragm) 3
1.3.2 Isifuba kanye namaphaphu (chest and lungs) 4
1.3.3 Uqhoqhoqho (trachea) 4
1.3.4 Umphimbo (esophagus) 4
1.3.5 Ulwanga oluqinile (hard palate) 5
1.3.6 Izinsini (alveolar ridge) 5
1.3.7 Ulimu (tongue) 5
1.3.8 Izindebe zomlomo (lips) 5
1.3.9 Amazinyo (teeth) 5
1.3.10 Umgudu wamakhala (nasal cavity) 6
1.3.11 Ukunyakaza komoya emgudwini wawo (airstream) 6
1.4 Imisindo (sounds) 6
1.4.1 Onkamisa (vowels) 6
1.4.2 Osingakamisa / onxamkamisa (semi-vowels): /w/, /y/ 8
1.4.3 Ongwaqa (consonants) 9
1.4.3.1 Indawo emlonyeni imisindo ephinyiswa kuyo ( place of articulation) 9
1.4.3.1.1 Ondebembili (bilabials) 9
1.4.3.1.2 Ondebezinyo (dentilabials) 10
1.4.3.1.3 Onsinini (alveolars) 10
1.4.3.1.4 Olwangeni ( palatals) 10
1.4.3.1.5 Omalakeni (velars) 10
1.4.3.1.6 Omphinjeni (glottals) 10
1.4.3.2 Indlela yokuphimisa imisindo (manner of articulation) 11
1.4.3.2.1 Odubulayo/omadubula ( plosives) 11
1.4.3.2.2 Ongwaqa abangoputshu (ejectives) 11
1.4.3.2.3 Ongwaqa abavuthelwayo (aspirated consonants) 11
1.4.3.2.4 Umbibithwa (implosive) 11
1.4.3.2.5 Omankankane (nasals) 11
1.4.3.2.6 Ohlangothi/oseceleni (laterals) 12
1.4.3.2.7 Omfuthwa ( fricatives) 12
1.4.3.2.8 Abayisiqinisomuthwa (affrifcates) 12
1.4.3.2.9 Ilikhwidi (liquid) 12
1.4.3.2.10 Uvevezela (trill ) 12
1.4.3.3 Ama-alofoni (allophones) 12
1.5 Ukubhalwa kwemisindo ngokwefonetiki ( phonetic transcription) 13
1.6 Isipheto seyunithi 15
IYUNITHI YESIBILI: IFONOLOJI (PHONOLOGY ) 17

2.2 Ifonoloji 17
2.3 Imisindo 17
2.4 Izinguquko zemisindo (sound changes) 20
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2.4.1 Ukulumbana konkamisa (vowel coalescence) 20
2.4.2 Ukungwaqazisa (consonantalisation) 21
2.4.3 Ukunkankazisa (nasalisation) 21
2.4.4 Ukulwangisa ( patalisation) 22
2.4.5 Ukweqiwa konkamisa (vowel elision) 22
2.4.5.1 Ukweqiwa konkamisa okuyimpoqo 23
2.4.5.2 Ukeqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda 23
2.5 Isiphetho seyunithi 23
IYUNITHI YESITHATHU: IMOFOLOJI (MORPHOLOGY ) 25

3.2 Ibizo (noun) 25
3.2.1 Izinhlobo zamabizo (types of nouns) 25
3.2.1.1 Amabizoqho 25
3.2.1.2 Amabizomuntu 26
3.2.1.3 Amabizongxube 26
3.2.1.4 Amabizombaxa 26
3.2.1.5 Amabizoqoqa 27
3.2.1.6 Amabizonto 27
3.2.1.7 Amabizo abolekiwe 27
3.2.2 Izakhi zamabizo 27
3.2.2.1 Isiqalo ( prefix) 28
3.2.2.2 Isiqu (stem) 29
3.2.2.3 Umsuka (root) 29
3.2.2.4 Umkhamisa ogcinile (suffixal vowel ) 30
3.3 Izabizwana ( pronouns) 31
3.3.1 Isabizwana soqobo 31
3.3.2 Isabizwana sokukhomba 32
3.3.3 Isabizwana senani 32
3.3.4 Isabizwana sokubala 33
3.4 Isenzo (verb) 34
3.4.1 Izinhlobo zezenzo 34
3.4.1.1 Uhlobo lwezenzo ngokwamalunga 34
3.4.1.2 Uhlobo lwezenzo eziqala ngonkamisa 34
3.4.2 Izinkathi zesenzo 34
3.4.2.1 Inkathi yamanje 34
3.4.2.2 Inkathi endlule 35
3.4.2.3 Inkathi ezayo 35
3.4.3 Izijobelelo zesenzo 36
3.4.3.1 Izijobelelo zesenzo eziveza inkathi 36
3.4.3.2 Izijobelelo zesenzo eziveza impambosi 37
3.4.2.2.1 Izimpambosi zesenzo 37
IYUNITHI YESINE: ISINTEKISI (SYNTAX ) 40

4.2 Isintekisi 40
4.3 Ukuma komusho (sentence structure) 40
4.4 Ukuhleleka kwamagama emshweni (word order) 41
4.5 Izinhlobo zemisho (types of sentences) 43
4.5.1 Umusho olula (simple sentence) 43
4.5.2 Umusho ombaxa (compound sentence) 44
iv
4.5.3 Umusho omagatshagatsha (complex sentence) 45
IYUNITHI YESIHLANU: ISIMENTIKI (SEMANTICS) 47

5.2 Isimentiki 47
5.3 Ukuhlobana kwamagama (sense relations) 47
5.3.1 Omqondofana (synonymy) 47
5.3.1.1 Amagama okuhlonipha nomqondofana 48
5.3.2 Omqondophika (antonymy) 49
5.3.3 Omabizwafane (homonymy) 50
5.3.4 Ophimbohluka (heterotonymy) 50
UHLU LWEZINCWADI 53
ZUL1505/1 v
vi
Ifonetiki (phonetics)
IYUNITHI YOKUQALA:
1 IFONETIKI (PHONETICS)
IMIPHUMELA YESIFUNDO (LEARNING OUTCOMES)

Ekupheleni kwale yunithi uzobe sewazi okulandelayo:
• Iziphi izindawo lapho kuphinyiswa khona imsindo

• Iyini ifonetiki nokuthi yimaphi amagatsha efonetiki akhona
• Iyini imisindo
• Ukuchaza imisindo ngokwendawo ephinyiswa kuyo
• Ukuchaza imisindo ngokwendlela ephinyiswa ngayo
• Ayini ama-alofoni
• Ukubhala imisindo yesiZulu ngokwefonetiki
1.1 ISENDLALELO SEYUNITHI (INTRODUCTION)

Imisindo ingumgogodla wolimi, okuchaza ukuthi inkulumo yakhiwa futhi yakhelwe
emisindweni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemisindo esiZulwini, onkamisa nongwaqa.
Sibuye sibe nengxenye yegama eyakhiwa ongwaqa nonkamisa okuthiwa yilunga (syl-
lable). Amalunga akha igama (word), amagama akha umusho (sentence), imisho yakha
isigaba (paragraph), izigaba zakha indaba (composition/story). Lokhu kuchaza uku-
thi singekwazi ukuba nezincwadi zolimi lwesiZulu uma singafundisanga kahle ku-
suka esizindeni solimi okuyimisindo. Ilunga lakhiwa imisindo. Uma sichaza ilunga
singasho ukuthi iyaba unkamisa uma esekuqaleni kwegama, kanti ungwaqa noma
engasekuqaleni akabi ilunga, uba ilunga kuphela uma esehambisana nonkamisa.
Izibonelo:
1 2 3
U- -ma- -ma
umama – ibizo elinezinhlamvu noma amalunga amathathu u/ma/ma
1 2 3 4 5
i- -ngxa -bu- -le- -la
ingxabulela – ibizo elinezinhlamvu noma amalunga amahlanu i/ ngxa/ bu/ le/ la
Uyabona ukuthi egameni lesibili kunongwaqa abathathu (ngx), phezu kwalokho

abasiyona ilunga, baze babe ilunga uma behambisana nonkamisa (ngxa). Khumbula
nasenkondlweni, imvumelwano kuba amalunga afanayo uma esekuqaleni sithi im-
vumelwano siqalo njalonjalo, unkamisa osekuqaleni uma efana emigqeni elandelanayo
uba imvumelwano siqalo. Lokhu kusafakazela khona ukuthi unkamisa uyaba ilunga
uma esekuqaleni.
ZUL1505/1 1
QAPHELA [NB]
Unkamisa uma engasekuqaleni uyakwazi ukuzimela abe ilunga kodwa uma ephakathi
negama kufanele ahambisane nongwaqa. Kanjalo nongwaqa akabi ilunga ehamba
yedwa, kodwa kufanele ahambisane nonkamisa ukuze abe yilunga. Amalunga esiZulu
agcina ngonkamisa (open ended syllables).
1.2 IFONETIKI
Ifonetiki isayensi yokucubungula ngemisindo yenkulumo. Iyisifundo sokuphinyiswa
kwemisindo. Ifundisa ukubhalwa kwemisindo ngendlela ephinyiswa ngayo. Nokho-ke
kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zefonetiki. Lezi zinhlobo yilezi ezilandelayo:
• Kukhona ifonetiki emayelana nendlela imisindo ezwakala ngayo endleleni uma
iphinyiswa, ebizwa phecelezi nge-perceptual phonetics.
• Kuphinde kube khona futhi ifonetiki ebhekene nobunjalo bemisindo ngesikhathi
intweza emoyeni, yona ebizwa nge-acoustic phonetics.
• Okokugcina, kukhona igatsha lefonetiki elibheka indlela imisindo ephinyiswa-
ngayo, lona elibizwa nge-articulatory phonetics.
Ngokujwayelekile ukufundwa kwemisindo ngokwefonetiki kuvame ukuncika kuleli

gatsha lesithathu. Ngakho-ke nalesi sifundo sethu sefonetiki sizoncika kuleli gatsha.
UMSEBENZI 1.1
Ake ubone ukuthi ungaphumelela kangakanani ekwenzeni lo msebenzi olandelayo:
(1) Bamba umoya bese ukhuluma emva kwemizuzu emi-5.
(2) Khuluma kodwa ulimi lwakho ungalunyakazisi nakancane.
(3) Khuluma ngenkathi umboze umlomo wakho ngezandla.
(4) Khuluma ngenkathi uvale amakhala akho.
ULWAZI LOMSEBENZI ONGENHLA

(1) Umbuzo wokuqala ngenhla ukhombisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokuphefumula
uphelelwa umoya. Lo msebenzi ukhombisa futhi ukuthi ngaphandle kokungenisa
umoya ngokuphefumula akukhulumeki. Lokho okushoyo uma ubambe umoya
ukwazi ukuqhubeka ukusho kuze kufike lapho uphelelwa khona umoya.
(2) Umbuzo wesibili wenzelwe ukukhombisa ukubaluleka kolimi uma siphimisa
imisindo.
(3) Umbuzo wesithathu wenzelwe ukubonisa ukubaluleka komlomo uma
kuphinyiswa imisindo.
(4) Umbuzo wesine wenzelwe ukukhombisa ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukukhuluma
evale amakhala kodwa imisindo engomankankane yona ayiphimiseki uma sivale
amakhala.
AMAZWI OMFUNDISI
1. Umsebenzi ongenhla wenza kucace ukuthi umoya ubaluleke kakhulu
ekungeniseni umoya ohlanzekile emaphashini nokuthi umsebenzi wokuqala
wamaphaphu ukuthumela umoya ohlanzekile emzimbeni wonke ukuze siphile.
Lo msebenzi ukhombisa futhi ukuthi sidinga umoya ukuze sikwazi ukukhuluma
isikhathi esithile.
2
2. Enye into ehlala obala ukuthi ngaphandle kokunyakaza kwesiphimisi esiwulimi

akukhulumeki nokuthi umsebenzi owenziwa ulimi lapho sikhuluma ufanele
ugcizelelwe.
3. Umsebenzi owenziwa umlomo ugcizelelwa ngoba uma umlomo uvaliwe
akukhulumeki.
4. Umsebenzi wesine ugcizelela ukuthi amakhala anomsebenzi omkhulu uma
siphimisa omankankane.
Abantu abaningi banomcabango ongelona iqiniso ukuthi ifonetiki inzima. Kodwa

uma ufunda ifonetiki ngokuthi uzisebenzise wena uqobo lwakho izitho zakho zoku-
phimisa uzothola ukuthi empeleni ifonetiki yokuphimisa idinga ukuthi wazi uku-
thi yisiphi isiphimisi esisebenzayo uma ukhuluma nokuthi leso siphimisi sisebenza
kanjani.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izitho zomzimba ezisebenza uma siphimisa imisindo zine-
minye imisebenzi yokuqala eziyenzayo. Ukusebenza kwalezi zitho ekuphinyisweni
kwemisindo kungumsebenzi wesibili kodwa obaluleke kakhulu. Umsebenzi
wokuqala owenziwa amaphaphu uma senza isibonelo nje ukuthi athumele umoya
ohlanzekile emzimbeni wonke ukuze siphile. Ngokunjalo, ulimi lusebenza uma sidla
njll.
Uma uphimisa umsindo othile, usebenzisa umoya ohambayo kanye nesiphimisi
esithile. lsibonelo, uma ufisa ukuphimisa umsindo u- s kufanele uphakamise isihloko
solimi siye ngasemuva kwamazinyo akho angaphambili bese uphoqa umoya uphume
kule mbobo encane. lsihloko solimi lwakho siyaphakama ukuze uphimise lo msindo
futhi ngenxa yokuthi ulimi luyanyakaza, lubizwa ngokuthi yisiphimisi esinyakazayo.
Ulimi lwenyuka luye ngemuva kwezinsini zamazinyo angaphambili kanti ngenxa yo-
kuthi izinsini zona azinyakazi yize zisebenza ekuphinyisweni kwalo msindo, zibizwa
ngokuthi yisiphimisi esinganyakazi.
Khumbula ukuthi uma siphimisa imisindo, sisebenzisa iziphimisi ezinyakazayo
kanye nalezo ezinganyakazi. Uma wazi ukuthi yisiphi isiphimisi noma ingxenye yaso
esebenzayo uma uphimisa umsindo othile, uzokwazi ukuchaza umsindo ngokusho
indawo lapho uphinyiswa khona. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsindo u- s ophinyiswa
ngokusebenzisa isihloko solimi kanye nezinsini ungachazwa njengonsinini.
Manje sizokhuluma ngaleso naleso siphimisi ukuze sibone ukuthi sitholakalaphi
nokuthi sisebenza kanjani uma kuphinyiswa imisindo. Ukuze umsebenzi ube lula
sizoqala ngokukhuluma ngeziphimisi ezisebenza uma kuphinyiswa ongwaqa. Uku-
phinyiswa konkamisa, sizokhuluma ngakho ku–2.4 ngasekupheleni kwalesi sahluko.
1.3 IZITHO ZOMZIMBA EZISEBENZA UMA SIKHULUMA

(SPEECH ORGANS)
1.3.1 Untu (diaphragm)

Lona ngumsipha noma inyama eyahlukanisa isifuba nesisu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi
untu luphakathi kwamaphaphu kanye nezitho zokuphefumula noma phakathi kwesisu
nezitho zesisu. Untu lwenza umsebenzi omkhulu lukanye nemisipha yezimbambo
ekwenzeni isifuba sinwebeke noma sinciphe. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi sikwazi uku-
phefumula singenise umoya sibuye siwukhiphe. Sikwazi ukukhuluma kuphela uma
sigcwalise amaphaphu ethu ngomoya owanele.
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1.3.2 Isifuba kanye namaphaphu (chest and lungs)
Ngaphakathi esifubeni kukhona izitho ezimbili eziyimfangumfangu ezibizwa
ngokuthi amaphaphu futhi zisiza ukunikeza imizimba yethu umoya ohlanzekile.
Amaphaphu asiza futhi uma siphimisa imisindo.
lmisindo eminingi yesiZulu iphinyiswa ngokusebenzisa umoya ophuma emaphashini.

Amaphaphu avikelwe yizimbambo eziwazungezile. lmisipha yezimbambo ephakathi
kwesifuba namaphaphu nayo ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba yenza isifuba sinwebeke noma
sinciphe ngoba amaphaphu awanayo imisipha yawo esiza uma siphefumula.
Uma isifuba sinwebeka ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisipha, kuba khona indawo

eningi emaphashini bese umoya uncipha emaphashini okwenza ukuthi umoya
ukwazi ukuhamba uzungeze. Ngenxa yokuthi kusuke sekuvuleke isikhala, umoya ovela
ngaphandle ungena masinyane ukuze ugcwalise isifuba. Uma lokhu kwenzeka sisuke
siphefumula singenisa umoya.
Uma sikhuluma sisebenzisa umoya ophumayo kanti ukuze lokhu kwenzeke imi-
sipha eyenza isifuba sinwebeke iyafingqeka. lsifuba siba sincane bese umoya ucinana
ndawonye futhi lokhu kwenza umoya oqhamuka ngaphandle uzame ukulingana nalowo
osemaphashini.
Umoya ophuma emaphashini uphumela ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa imithanjana

yomoya esuka emaphashini iye kuqhoqhoqho.
1.3.3 Uqhoqhoqho (trachea)

Uqhoqhoqho nemithanjana yomoya esuka emaphashini akuzona izinto ezisebenza
uma siphimisa imisindo. lmithanjana yomoya esuka emaphashini isebenza
njengebhuloho lapho kudlula khona umoya osuka emaphashini uye egilweni bese uya
emphinjeni.
Umdwebo ongenzansi ukhombisa amaphaphu, imithanjana yomoya esuka

emaphashini kanye noqhoqhoqho.
1.3.4 Umphimbo (esophagus)

Umphimbo utholakala ngaphezulu nje kwegilo. Uma uthinta ingemuva lolwanga
lwakho ngolimi uzozwa ukuthi kunendawo ethambile. Le ndawo yolwanga ibizwa
ngokuthi ulwanga oluthambile noma amalaka.
Ekupheleni kolwanga kukhona ulimi oluncane oluthambile olubizwa ngokuthi

ugovana. Uma amalaka kanye nogovana ethinta ngemuva emphinjeni lokho
kwenza ukuthi umoya ungakwazi ukuphuma ngamakhala. Umoya uphuma ngomlomo
uma ungakwazi ukuphuma ngamakhala. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kuphimiseke
umsindo ophuma ngomlomo. lmisindo eminingi yesiZulu iphinyiswa ngomoya ophuma
ngomlomo. Uma amalaka nogovana kungathintile ingemuva lomphimbo umgudu oya
emakhaleni uyavuleka futhi lokhu kwenza kuphimiseke umsindo ongumankankane,
isib. u- n noma u- m. Ukuphinyisiwa komsindo ongumankankane kwenza umoya
ungaphumi ngomlomo, isib. unsinini u- n nondebembili u- m baphinyiswa ngomoya
ophuma ngamakhala.
4
1.3.5 Ulwanga oluqinile (hard palate)

lsithebe noma ingaphambili lolimi lingaqondana nendawo engemuva kwezinsini
uma kuphinyiswa u- j noma luqondane nendawo ephambi kukalwangeni uma
kuphinyiswa u- sh. Lokhu kwenza kuphimiseke imisindo ephambi kukalwangeni
njengo- sh kanye nengemuva kukansinini njengo- j.
1.3.6 Izinsini (alveolar ridge)

lzinsini zibaluleke kakhulu ekuphinyisweni kwemisindo ethile ngoba zingaqondana
noma zisondelane nezingxenye ezithile zolimi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngaphandle
kokuphazamisa indlela umoya ohamba ngayo uma kuphinyiswa imisindo.
lsibonelo, ulimi lungathinta ezinsinini noma ngemuva kwamazinyo. Lokhu kwenza

kuphimiseke imisindo engonsinini njengo-/t/ noma u- /s/.
1.3.7 Ulimu (tongue)

Ulimu luyisitho esinyakaza kakhulu uma abantu bekhuluma futhi lubaluleke kakhulu.
Sisebenzisa izingxenye ezahlukene zolimu uma siphimisa imisindo eyahlukene. Ulimu
lungachazwa ngokubheka izingxenye zalo ezahlukene ezilandelayo:
• lsihloko solimu sisebenza uma kuphinyiswa imisindo engonsinini njengo- t no n
ngoba isihloko solimu sithinta ngemuva kwezinsini.
• lsithebe solimu (ngemuva kwesihloko solimu) sisebenza uma siphimisa imisindo
engaphambili kukalwangeni njengo- sh no tsh njengoba ulimu luqondana nendawo
engemuva kwezinsini kodwa engaphambili kukalwangeni.
• lmaphakathi lolimu luthinta ulwangeni uma siphimisa imisindo engolwangeni
njengo- ny no y.
• lngemuva lolimu luthintana namalaka uma kuphinyiswa imisindo engomalakeni/
ogovane njengo- k noma u- g.
• lzinhlangothi zolimu zisebenza uma kuphinyiswa imisindo engonhlangothi
njengo- l, hl , dl no x. lzinhlangothi zolimu ziyasuka emva kwamazinyo omhlathi
uma kuphinyiswa umsindo u- x bese kuthi uma kuphinyiswa umsindo u- l no hl
zisuke emva kwezinsini.
1.3.8 Izindebe zomlomo (lips)

lzindebe zomlomo zisebenza ekuphinyisweni kwemisindo eminingi. Udebe
lwangaphansi lungaphakama luthintane nolwangaphezulu ukuze kuphimiseke
ondebembili njengo- p no b. Udebe lwangaphansi lungaphakama futhi luthintane
namazinyo angaphezulu ukuze kuphimiseke ondebezinyo njengo- f no v.
Lokhu kusikhombisa ukuthi yonke imisindo ichazwa ngokuthi kubhekwe isitho

sokuphimisa esisebenza uma kuphinyiswa lowo nalowo msindo. lsib. igama elithi
ndebezinyo lakhiwe igama elithi udebe kanye negama elithi amazinyo okuyizitho
ezisebenza uma kuphinyiswa undebezinyo. Okunye okumele kuqapheleke ukuthi
uma kuphinyiswa kuvame ukuba kunyakaze ingxenye engezansi yomlomo.
1.3.9 Amazinyo (teeth)

Amazinyo, ikakhulukazi amazinyo angaphambili nangaphezulu komlomo
asetshenziswa njengendawo lapho umoya ufike uphazamiseke khona uma kudaleka
imisindo ethile. Njengoba sekuchaziwe lapho kuxoxwa ngokuthi zisebenza kanja-
ni izindebe zomlomo, udebe lwangaphansi luyakhuphuka bese luthinta amazinyo
ZUL1505/1 5
angaphambili nangaphezulu komlomo uma kudaleka umsindo kandebezinyo
okuyizinhlamvu ezilandelayo: u- f kanye no v.
1.3.10 Umgudu wamakhala (nasal cavity)

Lo mgudu wamakhala utholakala ngenhla kolwanga oluthambile. lmisindo edale-
ka lapho umoya uhululeka uphuma ngamakhala ibizwa ngokuthi omankankane,
isibonelo u- n kanye no m. Ukuze idaleke le misindo yomankankane, umoya ku-
fanele uvaleleke okwesikhashana ukuphuma ngomgudu womlomo. Lokhu kwenzeka
ngokuphazamiseka komgudu womoya esikhoxeni somlomo ngokuba izindebe
zomlomo zivaleke uma siphimisa omankankane.
Uma umoya uhululeka uphuma ngamakhala, ulwanga oluthambile luyehla kanye

nogovane bese umoya uphuma ngamakhala hhayi ngomlomo.
1.3.11 Ukunyakaza komoya emgudwini wawo (airstream)

Zonke izitho zokukhuluma ukusuka emaphashini ukuya ezindebeni zomlomo
zisebenzisa umgudu womoya othile wokukhuluma. lngxenye yomgudu womoya
wokukhuluma ukusuka emaphashini ukuya emlonyeni womphimbo yaziwa ngokuthi
ingaphansi kwamaxhaka omgudu wokukhuluma. Umgudu womoya wokukhuluma
wakha umbhobho omude ogcwaliswe umoya. Kulesi sigaba usubonile ukuthi uku-
phimisa noma yimuphi umsindo kufanele kube nokunyakaza komoya. Kungahlolwa
kalula lokhu: Zama ukukhipha wonke umoya emaphashini bese uzama ukuphimisa
unkamisa. Kungebelula ukubiza noma ukuphimisa unkamisa ngoba eminye imisindo
idinga ukuthi kube nomoya owanele emaphashini ukuze izwakale.
1.4 IMISINDO (SOUNDS)

Imisindo yilezo ngxenyana zegama ezincane. Iyiyona ngxenye encane kakhulu yega-
ma, ayikho ingxenye yegama encane kunayo. Uma sibhala imisindo ngokwefonetiki
yisikhombisa ngabakaki [ ], isib. [a], [u], [dl], [h], [p], njll. Uma kubhalwa imisindo
ngokwefonoloji kusetshenziswa uphawu //, isib. /a/, /u/, /tsh/, /ndl/, /b/, njll. Kodwa-
ke ifonoloji izochazwa kabanzi kwiYunithi yesi-2. EsiZulwini, nakwezinye izilimi
eziningi, kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zemisindo: onkamisa kanye nongwaqa.
1.4.1 Onkamisa (vowels)

Onkamisa bangachazwa njengaleyo misindo ephinyiswa umlomo uvulekile. Akubi
khona ukuvimbeka komoya emlonyeni uma kuphinyiswa onkamisa. Kungaba khona
ukuphazamiseka nje kuphela, nakho okuncane futhi. Onkamisa besiZulu bahlanu:
[a, e, i, o, u]
Kulaba onkamisa kukhona onkamisa bemvelo/bokudabuka:
[a, i, u]
Yibaphi onkamisa abasele? Onkamisa abasele wu [e] no [o] bona abangonkamisa

bokuvela. Laba onkamisa banezindlela ezimbili zokubabhala. Laba onkamisa
babhalwa ngezindlela ezingafani unkamisa emunye ngoba omunye unezwi
eliphezudlwana, kanti omunye liphansi.
Phimisa laba onkamisa abadwetshelwe emagameni alandelayo:

(i) esethu
(ii) isitolomu
6
Egameni eliku i) unkamisa /e/ wokuqala uphimiseka ngezwi eliphansi bese kuthi lo
wesibili uphimiseke ngezwi eliphakeme kancane. Ngakho uma sebebhalwa
ngobhalojikelele babhalwa kanje: [ɛsethu]. Unkamisa /e/ wesibili kuleli gama uyashintsha
indawo abekuyo athi ukuphakama ngenxa yokuthi wandulela unkamisa /u/ wemvelo
ophezulu.
[ɛ]–uphansana
[e]–uphezudlwana
Kanjalo nakonkamisa [o] egameni eliku (ii), unkamisa [ᴐ] wokuqala uphansana
kunonkamisa [o] wesibili. Ngobhalojikelele libhalwa kanje leli gama: [isitᴐlomu].
Unkamisa /o/ wesibili kuleli gama uyashintsha indawo abekuyo athi ukuphakama
ngenxa yokuthi wandulela unkamisa /u/ wemvelo ophezulu.
[ᴐ]–uphansana
[o]–uphezudlwana
Lokhu kudala ukuthi onkamisa esiZulwini bagcine beyisi-7. Ukwehluka kwalaba

onkamisa uzocaciseleka kahle ngakho uma sesenza inguquko yokunyuka konkamisa
engasekupheleni kwale yunithi.
Uma kuthiwa abemvelo onkamisa [a], [i], [u], lokhu kuchaza ukuthi mhla kwakhiwa
lolu limi lwalunalaba onkamisa kuphela. Abokuvela baba khona ngoba kulumbene
abemvelo. Lokho kuzohlaziywa kahle uma sekwenziwa inguquko yefonoloji ebizwa
ngokuthi ukulumbana konkamisa engasekupheleni kwale yunithi.
Ucabanga ukuthi kungani esiZulwini sithi le misindo onkamisa?
Onkamisa baqanjwa ngokuthi onkamisa ngoba uma bephinyiswa umlomo uyavule-

ka kakhulu, okusho ukuthi uma bephinyiswa, uyakhamisa. Awukwazi ukuphimisa
onkamisa umlomo uwuvalile. Uma kuphinyiswa onkamisa akubi bikho
ukuphazamiseka komoya.
Indawo onkamisa abaphimiseka kuyo emlonyeni yethulwa ngeshadi lonkamisa

elilandelayo:
FIGURE 1.1: ISHADI LONKAMISA
ZUL1505/1 7
Ukuchazwa konkamisa besiZulu
[i] Unkamisa ophambili naphezulu nomlomo. Ushiwo ngezindebe ezinwebekile.
[e] Unkamisa ophambili kodwa ophakathi naphezulu. Ushiwo ngezindebe
ezinwebekile
[ɛ] Unkamisa ophambili kodwa ophakathi naphansi. Ushiwo ngezindebe
ezinwebekile.
[a] Unkamisa ophansi kodwa osemuvana. Ushiwo ngezindebe ezisanxande.
[ᴐ] Unkamisa osemuva kodwa ophakathi naphansi. Ushiwo ngezindebe ezindilingene.
[o] Unkamisa osemuva kodwa ophakathi naphezulu. Ushiwo ngezindebe
ezindilingene.
[u] Unkamisa osemuva futhi ophezulu. Ushiwo ngezindebe ezindilingene.
QAPHELA [NB]:
Ukuba phansi noma phezu okanye emuva kukankamisa kusuke kubhekwa ukuthi ulimu
lukuphi nendawo nomlomo. Leli shadi elingenhla lonkamisa limele umlomo wakho.
1.4.2 Osingankamisa / onxankamisa (semi-vowels): /w/, /y/

Osingankamisa/onxankamisa yileyo misindo engazeki kahle ukuthi ingonkamisa
noma ingongwaqa. Kuthiwa ingosingankamisa ngoba icishe ibe ngonkamisa, kodwa
ayinazo izimpawu eziphelele ezikhomba ukuthi ingonkamisa. Ifana nonkamisa ngoba
akukho ukuphazamiseka komoya uma iphinyiswa. Iphinde futhi ifane nongwaqa
ngoba itholakala ngaphambi konkamisa. EsiZulwini kunemisindo emibili engosi
ngankamisa: u /w/ no /y/. Le misindo ivela ngenxa yezinguquko ezenzeka kwabanye
bonkamisa uma sikhuluma noma sibhala amagama esiZulu.
IZIBONELO:
Inkosi (i+akha) isizwe sayo > Inkosi yakha isizwe sayo. i+a>y
Amanzi umalokazane akawangenisi, uwabeka esango+eni.> Amanzi umalokazane

akawangenisi, uwabeka esangweni. o+e>w
Umuntu+ana osanda kuzalwa uyakhala. > Umntwana osanda kuzalwa uyakhala.

u+a>w
Izibonelo ezingenhla ziyasikhombisa ukuthi usingankamisa uvela ngenxa yokusonde-

lana kukankamisa [i] nonkamisa [a] (i+a = y). Usingankamisa /w/ wona uvela ngenxa
yokusondelana kuka nkamisa [o] nonkamisa [e] (o+e = w). Uphinde futhi avele ngenxa
yokusondelana kuka nkamisa [u] nonkamisa [a] (u+a = w), njengoba kukhonjisiwe
ezibonelweni ezingenhla.
QAPHELA [NB]:
Lezi zinguquko ezenzeka uma kulumbana onkamisa bese bephenduka onxankamisa
kuzofundwa ngakho ezifundweni ezilandelayo, okwamanje kusavezwa nje ukuthi bona
bahlukile kwabanye ongwaqa.
8
UMSEBENZI 1.2
Podcast: Go to MyUnisa and in Additional Resources click on the link to listen to the
articulation of these vowels.
1.4.3 Ongwaqa (consonants)

Ongwaqa bangachazwa njengaleyo misindo ephinyiswa kube khona ukuphazamiseka
komoya noma kokuphuma komoya emlonyeni. Abafani nonkamisa bona abaphinyiswa
kungabi khona ukuphazamiseka komoya. EsiZulwini, nakwezinye izilimi, ongwaqa
baningi kakhulu kunonkamisa. Ongwaqa esiZulwini, nakwezinye izilimi, bachazwa
ngezindlela ezimbili:
1. Indawo emlonyeni umsindo ophinyiswa kuyo
2. Indlela umsindo ophinyiswa ngayo
Ake sibheke izindawo kulo mdwebo ongezansi lapho kuphinyiswa khona imisindo:
FIGURE 1.2: IZINDAWO ZOKUPHIMISA IMISINDO
umgudu wamakhala
ulwanga
izinsini
ulimu
amalaka
izindebe
ugovane
amazinyo
umphimbo
uqhoqhoqho
Lezi zindlela zokuchaza umsindo ongungwaqa ezingenhla ziphendula imibuzo ethi,

umsindo uphimiseka kuphi nendawo, uphimiseka kanjani. Ake sibheke izindawo
lapho imisindo iphinyiswa khona, nokuthi yimiphi imisindo ephinyiswa kulezo
zindawo.
1.4.3.1 Indawo emlonyeni imisindo ephinyiswa kuyo (place of articulation)

Imisindo iphinyiswa ezindaweni ezahlukene emlonyeni. Izindawo lapho imisindo
iphinyiswa khona emlonyeni singabala izindebe zomlomo, amazinyo, izinsini,
ulwanga, amalaka, kanye nomphimbo. EsiZulwini kukhona lezi zinhlobo zemisindo:
ondebembili, ondebezinyo, onsinini, olwangeni, omalakeni, kanye nomphinjeni. Ake
sibheke lezi zinhlobo ngokwehlukana kwazo.
1.4.3.1.1 Ondebembili (bilabials)

Ondebembili yileyo misindo ephinyiswa ngokusebenzisa izindebe zomlomo zombili.
Kukhona ondebembili abanezwi kanye nabangenazwi. Abanezwi yilaba: /b/, /bh/, /
ZUL1505/1 9
mb/. /m/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /p/, /ph/, /mp/. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla ukuthi
osingankamisa banezimpawu zongwaqa baphinde futhi babe nezimpawu zonkamisa.
Ngakho-ke usingankamisa /w/ naye ungena ngaphansi kondebembili abanezwi.
1.4.3.1.2 Ondebezinyo (dentilabials)

Ondebezinyo yileyo misindo ephinyiswa ngokusebenzisa amazinyo angenhla kanye
nodebe lwangezansi lomlomo. Nabo ondebezinyo kukhona abanezwi kanye naban-
genazwi. Abanezwi yilaba: /v/, /mv/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /f/, /mf/. EsiZulwini
kuphinda futhi kube khona uhlobo longwaqa ababizwa ngongwaqabathwa (clicks),
nabo abangondebezinyo. Ongwaqabathwa abangondebezinyo abanezwi yilaba:
/gc/, /ngc/, /gq/, /ngq/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /c/, /ch/, /nc/, /q/, /qh/, /nq/.
1.4.3.1.3 Onsinini (alveolars)

Onsinini yileyo misindo ephinyiswa ngokuthintisa ulimu ezinsinini ezingenhla. Nabo
onsinini kukhona abanezwi kanye nabangenazwi. Abanezwi yilaba: /d/, /nd/, /z/, /
nz/, /l/, /dl/, /ndl/, /n/, /r/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /t/, /th/, /nt/, /s/, /ns/, /hl/,
/nhl/, /ts/.
1.4.3.1.4 Olwangeni (palatals)

Olwangeni yileyo misindo ephinyiswa ngokuthintisa umzimba wolimu olwangeni
(kwingaphezulu lomlomo). Nabo olwangeni bangahlukaniswa ngokuthi banezwi
noma abanalo izwi. Abanezwi yilaba: /j/, /nj/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /sh/, /ny/, /tsh/,
/ntsh/, /y/. Kukhona futhi abanye ongwaqabathwa abangolwangeni, njengoba sishilo
nanenhla ukuthi kukhona nabangondebezinyo. Ongwaqabathwa abanezwi yilaba: /
gx/, /ngx/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /x/, /xh/, /nx/.
1.4.3.1.5 Omalakeni (velars)

Omalakeni yileyo misindo ephinyiswa ngokusebenzisa ingemuva lomlomo lapho
kutholakala khona amalaka. Kukhona omalakeni abanezwi kanye nabangenazwi.
Abanezwi yilaba: /g/, /ng/. Abangenazwi yilaba: /k/, /kh/, /kl/.
1.4.3.1.6 Omphinjeni (glottals)

Omphinjeni yileyo misindo esiyiphimisa ngokusebenzisa umphimbo. Omphinjeni
esiZulwini babili kuphela. Kukhona ongenazwi /h/, kanye nonezwi /hh/.
UMSEBENZI 1.3
1. Nikeza izibonelo zokusetshenziswa konkamisa abayi-7 abatholakala esiZulwini.
2. Nikeza izibonelo ezimbili zokusetshenziswa kwemisindo ozozikhethela yona kulezi
nhlobo zongwaqa ezilandelayo:
Ondebembili
Ondebezinyo
Onsinini
Olwangeni
Omalakeni
Omphinjeni
Izibonelo zakho kumele ziveze ukusetshenziswa kwalezi nhlobo zemisindo

emagameni esiZulu.
10
1.4.3.2 Indlela yokuphimisa imisindo (manner of articulation)

Indlela yokuphimisa imisindo isho indlela umoya ophuma ngayo emlonyeni uma
kuphinyiswa imisindo engongwaqa. Uma kuphinyiswa abanye ongwaqa kuba khona
ukuvimbeka noma ukuphazamiseka komoya okukhulu emlonyeni, kanti uma
kuphinyiswa abanye kuba khona ukuphazamiseka okuncane okungatheni. EsiZulwini
kunalezi nhlobo zendlela yokuphimisa imisindo: odubulayo, onguputshu, ovuthelwayo,
ombibithwa, omankankane, oseceleni, omfuthwa, kanye noyisiqinisomfuthwa. Ake
sichaze lezi zinhlobo zemisindo, uhlobo ngalunye.
1.4.3.2.1 Odubulayo/omadubula (plosives)

Omadubula uhlobo longwaqa okuthi uma bephinyiswa umoya uvimbeke ngci
emlonyeni isikhashana, bese uyadedelwa ngendlela efuthekayo noma esakudubula.
Yingakho nje bebizwa ngomadubula. Omadubula baphinde futhi babizwe ngokuthi
ngobhamu. Leli gama nalo lisuselwa ekutheni uma bephinyiswa labo ngwaqa kuba
khona ukuqhuma komsindo okusasibhamu. Ongwaqa abangoputshu kanye
nabavuthelwayo nabo bangongwaqa abadubulayo. Kodwa-ke njengoba benendlela
yabo yokuphinyiswa ethanda ukwehluka kulabo ngwaqa, kungcono sibachaze
kahle ezihlokwaneni zabo ngezansi. Lapha esingakubalula nje ukuthi kukhona olunye
uhlobo lomadubula ababizwa ngokuthi ngomadubula abanezwi. Omadubula
abanezwi yilabo ngwaqa abaphinyiswa kube khona ukungqangqazela kwegilo. Lokho
kungqangqazela kwegilo kudalwa ukuthi labo ngwaqa banezwi. Uma kuphinyiswa
ongwaqa abangenazwi akubi khona ukungqangqazela kwegilo.Omadubula abanezwi
yilaba: /b/, /d/, /g/.
1.4.3.2.2 Ongwaqa abangoputshu (ejectives)

Ongwaqa abangoputshu nabo banguhlobo longwaqa abangomadubula, njengoba
kushiwe ngenhla. Kodwa-ke uma bephinyiswa bona kuba khona ukumpintsheka
okukhulu komoya emlonyeni. Kuba khona ukuvaleka komoya kwesikhashana bese
uyadedelwa kancane uphume kanzima nangokudubula. EsiZulwini bathathu ongwaqa
abayilolu hlobo: /p/, /t/, /k/.
1.4.3.2.3 Ongwaqa abavuthelwayo (aspirated consonants)

Bese kushiwo ngenhla ukuthi ongwaqa abavuthelwayo nabo futhi bangomadubula.
Kodwa-ke behlukile komadubula abejwayelekile ngoba bona uma bephinyiswa kuba
khona ukuhahaza okwenzekayo uma kuphuma umoya emlonyeni, lokhu okungenzeki
komadubula abejwayelekile. Ukuphinyiswa kwabo kuphelezelwa umoya. Yilokhu
kuphuma komoya okwenza ukuthi bahluke kulaba banye ongwaqa abangomadubula.
Yilaba omadubula abavuthelwayo: /ph/, /th/, /kh/. Kukhona futhi ongwaqabathwa
nabo abavuthelwayo: /ch/, /qh/, /xh/.
1.4.3.2.4 Umbibithwa (implosive)

Umbibithwa ngungwaqa uphinyiswa ngokuthi kudonswe umoya bese uqhumela
ngaphakathi emlonyeni. EsiZulwini kunombibithwa oyedwa: /b/.
1.4.3.2.5 Omankankane (nasals)

Omankankane yimisindo ethi uma iphinyiswa kube khona ukuvaleka ngci komoya
emlonyeni bese kuthi umoya uphume ngamakhala. EsiZulwini kunomankankane
abane: /m/, /n/, /ny/, /ng/.
ZUL1505/1 11
1.4.3.2.6 Onhlangothi/oseceleni (laterals)
Ongwaqa abaseceleni bathi uma bephinyiswa umoya uphume ngokugudla ecaleni
omabili olimu. Ulimu luyenyuka lunamathele olwangeni noma ezinsinini ukuze
umoya uphume emaceleni. Kukhona ongwaqa abaseceleni abanezwi, isib. /l/, /dl/,
kanye nabangenazwi, isib. /hl/. Kuphinda futhi kube khona ongwaqabathwa nabo
abaseceleni: /x/, /xh/, /gx/, /nx/, /ngx/.
1.4.3.2.7 Omfuthwa (fricatives)

Omfuthwa ngongwaqa abaphinyiswa ngokumpintsha kancane isikhala lapho
kuphuma khona umoya. Umoya awuvalwa ngci njengakomadubula, kodwa uvulelwa
isikhala esincane uphume ngokumpintsheka. Ukuphuma komoya kuhambisana
nomsindo othile odalwa ukuthi umoya uphuma ngokumpintsheka emlonyeni.
Kukhona omfuthwa abanezwi, isib. /v/, /z/, /hh/, kanye nabangenazwi, isib. /f/, /s/,
/sh/, /h/.
1.4.3.2.8 Abayisiqinisomfuthwa (affricates)

Ongwaqa abayisiqinisomfuthwa ngongwaqa okuthi uma bephinyiswa kube
khona ukuvaleka ngci komoya bese kuthi emva kwalokho kube khona ukuvuleleka
okuncane komoya. Lolu hlobo longwaqa lwakhiwa ngomadubula kanye nomfuthwa.
Kuba ngumadubula ngasekuqaleni bese elandelwa ngumfuthwa. Kunezinhlobo
ezimbili zongwaqa abayisiqinisomfuthwa esiZulwini, kukhona abanezwi kanye
nabangoputshu. Onezwi munye kuphela: /j/, kanti abangoputshu bona babili: /ts/, /tsh/.
1.4.3.2.9 Ilikhwidi (liquid)

Ungwaqa u /l/ ubizwa ngokuthi yilikhwidi. Uma ephinyiswa lo ngwaqa izitho
zokuphimisa ziyasondelana kodwa akubi bikho ukuhlihliza. Okunye okubalulekile
ngalo ngwaqa ukuthi unezwi futhi usebenzisa umoya ophuma emaphashini. EsiZulwini
sinelikhwidi eyodwa, ngu /l/.
1.4.3.2.10 Uvevezela (trill)

Lolu hlobo longwaqa olokwebolekwa, aludabuki esiZulwini. Luvela emagameni
okwebolekwa kuphela futhi, anjengo irama (rama), irandi (rand), iringi (ring), njll.,
abolekwe esiNgisini. Uma luphinyiswa isihloko solimi sishaya siphindelela ngesivinini
ezinsinini. Lo ngwaqa ngu /r/.
1.4.3.3 Ama-alofoni (allophones)

Ama-alofoni yizindlela ezimbili zokubhalwa komsindo owodwa. Lezi zindlela
ezimbili zomsindo owodwa ziletha ushintsho emqondweni wegama uma kukhishwa enye
indlela kufakwe enye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwenza igama lingabe lisaba nomqondo
ebelinawo ngesikhathi kusafakwe le enye indlela. EsiZulwini ama-alofoni atholakala
phakathi kongwaqa abavuthelwayo kanye nabanye ongwaqa abejwayelekile.
IZIBONELO:
Phela “come to an end/get finished”
Pela “Say how a word is written/Spell out”
Amabhele “Bears/wild animals”
Amabele “breasts/sorghum”
Cela “Ask for”
Chela “Sprinkle”
12
Uma sibheka izibonelo zethu ezingenhla, umehluko okhona esibonelweni sokuqa-

la ukuthi egameni “phela” kukhona ungwaqa ovuthelwayo /ph/, kanti kwelesibili
“pela” kukhona ungwaqa onguputshu /p/. Ngaphandle kwalokho la magama afana
ncamashi. Lo mehluko wenza ukuthi la magama abe nezincazelo ezingefani, njen-
goba kukhonjisiwe ezibonelweni ezingenhla. Nakulezi ezinye izibonelo kwenzeka into
efanayo. Ngakho-ke imisindo u /ph/ no /p/, u /bh/ no /b/, kanye no /ch/ no /c/,
ingama-alofoni. Uma sichaza lokhu-ke sikubeka kanje: imisindo u [ph] no [p] ingama-
alofoni omsindo/efonimu u /p/, imisindo u [bh] no [b] ingama-alofoni omsindo u /b/,
njll. Igama “ifonimu” yigama elibolekwe egameni lesiNgisi “phoneme”, nalo elisho
“umsindo”. Ama-alofoni siwathola kwifonetiki kuphela, yingakho uma siwachaza
kumele siwakhombise ngabakaki [ ]. Bese kushiwo ngenhla ukuthi ngokwefonetiki
imisindo ibhalwa ifakwe kubakaki, kanti ngokwefonoloji ikhonjiswa ngophawu / /.
Sifaka uphawu / / uma sichaza ukuthi imisindo ingama-alofoni amuphi umsindo
ngoba lowo msindo usuke ubhalwe ngokwefonoloji, bese ushintsha uma ubhalwa
ngokwefonetiki.
1.5 UKUBHALWA KWEMISINDO NGOKWEFONETIKI

(PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION)
IsiZulu naso sisebenzisa i-International Phonetic Alphabet (I.P.A.), ukubhala imisindo
ngokwefonetiki. I-I.P.A. uhla lwezimpawu zefonetiki ezibekelwe ukusetshenziswa
yizo zonke izilimi ezisebenzisa ama-alfabhethi ukwakha noma ukubhala amagama
azo. Inguhla lwezimpawu zokuloba ngokwefonetiki ezisetshenziswa izilimi zonke
zomhlaba. Kuyenzeka ukuthi umsindo owodwa olimini ubhalwe ngezindlela
ezingafani ngokwefonetiki, kuye ngokuthi uvela kuliphi igama. Kodwa uma ubhalwa
ngendlela ejwayelekile lowo msindo ungabi khona umehluko. Lokhu singakukhombisa
ngomsindo u /b/ esiZulwini. Lo msindo kwamanye amagama ubhalwa njengo [b]
ngokwefonetiki, njengasegameni “ukhamba” [ukhamba]. Uphinde futhi ubhalwe
njengo [6], njengasegameni “ubaba” [u6α6α]. Besike sasho ngenhla ukuthi ngokwe-
fonetiki imisindo namagama kubhalwa kufakwe kubakaki [ ]. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi
uma kubhalwa ngokwejwayelekile umsindo ophinyiswa ngendlela eyodwa ezilimi-
ni ezahlukene ubhalwe ngokungefani. Kodwa uthole ukuthi lowo msindo ubhalwa
ngendlela eyodwa ngokwefonetiki. Isibonelo salokhu ngumsindo u /sh/, obhalwa
kanje esiZulwini /sh/, esiSuthwini saseNyakatho (iSipedi) ubhalwe njengo /š/, bese
kuthi esiTsongeni ubhalwe njengo /x/. Lo msindo kuzo zonke lezi limi ubhalwa
njengo [ʃ ] ngokwefonetiki. Lokhu kusibonisa ukuthi empeleni ngumsindo owodwa
lo. Ngakho-ke, ifonetiki iyasiza ekusiboniseni izinto ezifana nalezi. Ngokwefonetiki
umsindo nomsindo unophawu olulodwa vo oluwumele, akukhathaleki noma ngabe
ubhalwa ngendlela engafani olimini olulodwa noma ezilimini ezahlukene. Ake sibheke
ukuthi imisindo eyahlukene yesiZulu ibhalwa kanjani ngokwefonetiki.
Njengoba sishilo ngenhla ukuthi imisindo yehlukene izigaba ezimbili: onkamisa non-
gwaqa. Sishilo ukuthi esiZulwini kukhona onkamisa abayisikhombisa (7). Ake sibheke
ukuthi labo nkamisa babhalwa kanjani ngokwefonetiki:
Umsindo Ngokwefonetiki Isibonelo Ngokwefonetiki
/α/ [α] ilala [ilαlα]
/e/ [e] umgibeli [umgi6eli]
/e/ [ɛ] isithebe [isithe6ɛ]
/i/ [i] izwe [izwɛ]
/o/ [o] umgodi [umgodi]
/o/ [ɔ] obaba [ɔ6α6α]
/u/ [u] ubuso [u6uso]
ZUL1505/1 13
Sesibonile ukuthi babhalwa kanjani onkamisa ngokwefonetiki. Manje ake sibheke
ukuthi ongwaqa bona babhalwa kanjani:
Umsindo Ngokwefonetiki Isibonelo Ngokwefonetiki

/b/ [b] icembe [icεmbe]
/b/ [6] ubaba [u6α6α]
/bh/ [bh] ibhola [ibholα]
/c/ [ǀ] isicephu [isiǀεphu]
/ch/ [ǀh] chitha [ǀhithα]
/d/ [d] idada [idαdα]
/dl/ [ɮ] isidlo [isiɮᴐ]
/f/ [f] umfana [umfαnα]
/g/ [g] igugu [igugu]
/gc/ [gǀ] gcoba [gǀo6α]
/gq/ [gǃ] gqama [gǃαmα]
/gx/ [gǁ] gxoba [ǁᴐ6α]
/h/ [h] hamba [hαmbα]
/hh/ [ɦ] ihholo [iɦᴐlᴐ]
/hl/ [ɬ] hlala [ɬαlα]
/j/ [ʤ] uju [uʤu]
/k/ [k] umakoti [umαkᴐti]
/k/ [ɠ ] ukuza [uɠuzα]
/kh/ [k h] ikhukhu [ik huk hu]
/kl/ [kɬ] iklabishi [ikɬα6iʃi]
/l/ [l] ulele [ulelε]
/m/ [m] umama [umαmα]
/n/ [n] unina [uninα]
/ny/ [ ɲ] inyama [iɲαmα]
/ng/ [ŋ] ingane [iŋαnε]
/p/ [p] ipipi [ipipi]
/ph/ [ph] iphini [iphini]
/q/ [ǃ] iqanda [iǃαndα]
/qh/ [ǃh] iqhaza [iqhαzα]
/r/ [ɹ] irandi [iɹαndi]
/s/ [s] isoso [isosᴐ]
/sh/ [ʃ ] ishoba [iʃo6α]
/t/ [t] itiye [itiyε]
/th/ [th] thatha [thαthα]
/tsh/ [tʃ ] tshela [tʃelα]
/ts/ [ts] itsako [itsαkᴐ]
/v/ [v] vala [vαlα]
/w/ /w/ iwele [iwelε]
/x/ [ǁ] ixoxo [iǁᴐǁᴐ]
/xh/ [ǁh] ixhiba [iǁi6α]
/y/ [j] uyise [ujise]
/z/ [z] zama [zαmα]
Sesibonile ukuthi ongwaqa besiZulu babhalwa kanjani ngokwefonetiki. Ongwaqa

abangekho ethebuleni elingenhla (isib. /nt/, /ntsh, /ngq/, njll.) abafakwanga ngoba
bakhiwa ongwaqa okubaluliwe vele ngabo. Ezinye izimpawu ezisetshenziswa uma
kubhalwa ngokwefonetiki azifakwanga ngoba inhloso bekuwukukhombisa ukuthi
imisindo yesiZulu ibhalwa kanjani ngokwefonetiki. Uphawu olukhombisa onkamisa
abade (i:, a:, o:, njll) alukhonjiswanga ezibonelweni zethu. Kanjalo nophawu olukhombisa
14
ongwaqa abanesitresi (isib. “m, “t, “tsh, njll.), ongwaqa abangoputshu (isib. p”, t”, k”),
njll., nakho akukhonjiswanga.
Ingxoxo engenhla mayenala nendawo lapho imisindo iphinyiswa khona kanye

nendlela imisindo ephinyiswa ngayo singayifingqa ngokwethebula elilandelayo:
Ondeb- Ondeb- Onsi Olwan- Omal- Omph-

embili ezinyo -nini geni akeni injeni
Omadubula Onezwi /b/ [b] /d/ [d] /g/ [g]
Onguputshu /p/ [p] /t/ [t] /k/ [k]
Ovuthelayo /ph/ [ph] /th/ [th] /k/ [k h]
Umbibithwa /b/ [6]
Onezwi /v/ [v] /z/ [z] /hh/ [ɦ]
Omfuthwa
Ongenazwi /f/ [f] /s/ [s] /sh/ [ʃ ] /h/ [h]
Oyisiqiniso- Onezwi /j/ [ʤ]

Mfuthwa
Onguputshu /ts/ [ts] /tsh/ [tʃ ]
Onezwi /l/ [l]
Oseceleni /dl/ [ɮ]
Ongenazwi /hl/ [ɬ] /x/ [ǁ]
Omankankane /m/ [m] /n/ [n] /ny/ [ ɲ] /ng/ [ŋ]
Osingankamisa /w/ [w] /y/ [j]
1.6 ISIPHETHO SEYUNITHI

Kule Yunithi kuchazwe ngefonetiki ( phonetics). Kuchazwe izitho zomzimba ezisebenza
uma sikhuluma kwase kuchazwa nezindawo emlonyeni lapho imisindo iphinyiswa
khona. Kuphinde kwachazwa nendlela imisido ephinyiswa ngayo kwase kuchazwa
nangama-alofoni (allophones). Ekugcineni kube sekuchazwa indlela imisindo yesiZulu
ebhalwa ngayo ngokwefonetiki. Le Yunithi elandelayo yona imayelana nefonoloji
( phonolog y), okuyisifundo semisindo kanye nezinguquko zemisindo.
UMSEBENZI 1.4
1. Bhala umehluko ube mubili phakathi kokuphinyiswa kongwaqa nokuphinyiswa
konkamisa.
2. Yiziphi izindlelqa ezimbili okuchazwe ngazo umsindo ongungwaqa?
3. Bhala izindawo eziyisi-6 lapho imisindo engongwaqa ephimiseka khona.
4. Gcwalisa izikhala ngongwaqa abafanela, ubachaze.
ZUL1505/1 15
Ondebezinyo Onsinini Olwangeni Omalakeni Omphinjeni
5. Ayini ama-alofoni? Nikeza izibonelo ezimbili zemisindo engama-alofoni esiZulwini.

6. Bhala labo nkamisa abalandelayo ngokwefonetiki:
(a) /a/
(b) /e/
(c) /o/
7. Bhala labo ngwaqa abalandelayo ngokwefonetiki:
(a) /sh/
(b) /ch/
(c) /ngq/
(d) /tsh/
(e) /x/
(f) /j/
(g) /ph/
UMSEBENZI 1.5
IMIBUZO YOKUZIVIVINYA (Self-assessment)
Funda isiqeshana esilandelayo bese uphendula imibuzo yefonoloji nefonetiki

ezolandela:
UKUNUKUBEZEKA KOMKHATHI
Umoya ophezulu 1.1 emkhathini unukubezwe intuthu evela emafemini nasezimbonini.

Lokhu kuholela ekutheni siphefumule umoya osigulisayo. Kunezifo eziningi esezi-
hlasela abantu nezilwane kanye nezihlahla ngenxa yalo moya ongcolile. Kubalulekile
ukuthi abantu nabo bangawungcolisi umoya ngoba uyisisekelo sempilo yabo. Uma
sekulimele umoya 1.2 nesimo sezulu siyashintsha. Uma lina lishaya 1.3 uzamcolo,
kube nezikhukhula ezidala umonakalo ezitshalweni, emizini yabantu kanye 1.4 nase-
mfuyweni. Uma lishisa likhipha umkhovu etsheni, kugule abantu babenomkhuhlane,
1.5 balinyazwe ukushisa 1.6 esikhunjeni, sibe nomdlavuza wesikhumba. Uma libanda
lishubisa umnkantsha, kube nezifo ezidalwa amakhaza. Abantu abahlala 1.7 emikhukhwini
bayafa noma balinyazwe umlilo ngenxa yeqwa elikhithika maqede liphoqe ukuthi
balale nezimbawula endlini ezigcina ngokokhela imikhukhu bese zidala ingozi.
IMIBUZO
1. Tomula amagama esiqeshini analaba onkamisa abaphansi [ɔ] no [ε].
2. Bhala amagama 1.1 kuya ku 1.7 angenhla ngefonetiki.
16
Ifonoloji (phonology)
IYUNITHI YESIBILI:
2 IFONOLOJI (PHONOLOGY)

Ekupheleni kwale yunithi njengomfundi uzobe sewazi okulandelayo:
• Ukuthi yimiphi imisindo ekhona esiZulwini

• Ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko zemisindo ezenzekayo esiZulwini
• Ukuthi yiziphi izimbangela zezinguquko zemisindo ezenzekayo esiZulwini

Ulimi nolimi lunemisindo yalo oluyisebenzisayo ukwakha amagama. Nokho-ke,
kuyenzeka ukuthi izilimi ezahlukene zibe nemisindo efanayo ezakha ngayo amaga-
ma. Kodwa-ke uma ubhekisisa uyathola ukuthi ukhona umehluko omncane, noma
imisindo yalezo zilimi ifana. Lo mehluko kungaba mhlampe imisindo embalwa
engafani phakathi kwalezo zilimi. Le Yunithi imayelana nefonoloji. Imayelana noku-
fundwa kwemisindo yesiZulu. Imayelana nokuchaza ukuthi yimiphi imisindo ekhona
esiZulwini nokubheka ukuthi yimiphi imisindo okuvumeleke ukuthi ibe ndawonye
noma isondelane. Uma imisindo okungavumelekile ukuthi isondelane kwenzeka
isondelana, yiziphi izinguquko zemisindo eziba khona noma ezenzekayo.
2.2 IFONOLOJI
Ifonoloji yisifundo esimayelana nemisindo yolimi kanye nendlela leyo misindo
ehlanganiswa ngayo ukwakha amagama. Ifonoloji ibheka imisindo ekhona olimini
kanye nendlela leyo misindo ehlanganiswa ngayo ukwakha amagama. Kukhona
imisindo engavumelekile ukuthi ihlanganiswe uma kwakhiwa amagama. Kodwa-
ke lokhu kuncika olimini. Lokhu okusho ukutho ulimi nolimi lunemithetho yalo
eyengamela indlela imisindo ehlanganiswa ngayo ukwakha amagama. Uma kwenzeka
kuhlangana imisindo okungavumelekile, ngokwemithetho yolimi, ukuthi ihlangane
kuye kube khona isinguquko zemisindo. Ukufundwa kwezinguquko zemisindo nakho
kuyingxenye yefonoloji. Lokhu okusho ukuthi ifonoloji ingachazwa njengesifundo
semisindo kanye nezinguquko zemisindo ezenzekayo ngenxa yokusondelana
kwemisindo okungavumelekile ukuthi isondelane ngokwemithetho yolimi. Ifonoloji
ibheka kakhulu indlela imisindo ebhalwa ngayo, kanti ifonetiki yona ibheka
indlela imisindo ephinyiswa ngayo.
2.3 IMISINDO
KwiYunithi eyandulela le bese kuchaziwe ukuthi uyini umsindo, nokuthi
esiZulwini kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zemisindo: onkamisa kanye nongwaqa. Bese sishilo
nokuthi esiZulwini kukhona ongwaqa abayisikhombisa (7):
ZUL1505/1 17
Umsindo Isibonelo
/α/ hamba
/e/ emuva
/ɛ/ icɛbi
/i/ isisu
/o/ isobho
/ɔ/ isivalɔ
/u/ ukudla
Bese kubaluliwe kwiYunithi engenhla nokuthi uma sibhala imisindo ngokwefonoloji

sisebenzisa uphawu “//”. Sesibonile ukuthi yibaphi onkamisa abakhona esiZulwini.
Manje ake sibheke ukuthi yibaphi ongwaqa esinabo esiZulwini. Ongwaqa abakhona
esiZulwini, kanye nakwezinye izilimi eziningi, baningi kakhulu. Akukho lula ukusho
ukuthi bangaki ngokwenombolo. Nokho-ke ake sibabheke kule thebula elilandelayo:
Umsindo Isibonelo
/b/ ubaba
/bh/ ibhola
/c/ isicephu
/ch/ chitha
/d/ idada
/dl/ isidlo
/f/ umfana
/g/ igugu
/gc/ gcoba
/gq/ gqama
/gx/ gxoba
/h/ hamba
/hh/ ihholo
/hl/ Hlala
/j/ Uju
/k/ umakoti
/kh/ ikhukhu
/kl/ iklabishi
/l/ Ulele
/m/ umama
/mb/ ithambo
/mp/ impimpi
/mf/ imfene
/mv/ imvubu
/n/ unina
/ny/ inyama
/ng/ ingane
/nd/ indondo
/nt/ isonto
18
/nj/ Inja
/nx/ amanxeba
/ns/ izinso
/nq/ isinqa
/nc/ amancoko
/ngc/ ingcebo
/ngx/ ingxoxo
/ngq/ ingqikithi
/ntsh/ intshebe
/nhl/ inhloko
/ndl/ indlela
/nk/ inkaba
/nz/ inzondo
/p/ Ipipi
/ph/ iphini
/q/ iqanda
/qh/ iqhaza
/r/ irandi
/s/ Isoso
/sh/ ishoba
/t/ Itiye
/th/ thatha
/tsh/ tshela
/ts/ itsako
/v/ Vala
/w/ Iwele
/x/ Ixoxo
/xh/ Ixhiba
/y/ Uyise
/z/ Zama
Yibo-ke laba ongwaqa esinabo esiZulwini. Okusho ukuthi singasho ukuthi esiZulwini
sinongwaqa abalinganiselwa kwabangama-59 (amashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalo-
lunye). Uma sibheka kwithebula elingenhla kuyacaca ukuthi imisindo eminingi
kakhulu eqala ngomsindo u /n/. Lo msindo uwodwa unemisindo eyi-18 (eyishumi
nesishiyagalombili). Manje sesibonile ukuthi yimiphi imisindo esinayo esiZulwini.
Uma kwenzeka imisindo engekho kule ebalwe ngenhla isondelana/ilandelana, kuba
khona ukuguquka kwemisindo okwenzekayo. Imisindo evumelekile esiZulwini yile
ebalwe ngenhla kuphela. Kodwa-ke kwesinye isikhathi izinguquko azidalwa ukuthi
kulandelana imisindo okungamele ilandelane. Kuyenzeka zidalwe ukuthi igama
selibhalwe ngenye indlela noma kukhona imsindo esifakiwe egameni eyenza ukuthi
libhaleke ngenye indlela. Kodwa-ke zonke izinguquko zemisindo zenzeka ngesizathu
sokuthi kumele amagama aphimiseke kalula. Uma uzama ukuphimisa amagama
anezinguquko zemisindo uyezwa ukuthi bekumele ngempela ibe khona leyo nguquko
yemisindo, ngoba uma ingekho igama liphimiseka kanzima kakhulu. Ake sibheke
ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko zemisindo ezenzekayo noma ezikhona esiZulwini.
ZUL1505/1 19
2.4 IZINGUQUKO ZEMISINDO (SOUND CHANGES)
Izinguquko ezenzeka konkamisa olimini lwesiZulu zidalwa ukuthi onkamisa aba-
vumelekile ukuthi balandelane emalungeni egama kungekho ngwaqa obahlukanisile.
Ezinye izilimi ziyakuvuma ukuthi amalunga azo abe nonkamisa abalandelanayo,
izibonelo:
Sesotho: Kea bua (I am talking)

IsiXhosa: iindaba (news)
English: going
Afrikaans: koei (cow)
Setswana: leihlo (eye)
TshiVenda: muimbi (singer)
Izibonelo ezingenhla zikhombiza izilimi ezimbalwa ezinamalunga anonkamisa aba-

landelanayo. Uma kwenzeka onkamisa esiZulwini belandelana, kwenzeka izinguquko
zonkamisa, ukulumbana konkamisa, ukungwaqazisa kanye nokweqiwa konkamisa.
2.4.1 Ukulumbana konkamisa (vowel coalescence)

Kunemigomo yale nguquko okufanele ilandeleke, nansi le migomo yohlelo:
 Onkamisa bemvelo kuphela abalumbanayo: /a,i,u/

 Unkamisa a kufanele abe ngasekuqaleni ukuze yenzeke le nguquko.
a+a = a
a+i = e
a+u = o
IZIBONELO:
Insizwa bayithele nga+amanzi.
ngaamanzi > ngamanzi
Le ntokazi icula nga+izwi elimtoti.

ngaizwi >ngezwi
Ngiphuza nga+umlomo esigujini.

ngaumlomo >ngomlomo
Ukulumbana konkamisa kwenzeka uma:

a. Kulandelana izinto: uthenge ubisi na+isinkwa >nesinkwa
b. Uma kwakhiwa ongumnini: isigubhu sa+ubisi > sobisi.
c. Uma kusetshenziswa izijobelelo zesifaniso: Ucula njenga+abafana > njengabafana
d. Uma kulinganiswa: nganga+ulwandle.> ngangolwandle.
Kulezi zibonelo ezingenhla kuyahlaluka ukuthi onkamisa esiZulwini abalandelani,

ngakho ukulumbana kwabo kuphoqwa imithetho yolimi. Umphumela wokwenzeka
kwale nguquko udala ukuthi kwakheke onkamisa abasha (onkamisa bokuvela, u /e/
no /o/ okuthiwa abokuvela ngoba bavele ngokwenzeka kwale nguquko.
20
2.4.2 Ukungwaqazisa (consonantalisation)

Kule nguquko yilapho onkamisa bethatha isimo songwaqa ngenxa yokuthi bayala-
ndelana. Onkamisa kule nguquko baphenduka babe ngosingankamisa. Uma unkamisa
/a/ engekho ekuqaleni, lokho kusho ukuthi inguquko engukulumbana konkamisa
ayenzeki, uma kulandelana onkamisa bemvelo lokho kusho ukuthi inguquko enguku-
lumbana konkamisa ayenzeki, bese kwenzeka ukungwaqazisa.
IZIBONELO:
Indoda i+aba inyama = iaba> yaba = i>y
Uthando lu+abantwana lukhulu = luabantwana> lwabantwana = u>w

Uthando+eni lweNkosi kunokuthula = othandoeni > othandweni = o>w
Kwenzeka kuphi ukungwaqazisa?

i) Ezenzweni eziqala ngonkamisa. Ubaba u+ondla abantwana bakhe > wondla
ii) Uma kuqaliswa ngo uku- isiqalo sebizo: uku+azi > ukwazi
iii) Uma kwakhiwa isandiso sendawo: Umdlalo+eni > emdlalweni
iv) Uma kusetshenziswa isijobelelo sesinciphiso: Ikhukhu+ana > ikhukhwana
QAPHELA [NB]:
Ukungwaqazisa kwenzeka kulaba onkamisa kuphela: kunkamisa ophambili phezulu u
/i/ aphenduke abe ngusingankamisa u /y/. Kanti konkamisa abasemuva okungunkamisa
/u/ osemuva phezulu kanye nonkamisa /o/ osemuva maphakathi baphenduka
usingankamisa /w/.
i>y
o>w
u>w
2.4.3 Ukunkankazisa (nasalisation)

Ukunkankazisa kuhambelana nokuthelelana kwemisindo ngobunjalo bayo. Uma
kwenzeka le nguquko umsindo owungwaqa othile ongeyena umankankane uba
nenguquko ethile elethwa umankankane uma encikene nalowo msindo. Ukunkankaza
kwenzeka kanje:
 Uma umankankane esondelene nondebembili, uyaguquka athathe izimpawu
zikandebembili aseduze kwakhe. Isib: in+phila > impilo
 Uma umankankane esondelene nonsinini, uyaguquka athathe izimpawu
zikansinini oseduze kwakhe. Isib: in+thela > intela
 Uma umankankane esondelene nomalakeni, uyaguquka athathe izimpawu
zikamalakeni aseduze kwakhe. isib: in+khuluma > inkulumo
QAPHELA [NB]:
Ukuthi umankankane u /n/ odala le nguquko utholakala esiqalweni samabizo esigaba
sesi-9 (iN)), nesiqalo samabizo esigaba se-10 (iziN)? Le nguquko yenzeka uma kwakhiwa
amabizo ethathelwa ezenzweni? Buka izibonelo ngenhla: phila, thenga, khuluma.
ZUL1505/1 21
FUNDA LOKHU:
Ondebembili Onsinini Omalakeni
In+phakama > impakamo In+thenga > intengo Izin+khala > izinkalo
Izin+bamba > izimbambo In+delela > indelelo In+gana > ingane
In+buza > imbuzi In+zuza > inzuzo In+hamba > inkambo
2.4.4 Ukulwangisa (palatalisation)

Lolu hlobo lwenguquko lwenzeka uma imisindo engondebembili naleyo engonsinini
iguquka ibe olwangeni. Ukulwangisa kwenzeka nini?
 Uma kuncishiswa amabizo ngokujobelela isijobelelo sesinciphiso, kanje:
Ukhamba+ana > ukhambana > ukhanjana; Idada+ana > idadana > idajana
 Uma kwakhiwa impambosi yokwenziwa kanje: gubha+iwa > gubhwa > gujwa,
tenda+iwa > tendwa > tenjwa
 Uma kwakhiwa isandiso sendawo, kanje: izingubo+eni > ezingubeni > ezingutsheni,
iphaphu+eni > ephaphini > ephashini
QAPHELA [NB]:
Umthelela wokuguquka kwale misindo ewondebembili nonsinini idalwa ukujobelela.
Lezi zijobelelo, -ana, -eni, -iwa zinomthelela wokuthutha komsindo oseduze nazo usuke
endaweni obuphinyiswa kuyo, uyophimisela olwangeni. Ake ubheke izibonelo ngenhla:
U /mb/ ongundebembili uphenduke u /nj/ ongulwangeni, u /d/ ongunsinini uphenduke u
/j/ ongulwangeni.
U /bh/ ongundebembili uphenduke u /j/ ongulwangeni, u /nd/ ongunsinini uphenduke u
/nj/ ongulwangeni.
U /b/ ongundebembili uphenduke u /tsh/ ongulwangeni, u /ph/ ongundebembili uphenduke
u /sh/ ongulwangeni.
Enguqukweni yesibili uma kusetshenziswe isakhi sempambosi yokwenziwa, kuyavela
ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukulwangisa kuqala kube nenguquko ebizwa
ngokuthi ukundebezisa. Kule nguquko ondebembili baye balandelane ngaphambi kokuba
kube khona ukulwangisa okuphelele.
Nansi imisindo eguqukayo:

Ondebembili abaphenduka olwangeni Onsinini abaphenduka olwangeni
b > tsh th > sh
bh > j t > tsh
p > tsh d>j
ph > sh n > ny
m > ny
mb > nj
mp > ntsh
2.4.5 Ukweqiwa konkamisa (vowel elision)

Le nguquko ihlukene kabili, kukhona ukweqiwa konkamisa okuyimpoqo kanye
nokweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda. Ake sibhele lezi nhlobo ezimbili uhlobo ngalunye.
22
2.4.5.1 Ukweqiwa konkamisa okuyimpoqo

Lolu hlobo lwenguquko luphoqwa uhlelo lwesiZulu ukuthi lwenzeke. Egameni uma
kusetshenziswa izakhi ezithile kuyenzeka zibe nonkamisa abalandelanayo. Uma
ukhumbula kahle esiZulwini akuvumelekile ukuthi onkamisa balandelane. Uma
onkamisa bengalumbaniseki ugcina eseqiwa ngokuyimpoqo unkamisa.
ISIBONELO:
 Uma kwakhiwa isivumelwano songumnini:
Ibizo Isivumelwano senhloko isakhi sesichasiso Isivumelwano

songumnini
I(li)khanda li- -a- = lia >
la
 Uma kwakhiwa isivumelwano sesabizwana soqobo:
Ibizo Isivumelwano senhloko isakhi sesabizwana isivumelwano

sesabizwana
soqobo
Isisu si- -o- = sio > so
 Uma ubiza igama lomuntu:

We (u) Sandile, woza lapha!
 Uma kubuzwa umbuzo:
Uthole (u) mntwana muni?
Uma uqaphela ngenhla uyabona ukuthi unkamisa wesivumelwano senhloko uyasuswa,

lokho kuyinguquko ukweqiwa konkamisa okuyimpoqo ngoba umgomo wohlelo
lwesiZulu ophoqa ukuthi makeqiwe.
2.4.5.2 Ukweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda

Igama lale nguquko liyazichaza, unkamisa lapha awuphoqiwe ukuthi uweqe kodwa
uzenzela ngokuthanda. Kuvame kakhulu:
 Uma sibhala noma sihaya izinkondlo, isibonelo:
UShaka ngiyesab” ukuth” uShaka
 Emagameni anomankankane owuhlamvu, isibonelo:
Umfana > um (u) fana
Umlilo > um (u) lilo
 Ukweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda kuye kwenzeke uma umuntu ekhuluma
esheshisa

Kule Yunithi kuchazwe ngefonoloji (phonology). Kuchazwe ngemisindo (onkamisa
nongwaqa) ekhona esiZulwini ngokwefonoloji. Kuphindwe kwachazwa ngezinhlobo
zezinguquko zemisindo ezikhona esiZulwini. Izinguquko zemisindo ezichaziwe
yilezi: ukulumbana konkamisa, ukungwaqazisa, ukunkankazisa, ukulwangisa kanye
ZUL1505/1 23
nokweqiwa konkamisa (okuyimpoqo nokokuzithandela). Le Yunithi elandelayo yona
imayelana nemofoloji (morphology), okuyisifundo sezakhi zamagama.
UMSEBENZI 2.1
1. Chaza kafushane ukuthi iyini ifonoloji.
2. Nikeza umehluko okhona phakathi kwefonoloji nefonetiki?
3. Nikeza izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kongwaqa besiZulu emagameni esiZulu.
4. Bangaki ongwaqa abatholakala esiZulwini ngokwefonoloji?
5. Yimuphi ungwaqa okhiqiza imisindo eminingi esiZulwini? Nikela izibonelo
ezimbili zemisindo oyikhiqizayo.
6. Nikeza izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwalabo ngwaqa abalandelayo:
(a) /sh/
(b) /ngx/
(c) /nc/
(d) /j/
(e) /ny/
(f) /ts/
(g) /ntsh/
7. Bhala inguquko yefonoloji eyenzeke ezinhlamvini zamagama adwetshelwe

esiqeshini esingenhla.
(a) emkhathini
(b) nesimo
(c) uzamcolo
(d) nasemfuyweni
(e) balinyazwe
(f) esikhunjeni
(g) emikhukhwini
8. Chaza ukuthi nhloboni yenguquko, usho nokuthi yenzeke kanjani.
9. Nikeza izinhlobo EZINE zokuguquka kwemisindo.
10. Qedela lezi nguquko ezilandelayo:
(a) a+a = ….
(b) a+i = ….
(c) a+u = ….
11. Yisho izimo EZINTATHU ezenza ukuthi kube khona ukungwaqazisa.

12. Lungisa igama elikubakaki ukuze kufundeke kahle:
(a) UJabulani (u+enza) amabhande.
(b) Thina sidle isinkwa (sa+umbhako).
(c) Abantwana (ba+isilo) babizwa (nga+abantwana).
(d) Uphondo (lu+indlovu) lude.
(e) Ingane (i+onile).
13. Yisho izimo EZINE ezenza kube khona ukweqiwa konkamisa okuyimpoqo.
14. Yiziphi izimbangela ezenza kube khona ukweqiwa konkamisa ngokuthanda?
24
Imofoloji (morphology)
IYUNITHI YESITHATHU:
3 IMOFOLOJI (MORPHOLOGY)

Ekupheleni kwale yunithi uzobe sewazi okulandelayo:
• Ukukhipha izakhi emagameni.

• Ukwahlukanisa amabizo ngezinhlobo zawo.
• Ukuqonda izinhlobo zesabizwana nezinhlobo zezenzo.
• Ukuqondisisa izincazelo zamagama.

Kule Yunithi yokuqala edlule bewufundiswa ngemisindo nokuguquka kwayo. Kule
yunithi kuzogxilwa ekwakhekeni kwamagama, ukwakhekha kwemisho nencazelo
yamagama nemisho. Ake siphinde sikhumbuzisane lokhu nakuba sikhulumile ngakho
kwiYunithi yokuqala. Imisindo (sounds) yakha amalunga (syllables), amalunga
akha amagama (words), amagama akha imisho (sentences), imisho yakha izigaba
(paragraphs), izigaba zakha indaba (composition), izindaba zakha incwadi (book).
3.2 IBIZO (NOUN)

Ibizo lingachazwa njengegama lento ebonakalayo nengabonakali. Kungaba yigama
lomuntu, isib. uSipho, uNdukuzempi, uZinhle, uNtombenhle, uMabelejongosi, njll;
noma kube yigama lento ebonakalayo, isib. Isihlahla, imoto, umalume, imbongolo,
njll. Kungaphinda futhi kube yigama lento engabonakali, isib. umoya, uthando,
umusa, inzondo, isithukuthezi, ukufa, njll. Amabizo awasilo uhlobo olulodwa, kodwa
kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabizo.
3.2.1 Izinhlobo zamabizo (types of nouns)
3.2.1.1 Amabizoqho
Ibizoqho yigama lomuntu, lendawo, lomfula. Kungaba igama umuntu abizwa ngalo,
noma kube igama aqanjwe lona kodwa angalazi ngoba akabizwa ngalo, mhlawumbe
uqanjwe ngesici sakhe noma izenzo zakhe. Enye inhlobo yamabizoqho yileyo evela
kwamanye amabizo kanye nakwezinye izingcezu zenkulumo. Ake sibheke ukuthi ama-
bizo qho asuselwa kuphi:
Ucezu lwenkulumo nesibonelo Ibizoqho

Ibizo: umuzi UMuzi
Isabizwana soqobo: bona UBona
Isabizwana senani/ sokubala: zonke/mbili uZonke /uZimbili
Ongumnini: zabo UZabo
Isiphawulo: fishane uMfishane
Isenzo: bopha UMbopha
ZUL1505/1 25
Amabizo emifula UMhlathuze, uMfolozi
Amabizo ezindawo Ingwavuma, iXopho
3.2.1.2 Amabizomuntu
Lolu hlobo lwamabizo luthathelwa ezenzweni, akusilo igama lomuntu, kepha umuntu
ubizwa ngesenzo asenzayo noma umsebenzi awenzayo.
ISIBONELO:
Ukwakhiwa kwamabizomuntu ethathelwa ezenzweni:
Isiqalo sebizo Umsuka wesenzo Isijobelelo Ibizomuntu

Um- theng- i umthengi
aba- hlab- i abahlabi
um- gijim- i umgijimi
3.2.1.3 Amabizongxube
Lolu uhlobo lwamabizo olusebenzisa izifi nyezo/izakhi ezintathu, So, No, Ma.
Kulolu hlobo kunokuxubana kwezinto ezimbili ngoba lezi zifinyezo/zakhi zimele
okuthile okuhlanganiswa nebizo. Nakuba kungabonakali kahle ngoba kuyizifinyezo/
izakhi kodwa kuyinto ethile eyenza kube ingxube. Lezi zifinyezo/zakhi zinencazelo
elandelayo:
So > ubaba we: uSo+ amandla > uSomandla (ubaba wamandla)

No > umama we: uNo+amalanga > uNomalanga (umama wamalanga)
Ma > umntaka: uMa+Khumalo > uMaKhumalo (umntakaKhumalo)
3.2.1.4 Amabizombaxa
Lolu hlobo lwakheke ngokusebenzisa izingcezu zenkulumo ezimbili nangaphezulu:

Ukwakheka kwamabizombaxa:
Ucezu lwenkulumo+ucezu lwenkulumo> ibizombaxa
Izingcezu zenkulumo Ibizombaxa

Ibizo + ongumnini Intombi + zethu > uNtombizethu
Ibizo + isihlanganiso Umfana + futhi > uMfanafuthi
Ibizo + isabizwana senani Izifo + zonke > uZifozonke
Isenzo + ongumnini + ibizo Isenzo + inkosi + umusa > uSenzosenkosisinomusa
Ibizo + isiphawulo Intombi + enkulu > uNtomb”nkulu
Ibizo +isibaluli Intaba +emhlophe > intabamhlophe
Isenzo + isandiso sendawo Bheka + phansi > uMbhekaphansi
Isenzo + ibizo Idla +uphuthu > uMadluphuthu
Isenzo + isenzo Hamba + ima > umhambuma
Ibizo + isandiso sesimo Umuzi +ubanzi > uMuzobanzi
26
3.2.1.5 Amabizoqoqa
Amabizoqoqa nguhlobo lwamabizo oluhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zamabizo
ndawonye.
IZIBONELO:
Imfuyo – ngaphansi kwaleli bizoqoqa kungena izimvu, izinkomo, amahhashi,
izinkukhu izimbongolo, njll.
Abantu – abamnyama, abamhlophe, abesifazane, abesilisa, njll.
3.2.1.6 Amabizonto
Lawa amabizo akhiwa ezenzweni. Angamagama ezinto ezenziwa yilowo muntu.
esiqwini sesenzo kuphongozwe isiqalo, kwezinye kube nesijobelelo.
Zonke izenzo zigcina ngonkamisa /a/. Uma sekuyibizonto lingagcina ngonkamisa /o/
ngoba akusesona isenzo. Amabizonto akheka ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Isiqalo sebizo Umsuka wesenzo Isijobelelo Ibizonto
izin- khulum- o izinkulumo
um- thung- o umthungo
in- baz- o imbazo
3.2.1.7 Amabizo abolekiwe

IsiZulu siyaboleka kwezinye izilimi ngesizathu sokuthi sekukhona izinto ezazingekho
ngezikhathi zasemandulo. Lawo mabizo amasha aguquka athathe izimpawu
zamabizo esiZulu, njengokuthi anikwa iziqalo. Ake sibheke ukwakheka kwamagama
okwebolekwa.
EsiNgisini EsiBhunwini
Bed > umbhede Kamer – ikamelo
Window > iwindi Tafel – itafula
Computer > ikhompyutha Boek – ibhuku
3.2.2 Izakhi zamabizo (morphemes)

Amabizo akhiwe izakhi. Ziyini zona izakhi? Izingxenyana zegama ezakhiwe imisindo
engonkamisa nongwaqa. Izakhi esiZulwini zivame ukuba nencazelo. Isibonelo: ibizo
umoya: umu- isakhi esiyisiqalo, -oya isakhi esiyisiqu (umu+oya). Umu- uchaza noma
umele ubunye, -oya uchaza into ekhona ehambayo kodwa engabonakali ehamba nga-
magagasi. Yingakho ibizo elithi uboya (ubu+oya) nelithi umoya (umu+oya) enobudle-
lwano ngenxa yesiqu –oya. Ahluke ngeziqalo zawo kuphela, ngakho nencazelo yawo
isihlukene. Lokhu kuzochazwa ngakho kabanzi ezigabeni ezilandelayo zolimi.
Ulwazi olubalulekile:
Uma kufakwa izakhi ezithile ngasekuqaleni kuthiwa UKUPHONGOZA,
uma izakhi zifakwa phakathi negama kuthiwa UKUGAXA, kanti uma izakhi
zifakwa ekugcineni SIYAJOBELELA.
ZUL1505/1 27
Amabizo anezakhi ezimbili: isiqalo kanye nesiqu. Kodwa-ke isiqu singaphinde sihlu-
kaniswe kabili, kube umsuka kanye nonkamisa ogcinile webizo.
3.2.2.1 Isiqalo (prefix)

Ingxenye engasekuqaleni yebizo isiqalo. (isibonelo: ebizweni “amalangabi” yisiqalo
lesi esidwetshelwe).
Iziqalo zamabizo zihlelwa ngokwezigaba. Iziqalo zamabizo zingena phansi kwezigaba

ezahlukene. EsiZulwini kunezigaba zamabizo eziyi-15. Nokho-ke, abanye osolwazi
bakholelwa ekutheni izigaba zamabizo esiZulwini ziyi-18. Bathi kukhona isigaba se-
16, se-17, nese-18 nazo ezingena phansi kwezigaba zamabizo. Isigaba se-16 sinesiqalo u
pha-, ese-17 sona isiqalo u ku-, kanti ese-18 sona sinesiqalo u mu-. Lezi ziqalo zamabizo
empeleni azikho ezimwemi zeziqalo zamabizo esiZulwini. Ngakho-ke angeke sazibala
njengeziqalo zamabizo.
Iziqalo zamabizo kanye nezigaba zawo zingavezwa ngokucacile kule thebula

elingezansi:
Ibizo Isigaba Isiqalo Isiqalo ngqa Isiqalo ngqo
Ugogo 1a u- u- -
Ogogo 2a o- o- -
Umuntu 1 umu- u- -mu-
Abantu 2 aba- a- -ba-
Umuzi 3 umu- u- -mu-
Imizi 4 imi- i- -mi-
i(li)tshe 5 i(li)- i- -(li)-
Amatshe 6 ama- a- -ma-
Isitsha 7 isi- i- -si-
Izitsha 8 izi- i- -zi-
Inkukhu 9 i(N)- i- -N-
Izinkukhu 10 izi(N)- i- -zi(N)
Uluphondo 11 ulu- u- -lu-
Ubuso 14 ubu- u- -bu-
Ukudla 15 uku- u- -ku-
Uma sibheka ithebula elingenhla kuyacaca ukuthi amabizo ayahambisana ngokwe-

zigaba uma esiwa ebuningini. Ubuningi besigaba soku-1 (a) kuba yisigaba sesi-2 (a),
ubuningi besigaba soku-1 kuba yisigaba sesi-2, ubuningi besigaba sesi-3 kuba yisigaba
sesi-4, njll. Kuze kuhluke esigabeni se-11 ngoba ubuningi bakhona bubuyela emuva
esigabeni 10. Isibonelo, ibizo “uluthi” uma silisa ebuningini “izinti” liba sesigabeni
se-10. Kuphinde kwehluke futhi esigabeni se-14 (ubu-) nese-15 (uku-) ngoba lezi zigaba
zombili aziguquki. Amabizo akuzo awayi ebuningini. Ibizo “ubuso” angeke ulise
ebuningini, kanti nebizo futhi “ukudla” angeke liye ebuningini.
UMSEBENZI WEZIQALO
• Isiqalo sisebenza ukukhombisa ukuthi ibizo lisebunyeni noma lisebuningini
(isibonelo: i(li)langabi > ubunye, amalangabi >ubuningi.
28
• Siyasebenza futhi isiqalo ukunikeza izincazelo ezahlukene esiqwini esisodwa sebizo

(izibonelo: -ntu isiqu > umuntu, abantu, isintu, uluntu, ubuntu. Izivumelwano
zenhloko, zikamenziwa nezesichasiso zithathelwa kuzona iziqalo zamabizo.
• Izivumelwano zakhiwa zisuselwa eziqalweni: Umuzi omukhulu > isivumelwano
sesiphawulo.
I(li)khanda libuhlungu > isivumelwano senhloko

Bayabathanda abantwana > isivumelwano sikamenziwa
• Iziqalo zamabizo zakhiwe onkamisa bemvelo kuphela, /a. i, u/ ngaphandle kwama-
bizo esigaba1a (ugogo) esigaba 2a (ogogo).
• Amagama abolekwe kwezinye izilimi uma kungamabizo, kuphongozwa iziqalo
kuwona ukuze angene khaxa ekubeni amabizo esiZulu ngoba wonke aneziqalo:
kamer (Afrikaans) ngesiZulu i (li) kamelo. Siphongoze isiqali i(li)-. Ukufaka u-(li)
kubakaki kuyinkomba yokuthi akuvamile ukuthi asetshenziswe uma sikhuluma
kepha ukhona.
Umusho: Ikamelo livaliwe. Isivumelwano senhloko sithathwe esiqalweni ngqo

esicashile u (li).
Isiqalo sebizo sihlukene kabili, kukhona isiqalo ngqa nesiqalo ngqo. Unkamisa
osekuqaleni webizo sithi isiqalo ngqa, uhlamvu noma ilunga elilandela unkamisa
osekuqaleni lona isiqalo ngqo (u+ mu).
QAPHELA [NB]:
Izakhi zibhalwa kube nekhonco ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni ukuze kuvele ukuthi kukhona
okususiwe okungaba ngasekuqaleni noma ngasekugcineni kwebizo.
3.2.2.2 Isiqu (stem)

Isiqu yingxenye esalayo uma kususwa isiqalo ebizweni. Isiqu sihlukene kabili, sakhiwe
umsuka nonkamisa ogcinile webizo (fan+a> fana).
3.2.2.3 Umsuka (root)

Umsuka yileyo ngxenye yebizo engasoze yaguquka noma ungalishintsha kanjani
ibizo. Uyisakhi esinganiki umqondo ophelele, futhi awukhombisi ukuthi ungowaluphi
ucezu lwenkulumo. Umsuka ukuze unike umqondo ozwakalayo kumele uhambisane
nonkamisa ogcinile kuthiwe kokubili kuyisiqu, (Zulu et. Al. 1988:54)
Nkosi et al (1992:67) ubeka kanje ngomsuka:

Lesi isakhi esingeke sibe nebizo singekho. Umsuka yileyo ngxenye yegama
engaguquki ekwakheni ibizo lisuselwa ekuqaleni, kodwa lingase lishintshe
ngokwempimiso. Incazelo yebizo incike kakhulu emsukeni walo.
ONkosi bachaza ukuthi umsuka awuguquki kodwa ukuphongoza nokujobelela kuwo

kungawenza ungabe usaphimiseka njengoba ubuphinyiswa ekuqaleni. Lokhu kuvame
emabizweni esigaba sesi-9 nese-10. Akujwayelekile ukuthi kwenzeke kwezinye izigaba
zamabizo kodwa kuvame ukwenzeka emabizweni athathelwe kwezinye izingcezu
zenkulumo, isibonelo: phatha >impatho = (in+phatha) umsuka odwetshelwe
awusaphimiseki ngendlela efanayo nalo oyisisusa.
ZUL1505/1 29
3.2.2.4 Unkamisa ogcinile (suffixal vowel)
Unkamisa wokugcina ungaba noma yimuphi konkamisa besiZulu, akufani
nasesiqalweni lapho okuba onkamisa bemvelo kuphela abatholakala esiqalweni.
IZIBONELO:
Ibizo Isiqu Umsuka Unkamisa
ogcinile
umuntu -ntu -nt- -u
umuzi -zi -z- -i
i(li)tshe -tshe -tsh- -e
inkukhu -khukhu -khukh- -u
Izinkukhu -khukhu -khukh- -u
ubuso -so -s- -o
ukudla -dla dl- -a
UMSEBENZI 3.1
1. Nikeza incazelo ephelele yebizo.
2. Nikeza izibonelo ezinhlanu zamabizo asho into ebonakalayo, kanye nezinhlanu
zamabizo asho into engabonakali.
3. Yisho izinhlobo ezinhlanu zamabizo ezitholakala esiZulwini kanye nezibonelo
zazo.
4. Ngabe zingaki izigaba zamabizo ezitholakala esiZulwini?
5. Gcwalisa leli thebula elingezansi:
Ibizo Isigaba Isiqalo

1 (a)
2 (a)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
15
6. Khipha iziqalo neziqu zalawa mabizo alandelayo:

(i) Isisu vi) umuthi
(ii) Umuzi vii) impilo
(iii) uluthi
(iv) Ububi
(v) Inja
30
(vi) Umuthi
(vii) Impilo
3.3 IZABIZWANA (PRONOUNS)

Isabizwana igama elimela ibizo emshweni. Ibizo nesabizwana kokubili kubizwa ngo-
Sobizo. Ibizo nesabizwana kwenza umsebenzi owodwa emshweni. Kokubili kungaba
umenzi noma umenziwa emshweni.
IZIBONELO:
Umama upheka inyama. Yena upheka yona. →isabizwana soqobo
Lo upheka le. →isabizwana sokukhomba
Bonke bapheka yonke. →isabizwana sokubala
Bobalili bapheka womathathu →isabizwana senani
QAPHELA [NB]:
Isabizwana siyasebenza kanye nebizo emshweni sikhomba ukugcizelela: Abafana
bona bosa inyama. Abafana laba bosa inyama leyo.
3.3.1 Isabizwana soqobo

Isabizwana soqobo sisebenza umsebenzi wokumela ibizo noma wokugcizelela ibizo
uma sikhona kanye nalo ibizo emshweni.
Sakheka ngokusebenzisa isivumelwano senhloko + isakhi sesabizwana + isiqu sesabi-

zwana kanje:
Isitsha si- + -o- + -na = sona (unkamisa /i/ weqiwa ngokuyimpoqo)
Ake sibheke ukwakheka kwesabizwana soqobo ezigabeni zamabizo:
Isigaba Ibizo Isivumelwano Isakhi ses- Isiqu sesa- Isabizwana

abizwana bizwana soqobo
soqobo
1 Umuntu u- + -o- + -na u+o+na = yena
2 Abantu ba- + -o- + -na ba+o+na= bona
3 Umuzi u- + -o- + -na u+o+na= wona
4 Imizi i- + -o- + -na i+o+na= yona
5 i(li)tshe li- + -o- + -na li+o+na = lona
6 Amatshe a- + -o- + -na a+o+na = wona
7 Isitsha -si- + -o- + -na si+o+na = sona
8 Izitsha -zi- + -o- + -na zi+o+na = zona
9 Inkukhu i- + -o- + -na i+o+na = yona
10 Izinkukhu -zi- + -o- + -na zi+o+na =zona
11 Uluphondo -lu- + -o- + -na lu+o+na =lona
14 Ubuso -bu- + -o- + -na bu+o+na = bona
15 Ukudla -ku- + -o- + -na ku+o+na = kona
ZUL1505/1 31
QAPHELA [NB]:
Ngenhla kunezinguquko zefonoloji ezenzekayo, unkamisa /u/ no /i/ bephenduka u /w/
no /y/ (ukungwaqazisa) uma onkamisa belandelana. Uma isiqalo sebizo kuwungwaqa
nonkamisa kwenzeka ukweqiwa konkamisa li+o> l(i)ona> lona.
3.3.2 Isabizwana sokukhomba

Isabizwana sokukhomba sisebenza ukusitshela ukuthi into okukhulunywa ngayo
ikude kangakanani kunalowo okhulumayo. Sihlukene kathathu esiZulwini, isabizwana
sokukhomba eduze, buqamama kanye nesokukhomba kude. Isabizwana sokukhomba
eduze sakheka kanje:
Isakhi sesabizwana la + nesiqalo sebizo.
IZIBONELO:
Isakhi Isiqalo Isabizwana Isabizwana Isabizwana
sesabizwana sokukhom- sokukhomba sokukhomba
ba eduze buqamama kude
la + umu- Lo lowo lowaya
la + aba- Laba labo labaya
la + umu- Lo lowo lowaya
la + imi- Le leyo leyaya
la + i(li)- Leli lelo leliya
la + ama- Lawa lawo lawaya
la + isi- Lesi leso lesiya
la + izi- Lezi lezo leziya
la + i(N)- Le leyo leyaya
la + izi(N)- Lezi lezo leziya
la + ulu- Lolu lolo loluya
la + ubu- Lobu lobo lobuya
la + uku- Lokhu lokho lokhuya
QAPHELA [NB]:
Inguquko yefonoloji “ukulumbana konkamisa” iyona evamile ngenhla. Ukukhomba bu-
qamama besebenzisa ukukhomba eduzane bese kujotshelelwa u “wo” elungeni elilodwa
lesabizwana sokukhomba eduze, emalungeni amabili kuguqulwa unkamisa osekugcineni
abe unkamisa /o/ ekukhombeni kude kujotshelelwa u “-yaya” noma “–waya”.
3.3.3 Isabizwana senani

Isabizwana senani sisebenza ukusitshela ngenani lento ukuthi ingaki. Sineziqu ezine,
-bili, -thathu, -ne, -hlanu. Isabizwana senani sisebenza namabizo asebuningini
kuphela, Sakheka kanje: isivumelwane senhloko + isakhi sesabiwana + isiqu sesabi-
zwana senani.
Abantu ba- +o+ba+thathu > abantu bobathathu

Imizi i+o+mi+ne > imizi yomine
Izitsha zi+o+bili > izitsha zombili
Amatshe a+o+ma+hlanu > amatshe womahlanu
32
3.3.4 Isabizwana sokubala

Isabizwana sokubala sona sisebenza ukucacisa ukuthi okukhulunywa ngakho
kukodwa noma kuningi. Sisebenzisa iziqu u “nke” no “dwa”. Sakheka ngokuphongoza
isivumelwano senhloko, isakhi sesabizwana nesiqu sesabizwana sokubala.
Isigaba Ibizo I s i v u m e l - Isakhi Isiqu ses- Isabizwana

wano sesabi- abiz-wana sokubala
zwana sokubala
1 Umuntu u- + -o- + -nke u+o+nke=wonke
2 Abantu ba- + -o- + -dwa ba+o+dwa= bonke
not bodwa?
3 Umuzi u- + -o- + -nke u+o+nke=wonke
4 Imizi i- + -o- + -dwa i+o+dwa=yodwa
5 i(li)tshe li- + -o- + -nke li+o+nke=lonke
6 Amatshe a- + -o- + -dwa a+o+dwa=wodwa
7 Isitsha -si- + -o- + -nke si+o+nke=sonke
8 Izitsha -zi- + -o- + -dwa zi+o+dwa=zodwa
9 Inkukhu i- + -o- + -nke i+o+nke=yonke
10 Izinkukhu -zi- + -o- + -dwa zi+o+dwa=zodwa
11 uluphondo -lu- + -o- + -nke lu+o+nke=lonke
14 ubuso -bu- + -o- + -dwa bu+o+dwa
=bodwa
15 ukudla -ku- + -o- + -nke ku+o+nke =konke
QAPHELA [NB]:
Uma kwakhiwa isabizwana sokubala kune nezinguquko zefonoloji ezenzekayo ukuguquka
kukankamisa abe ungwaqa (ukungwaqazisa) kanye nenguquko yokweqiwa konkamisa.
UMSEBENZI 3.2
1. Chaza ukuthi siyini isabizwana.
2. Ibizo nesabizwana kubizwa ngokuthi yini?
3. Zingaki izinhlobo zezabizwana ezitholakala esiZulwini? Yiziphi izinhlobo zezabi-
zwana olimini lwesiZulu?
4. Gagula uhlobo lwesabizwana lwamagama adwetshelwe:
Bazohamba bonke abantwana abaya eThekwini. Uthisha wabo yena uzohamba

ngemoto yakhe ngoba unqena umsindo ozobe usebhasini abantwana besikole
becula, bedlala lezi zingoma zabo kulaba omakhalekhukhwini ababathanda kakhulu.
Uhambo lwezinsuku ezinhlanu behleli kwelikabhanana. Ukubhukuda olwandle kodwa
nje kuyabothokozisa bona abafundi. Bathenge nenyama abazoyosa bayidle yodwa
khona ezinkwazini zolwandle, behlise ngeziphuzo ezibandayo lezi ezizoyizayo.
Indawo yokulala yona ikhokhelwe ehhotela eliphambili eliseMhlanga. Amabhasi
amabili azolandela nabanye abafundi uma sebeqedile ukuhlolwa.
5. Nikeza izibonelo zokusebenza kwesabizwana soqobo, senani kanye nesokukhomba.

Izibonelo zakho kumele ziveze lezi zabizwana zisebenze emshweni. Nikeza imisho
emibili yesabizwana ngasinye.
ZUL1505/1 33
3.4 ISENZO (VERB)
Isenzo yigama elisitshela ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi emshweni. Zonke izenzo
zigcina ngonkamisa a, ezingagcini ngonkamisa a zintathu, azi, ithi, isho. Ngesizathu
sokuthi azigcini ngonkamisa a zibizwa ngokuthi ziphundulekile.
3.4.1 Izinhlobo zezenzo

Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobo zesenzo sisuke sibukula izinto ezimbili: uhlobo lwesenzo
ngokwamalunga aso kanye nohlobo lwezenzo eziqala ngonkamisa. Ake sibheke lezi
zinhlobo ezimbili.
3.4.1.1 Uhlobo lwezenzo ngokwamalunga
Ezinelunga Ezinamalunga Ezinamalunga Ezimalungamaningi

elilodwa amabili amathathu
-dla, -fa, -kha, -pha khala, dlala, basa khuluma, phalaza, phahlazela, ntantatheka
fakaza
-ma, -za, -mba, -lwa bala, chaza, hlola pholisa, geleza gulukudela, zabalaza
3.4.1.2 Uhlobo lwezenzo eziqala ngonkamisa
Eziqala ngo /a/ Eziqala ngo /e/ Eziqala ngo /i/ Eziqala ngo /o/
akha, ala, azi, etha, ela, enza, ithi, iza, ipha, idla opha, ona, osa
anda, aba elekelela, ethula, ilwa, ifa, izwa, ima ondla, okhela, otha
eluka
3.4.2 Izinkathi zesenzo

Isenzo esiZulwini siba sezinkathini ezahlukene, okuyinkathi yamanje, eyedlule kanye
nezayo. Ake sibheke-ke izinkathi zesenzo ngokwehlukana kwazo.
3.4.2.1 Inkathi yamanje

Inkathi yamanje isitshela ngento eyenzeka esikhathini samanje. Ayisitsheli ngento
eseyenzeka yadlula noma into esazokwenzeka engakenzeki. Izenzo ezisenkathini
yamanje esiZulwini sizibona ngokuthi sigcine ngonkamisa /a/. Ake sibheke nazi izibo-
nelo ezilandelayo:
Inkathi yamanje okwenzekayo Inkathi yamanje okuqhubekayo

Abafana badlala ibhola. Abafana bayalidlala ibhola.
Ingane ikha amanzi. Ingane iyawakha amanzi.
Abantu bafukula umbhede. Abantu bayawufukula umbhede.
Abafundi babhala izivivinyo. Abafundi bayazibhala izivivinyo.
Uthisha umaka umsebenzi wabafundi. Uthisha uyawumaka umsebenzi.
34
Ezibonelweni ezingenhla amagama adwetshelwe ayizenzo. Uma uwabheka

uzoqaphela ukuthi wonke agcina ngonkamisa /a/, okuveza ngokusobala okushiwo
ngenhla ukuthi lo nkamisa yiwo okhomba inkathi yamanje. Inkathi eqhubekayo iveza
ukuthi into yenzeka manje.
3.4.2.2 Inkathi edlule

Inkathi edlule ikhuluma ngento eseyenzekile. EsiZulwini sinezinkathi ezimbili
ezidlule. Kukhona inkathi esanda kudlula kanye nenkathi eyadlula kudala. Inkathi esanda
kudlula siyakha ngokufaka unkamisa /e/ noma isakhi “–ile” ekugcineni kwesenzo.
Uma sijobelela isakhi u –ile ngokujwayelekile siye sifake nesivumelwano sikamenziwa
esenzweni. Ake sibheke izibonelo zenkathi eyedlule esebenzisa unkamisa /e/:
• Ikati lidle igundane.
• Umfundi uphase isivivinyo.
• USipho ushayele imoto.
• UNozinkobe upheke uphuthu.
Uma ubheka lezi bonelo uzoqaphela ukuthi zonke izenzo ezidwetshelwe zigcina
ngonkamisa /e/. Ake zibheke izibonelo zezenzo ezigcina ngesakhi u “– ile”:
• Ingane ilivulile isango.
• UBaba uwadlile amasi.
• Ihhashi libakhahlelile abantu.
• Umfana uzidiphile izinkomo.
Izenzo ezidwetshelwe zonke zigcina ngesakhi u “- ile.” Kodwa uma ubhekisisa

uzoqaphela ukuthi kukhona ezinye izakhi ezifakiwe ezenzweni (ilivulile, uwadlile,
libakhahlelile, uzidiphile). Le zakhi ezifakiwe ziyizivumelwano zikamenziwa. U –li-
uvumelana nesiqalo sikamenziwa i(li)gundane; u –wa- uvumelana nesiqalo sikamen-
ziwa amasi; u –ba- uvumelana nesiqalo sikamenziwa abantu; kanti u –zi- yena
uvumelana nesiqalo sikamenziwa izinkomo. Uma isivumelwano sikamenziwa singa-
fakwa lokho kwenza ukuthi imisho ingazwakali kahle. Zama ukukhipha isivumelwano
sikamenziwa kule misho engenhla bese uzama ukunaka ukuthi izozwakala kahle yini.
Inkathi eyadlula kudala yona isitshela ngento eyenzeka esikhathini esidala kakhulu.
Isitshela ngento osekunesikhathi eside yenzeka. Yona siyikhombisa ngokuthi sifake
unkamisa /a/ oyisakhi senkathi eyadlula esivumelwaneni sikamenzi esiba sekuqaleni
kwesenzo. Ake sikhombise lokhu ngezibonelo:
• Izingane zadla amaqanda. (zi+ a+ dla>z(i)adla> zadla
• Abafana badlala ibhola kahle ngonyaka odlule. Ba+a+dlala> b(aa)dlala>badlala
• Izwe lakithi lafa ngesonto elidlule. Li+a+fa>l(i)afa>lafa
• Mina ngathola umsebenzi engiwuthandayo. Ngi+a+thola> ng(i)athola>ngathola
Izibonelo ezingenhla zikukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi unkamisa /a/ okhonjiswe

ngokugqamile ezibonelweni ezingenhla yiwo okhomba enkathi eyadlula kudala. Isi-
vumelwano sikamenzi yilezi nhlavu ezingaphambi kukankamisa /a/ ezibonelweni
ezingenhla. Uma ubhekisisa uzoqaphela ukuthi lezi zinhlavu zivumelana nebizo
nomenzi osekuqaleni komusho.
3.4.2.3 Inkathi ezayo

Inkathi ezayo isho lokho okungakenzeki kodwa okusazokwenzeka. Nayo inkathi
ezayo esiZulwini yehlukene kabili. Kukhona inkathi ekhomba okuzokwenzeka ma-
ZUL1505/1 35
duze, kuphinde kube khona inkathi ekhomba okusekude ukuthi kwenzeke. Inkathi
yokuzokwenzeka maduze siyikhombisa ngesakhi u -zo- esisifaka phakathi esenzweni.
Ake sibheke izibonelo zale nkathi ezayo:
Inkathi yamanje Inkathi ezayo

Abafana badlala ibhola. Abafana bazodlala ibhola.
Inyevesi iyavala. Inyuvesi izovala.
Ubaba usenga inkomo. Ubaba uzosenga inkomo.
Izingane zidla ummbila. Izingane zizodla ummbila.
Isifo sibulala abantu Isifo sizobulala abantu.
Ezibonelweni ezingenhla kuvezwe ngokusobala ukuthi sisebenza kanjani isakhi

u –zo- ukushintsha isenzo sibe senkathini ezayo. Uma sibheka izibonelo ezingenhla
okunye okuqaphelekayo ukuthi isakhi senkathi ezayo singena emva kwesivumelwano
sikamenzi. Uma sithatha isibonelo sokuqala, “Abafana bazodlala ibhola”, isakhi u “ba-”
esisekuqaleni kwesenzo ngaphambi kwesakhi u “–zo-” siyisivumelwano sikamenzi
“abafana”. Isakhi u “ba-” sivumelana nesiqalo ngqo sebizo “abafana”.
Inkathi ekhomba into ezokwenzeka kodwa okusekude ukuthi yenzeke yona

siyikhombisa ngesakhi u “-yo-”. Kodwa siyikhombisa ngendlela efanayo nesikhombisa
ngayo inkathi yento ezokwenzeka maduze. Lokho okusho ukuthi nayo siyikhombisa
ngokufaka isakhi u “-yo-” phakathi esenzweni, emva kwesivumelwano sikamenzi.
Izibonelo:
Inkathi yamanje Inkathi ezayo

Abafana badlala ibhola. Abafana bayodlala ibhola.
Inyevesi iyavala. Inyuvesi iyovala.
Ubaba usenga inkomo. Ubaba uyosenga inkomo.
Izingane zidla ummbila. Izingane ziyodla ummbila.
Isifo sibulala abantu. Isifo siyobulala abantu.
Uma ubheka lezi bonelo ezingenhla uzoqaphela ukuthi into eyenzekile ukukhipha
isakhi u “–zo-” kwase kufakwa isakhi u “-yo-”, ngoba sisebenzise izibonelo ebesizise-
benzise ngenhla enkathini yento ezokwenzeka maduze.
3.4.3 Izijobelelo zesenzo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezijobelelo zesenzo. Kukhona izijobelelo eziveza inkathi
yesenzo kanye nezijobelelo eziveza izimpambosi.
3.4.3.1 Izijobelelo zesenzo eziveza inkathi
Inkathi yamanje Inkathi edlule Inkathi ezayo

Sidla uphuthu sehlisa Besidla uphuthu sehlisa Sizokudla uphuthu sehlise
ngetiye. >inkathi yamanje, ngetiye. > inkathi es- ngetiye. > inkathi ezofika,
okwenzekayo. andakudlula, obekusanda okuzokwenzeka.
kwenzeka. Siyokudla uphuthu sehlise
ngetiye. >inkathi eyofika,
okuyokwenzeka.
36
Ugogo uyabasa. > isakhi Ugogo ubasile > inkathi Ugogo uzobasa. >Inkathi
esikhomba inkathi yamanje esandankwenzeka, ezayo, okuzokwenzeka.
eqhubekayo. okwen-zekile. Ugogo uyobasa. > Inkathi
eyofika, okuyokwenzeka
Abafana badlala ib- Abafana badlale ibhola. Abafana bazodlala
hola. > inkathi yamanje > inkathi edlule, okukade ibhola. >Inkathi ezayo
okwenzekayo. kwenzeka. okuzokwenzeka.
Umntwana obekhala usey- Umntwana owayekhala, Umntwana owayesazodla-
adlala. > inkathi yamanje wayesedlala.> Inkathi la, wayesakhala. > inkathi
osekwenzeka. edlule, okwase kwenzeka. ezayo, okusazokwenzeka.
Usadlala.> Inkathi yaman- Wayesadlala. > inkathi Usazodlala. > inkathi ezayo,
je, okusaqhubeka. edlule okwakusenzeka. okusazokwenzeka.
Phuzani itiye.>Inkathi Baphuza itiye. > inkathi Bayophuza itiye. > Inkathi
yamanje, engenaso isakhi edlule, okukade kwenzeka. eyofika, okuyokwenzeka
esiyivezayo.
QAPHELA [NB]:
Inkathi ezayo nenkathi edlule ihlukene kabili esanda kudlula nekade yadlula, ezofika
neyofika. Imisho engenhla iyavuma. Kuyenzeka imisho iphike noma ilandule, nalapho
kunezakhi eziveza ukuphika/ukulandula. Izibonelo zezakhi zokulandula: a> angihambi;
nge> zingehambe; isijobelelo-nga> angihambanga; isijobelelo-I akadli.
Ukuvuma Ukuphika /ukulandula

Uyaliphuza itiye. > Akaliphuzi itiye.
Singahamba sodwa > Singehambe sodwa.
Okuqaphelekayo: Uma isenzo sivuma isiqu sigcina ngonkamisa a, uma sesiphika
uyashintsha unkamisa ogcinile wesenzo abe yinoma ngabe umuphi.
3.4.3.2 Izijobelelo zesenzo eziveza impambosi
2.4.3.2.1 Izimpambosi zesenzo
EsiZulwini sinezimpambosi esiziyisi-7. Yileyo naleyo mpambosi inesakhi esiyisijo-

belelo esiveza ukuthi isenzo sikuyiphi impambosi.
IMPAMBOSI:
Yo k w e n - Yo k w e n - Yok wen- Yo k w e n - Yokwenzi- Yok wen- Yokwenzay-
zisa zela ziwa zeka sisa zana enza
Isebenzisa Isebenzisa Isebenzisa Isebenzisa Isebenzisa Isebenzisa Iphin-
isijobelelo isijobelelo isijobelelo isijobelelo isijobelelo isijobelela daphinda
–isa –ela –iwa -eka -isisa –ana isiqu,
Asikho
isijobelelo.
Culisa Culela Culwa Culeka Culisisa Culana Culacula
Khalisa Khalela Khalwa Khaleka Khalisisa Khalana Khalakhala
Fundisa Fundela Fundwa Fundeka Fundisisa Fundana Fundafunda
Hlekisa Hlekela Hlekwa Hlekeka Hlekisisa Hlekana Hlekahleka
ZUL1505/1 37
QAPHELA [NB]:
Okuqaphelekayo ukuthi izijobelelo zempambosi zethula umqondo ohlukile kuye ngo-
kuthi zisetshenziswe kanjani emshweni.
IZIBONELO:
Impambosi yokwenzisa. Umbhidisi uculisa abantwana iculo. Akusiwo umqondo
wokwenzisa kodwa owokusiza noma ukwelekelela/ukubafundisa. UNdumiso
ugijimisa okukanogwaja. Sikhona isijobelelo “-isa” kodwa asisho ukwenzisa. Lapha
siveza umqondo wokufanisa izinto ezingefani.
Impambosi yokwenzana. Intombi ifundana nomlayezo wesoka layo kumakhalekhu-

khwini. Akusiwo umqondo wokwenzana, kodwa umqondo wokwenza into uphinde-
lela. Izingane zakwaGumede ziyathandana (umqondo wokwenzana). Isilonda sakhe
sesiyahlangana (nakuba kukhona isakhi “-ana” kodwa awukho umqondo
wokwenzana. Lapha kuvela umqondo wento eyenzekayo.
Impambosi yokwenziwa. Kuyakhalwa uma kushoniwe. Akuwona umqondo wokwenziwa,

umqondo wokwenza. Izinkomo zeluswa abafana asebekhulakhulile. Zeluswa uveza
umqondo wokwenziwa.
UMSEBENZI 3.3
1. Siyini isenzo?
2. Yisho ukuthi izenzo ezilandelayo zimalungu mangaki:
(a) anda
(b) khuluma
(c) thetha
(d) dla
(e) aba
(f) khululeka
(g) gulukudela
3. Phinda ubhale le misho esenkathini yamanje isikhomba inkathi ezayo kanye
nenkathi edlule.
(a) Uthisha ufundisa izingane.
(b) Abantu balima amasimu.
(c) Udokotela ujova isiguli.
(d) Ubaba usebenza eGoli.
(e) Umama upheka ukudla.
4. Phinda ubhale le misho elandelayo isikhomba inkathi eyadlula kudala ukulandula:
(a) Abafana bayangcweka.
(b) Umkhulu udla amasi.
(c) Ugogo upheka izinkobe.
(d) Ibhodwe liyasha eziko.
(e) Usisi ubhaka amakhekhe.
5. Yiziphi izimpambosi ezikhonjiswe yizijobelelo ezidwetshelwe kule misho elandelayo?
(a) Abafundi bacelana izinombolo zikamakhalekhukhwini.
(b) Umama ubukisisa ibhodwe.
(c) Umfundisi uculisa amakholwa.
(d) Ingane iphakela ikati.
(e) Izithandani zifunzana ukudla.
(f) Isivivinyo siyabhaleka.
38

Le Yunithi ibifundisa ngeMofoloji (morpholog y). Kufundwe ngezingcezu
zenkulumo: ibizo, izabizwana, isenzo, nezimpambosi kanye nezinkathi zesenzo.
Kufundiswe nangezakhi ezihambisana nezingcezu zenkulumo ezithile. Kule
Yunithi bekuchazwa amagama ngokwezingcezu zenkulumo. IYunithi elandelayo yona
yiSintekisi (syntax), okuyisifundo semisho kanye nokwakheka kwayo.
UMSEBENZI 3.4
UMSEBENZI WOKUZIVIVINYA (Self-assessment)
Funda lesi siqeshana bese uphendula imibuzo elandelayo:
UMKHOSHOSHO NOBUSHOMESHOME
Ezweni lethu inkohlakalo igcwele, sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba ukuzwa

imisakazo, omabonakude namaphephandaba ebika ngokukhwatshaniswa kwezimali
eminyangweni kahulumeni. Abadala bathi imali impande yesono ngalesi sizathu,
inokuhehana imenze umuntu abe ugombela kwesakhe akhohlwe ukuthi akukho
okufihlekile okungayukwembulwa.
Le nselelo uhulumeni abhekene nayo iyamkhinca ngoba abanye babakhwabanisi

basebenzela yena uhulumeni. Uma sekupheqululwa kuyavela ukuthi nazo izikhulu
ziyabandakanyeka, zona uqobo, bese kuba inkombankombane, omunye akhombe
omunye esweni, omunye avikele iso lakhe. Uhulumeni akazi uzozenze njani lezi
zethenjwa zakhe ezimphendukele esiswini njengotshwala. Amabonabonane abonwa
uGcugcwa, inkanankana umchayo wamabhoza. Iziphathimandla zonke zidinga uku-
bambisana ukuxazulula le nkinga elimaza isizwe.
IMIBUZO
1. Khipha izakhi kulawa mabizo alandelayo:
(a) umchilo
(b) imisakazo
(c) inselelo
(d) ubushomeshome
(e) iso
2. Bhala izigaba zamabizo aku-1 ngenhla.
3. Gagula izingcezu zenkulumo zalawa magama atholakala esiqeshini:
(a) lezi
(b) bathi
(c) zonke
(d) le
(e) zona
4. Yisho ukuthi amagama adwetshelwe kule misho elandelayo akuyiphi inkathi:
(a) Sesihambile isikhathi.
(b) Bazocula bonke abantwana.
(c) Sekwaphela iminyaka eminingi ashona uMandela.
(d) Izingane zidla uphuthu.
(e) Othisha bayofundisa ulimi.
ZUL1505/1 39
IYUNITHI YESINE:
5 ISINTEKISI (SYNTAX)

Ekupheleni kwale yunithi uzobe usuwazi okulandelayo:
• Ukuzakhela umusho ngokulandelanisa amagama ngendlela efanele.
• Usuqonda kahle izingxenye ezitholakala emshweni.
• Ukucaza umusho ukhiphe izinhlobo zawo.
• Ukuthi isenzo sisodwa siyaba umusho.

Eyunithini yesithathu sibheke izingcezu zenkulumo amabizo, izakhi zebizo
nezinhlobo zamabizo, izabizwana, isenzo kanye nezivumelwano: isivumelwano senhloko
nesivumelwano sikamenziwa. Lezi zingcezu zenkulumo esizifunde kuyunithi edlule
sesizobheka ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani emshweni. Sizobheka nezinhlobo zemisho
ekhona olimini lwesiZulu.
4.2 ISINTEKISI
ISintekisi ukuhlela umusho ngendlela ezokwenza ukuthi incazelo yawo izwakale
kahle. ISintekisi ifundisa nangezingcezu zenkulumo ukuthi zisetshenziswa kuziphi
izindawo emshweni. Kanti uWilkes et al (1994:351), baqala ngokuchaza ukuthi uyini
umusho ngale ndlela:
Umusho uwuchungechunge lwamagama, olunesakhiwo esingabonakali.
Amagama esiZulwini ahamba ngamaqembu athile uma esemshweni,
(Iqembu eliyinhloko elakhiwe ibizo, isabizwana, noma ibinzana elinoSobizo
nesichasiso, kanye neqembu elakhiwe isenzo nomenziwa kanye nezinye
izingcezu zenkulumo ezihambisana nesilandiso.
4.3 UKUMA KOMUSHO (SENTENCE STRUCTURE)

IBinzana eliwuSobizo lakhiwe ibizo nesabizwana kanje:
Umfana yena lo yedwa



Ibizo, isabizwana soqobo, isabizwana sokukhomba, isabizwana sokubala
QAPHELA [NB]:
Lezi zingcezu zenkulumo zisebenze njengenhloko yomusho ngoba zingasekuqaleni
komusho. Ibizo > “umfana” belingazimela lodwa libe inhloko yalo musho, isabizwa-
na soqobo “yena” besingaba inhloko yalo musho sizimele emshweni, isabizwana
sokukhomba “lo” besingaba inhloko yomusho sizimele emshweni, isabizwana sokubala
“yedwa” besingaba inhloko yomusho sizimele emshweni. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi uSobizo
uyakwazi ukusebenza ngayedwana noma usebenze ndawonye ekwakheni inhloko
40
Isintekisi (syntax)
yomusho. Uma ubheka le ngxenye engenhla yomusho uyabona ukuthi iphendula

umbuzo othi, ubani? (who?) ayikayifaki ingxenye ethi, wenzeni? noma wenzani?
(doing what?), lokhu kwenza umusho ungapheleli noma ungazwakali.
Ibinzana eliyisilandiso lakhiwe isenzo noma isibanjalo kanje:

ugibela inqola.

 
isenzo ibizo (umenziwa)
Yindoda uNzimande.
I I
Isibanjalo ibizo
QAPHELA [NB]:
Ingxenye eyibinzana eliyisilandiso iyona esitshela ukuthi inhloko yomusho yenzani
(telling part, doing what). Ihlukene kaningi le ngxenye kodwa okubalulekile kuyona
isenzo kanye nomenziwa. Isenzo > “ugibela” kufanelele silandelwe umenziwa ophendula
umbuzo othi ini? > inqola. Konke lokhu kwakha ingxenye yesibili esithi iyasilandisa ngoba
isitshela kabanzi ukuthi inhloko yomusho yenzani. Nayo ayiniki umqondo ophelele uma
izihambela wodwa.
4.4 UKUHLELEKA KWAMAGAMA EMSHWENI (WORD

ORDER)
Kwesinye isikhathi umusho uyaqala ngomenziwa ugcine ngenhloko. Lokho akusho
ukuthi uma inhloko isingasekugcineni isiwumenziwa, nokuthi uma umenziwa
esekuqaleni useyinhloko. Nazi izibonelo zemisho:
Kuqalwa ngenhloko kugcinwe Kuqalwa ngomenziwa kugcinwe
ngomenziwa ngenhloko
• Izingane zidla amasi. • Amasi adliwa izingane.
• Bona bosa yona. • Yona yosiwa yibo.
• Amantombazane adlala ingqathu. • Ingqathu idlalwa amantombazane.
• Umndeni ubuka umabonakude. • Umabonakude ubukwa umndeni.
• Thina sibhala ibhuku. • Ibhuku libhalwa yithi.
• Izangoma zidle imbumba. • Imbumba idliwe izangoma.
• Othisha babhalisa umsebenzi. • Umsebenzi ubhaliswa othisha.
• Umfundisi ushumayela izwi. • Izwi lishunyayelwa umfundisi.
• Umkhulu ufunda iphephandaba. • Iphephandaba lifundwa umkhulu.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyaqalwa ngesenzo kulandele umenziwa:

Kuqalwa ngenhloko kugcinwe Kuqalwa ngesenzo kulandele
ngomenziwa umenziwa
• Izingane zidla amasi. • Zidla amasi izingane.
• Bona bosa yona. • Bosa yona bona.
• Amantombazane adlala ingqathu. • Adlala ingqathu amantombazane.
• Umndeni ubuka umabonakude. • Ubuka umabonakude umndeni.
• Thina sibhala ibhuku. • Sibhala ibhuku thina.
• Izangoma zidle imbumba. • Zidle imbumba izangoma.
• Othisha babhalisa umsebenzi. • Babhalisa umsebenzi othisha.
• Umfundisi ushumayela izwi. • Ushumayela izwi umfundisi.
• Umkhulu ufunda iphephandaba. • Ufunda iphephandaba umkhulu.
ZUL1505/1 41
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyaqalwa ngomenziwa kulandele inhloko:
Kuqalwa ngenhloko kugcinwe Kuqalwa ngomenziwa kulandele
ngomenziwa inhloko
• Izingane zidla amasi. • Amasi izingane ziyawadla.
• Bona bosa yona. • Yona bona bayayosa.
• Amantombazane adlala ingqathu. • Ingqathu amantombazane ayayidlala.
• Umndeni ubuka umabonakude. • Umabonakude umndeni uyawubuka.
• Thina sibhala ibhuku. • Ibhuku thina siyalibhala.
• Izangoma zidle imbumba. • Imbumba izangoma ziyidlile.
• Othisha babhalisa umsebenzi. • Umsebenzi othisha bayawubhalisa.
• Umfundisi ushumayela izwi. • Izwi umfundisi uyalishumayela.
• Umkhulu ufunda iphephandaba • Iphephandaba umkhulu uyalifunda.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyaqalwa ngesenzo kulandele inhloko:

Kuqalwa ngenhloko kugcine umenziwa Kuqalwa ngesenzo kulandele inhloko
• Izingane zidla amasi. • Ziyawadla izingane amasi.
• Bona bosa yona. • Bayayosa bona yona.
• Amantombazane adlala ingqathu. • Ayayidlala amantombazane ingqathu.
• Umndeni ubuka umabonakude. • Uyawubuka umndeni umabonakude.
• Thina sibhala ibhuku. • Siyalibhala thina ibhuku.
• Izangoma zidle imbumba. • Ziyidlile izangoma imbumba.
• Othisha babhalisa umsebenzi. • Bayawubhalisa othisha umsebenzi.
• Umfundisi ushumayela izwi. • Uyalishumayela umfundisi izwi.
• Umkhulu ufunda iphephandaba • Uyalifunda umkhulu iphephandaba.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuqala inhloko kuze umenziwa:

Kuqalwa ngenhloko kugcinwe Kuqala inhloko kulandele umenziwa
ngomenziwa
• Izingane zidla amasi. • Izingane amasi ziyawadla.
• Bona bosa yona. • Bona yona bayayosa.
• Amantombazane adlala ingqathu. • Amantombazane ingqathu ayayidlala.
• Umndeni ubuka umabonakude. • Umndeni umabonakude uyawubuka.
• Thina sibhala ibhuku. • Thina ibhuku siyalibhala.
• Izangoma zidle imbumba. • Izangoma imbumba ziyidlile.
• Othisha babhalisa umsebenzi. • Othisha umsebenzi bayawubhalisa.
• Umfundisi ushumayela izwi. • Umfundisi izwi uyalishumayela.
• Umkhulu ufunda iphephandaba • Umkhulu iphephandaba uyalifunda.
QAPHELA [NB]:
 Umusho uyaguqulwa amagama ame ngezindlela eziyisi-6 kodwa umqondo wawo
ungaguquki, kungaba:
1. Inhloko, isenzo, umenziwa
2. Inhloko, umenziwa, isenzo
3. Umenziwa, isenzo, inhloko
4. Umenziwa, inhloko, isenzo
5. Isenzo, inhloko, umenziwa
6. Isenzo, umenziwa, inhloko
42
Isintekisi (syntax)
 Okunye okuphawulekayo ukuthi uma sekuguqulwe indlela yokulandelana

kwamagama kuvela nezivumelwano zenhloko (zomenzi) nezikamenziwa.
Kanjalo nenkathi yesenzo nayo iyavela. Yonke le nguquko eyenzekayo
mayingawulahli umqondo womusho.
Umusho wakhiwa inhloko, isilandiso nomenziwa. Inhloko yomusho yakhiwa

uSobizo okungaba ibizo noma isabizwana, kanti isilandiso sakhiwa isenzo noma
isibanjalo, bese umenziwa wona wakhiwe uSobizo okungaba ibizo noma isabizwana.
UMSEBENZI 4.1
Phinda ubhale le misho elandelayo uyihlele amagama ayo ame ngendlela
ekhonjisiwe ngezansi.
(a) Izinsizwa zihaya izingoma.

(b) Abantwana badlala omacashelana
(c) Ogogo baluka amacansi.
(d) Thina sikhuluma isiZulu.
(e) Izintombi zikha amanzi.
(f) Umama uxova ujeqe.
(g) Ubaba weluse izinkomo.
(h) Umfundisi ushumayeza amakholwa.
(i) Amadoda aphuza umqombothi.
(j) Izinyane lincela umbele.
(i) Inhloko, umenziwa, isenzo
(ii) Umenziwa, isenzo, inhloko
(iii) Umenziwa, inhloko, isenzo
(iv) Isenzo, inhloko, umenziwa
(v) Isenzo, umenziwa, inhloko
4.5 IZINHLOBO ZEMISHO (TYPES OF SENTENCES)

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zemisho yesiZulu: umusho oqondile, umusho ombaxa
nomusho omagatshagatsha. UWilkes et al (1994:350) imisho bayichaza kanje:
EsiZulwini njengakwezinye izilimi emhlabeni sithola izinhlobo ezahlukene

zemisho. Yilowo nalowo musho awuqukethe kuphela izimpawu ezenza wehluke
kweminye imisho, kodwa unomsebenzi wawo owenzayo. Yingakho sinemisho
engumbuzo esiyisebenzisa lapho sibuza umbuzo, sinemisho ephoqayo
esiyisebenzisa lapho sifuna ukuba kwenziwe okuthize, sibe nemisho eyinhloko
eyethula inkulumo eqondile, kanye nemishwana ekhonzile elula umqondo
womusho oyinhloko.
Uma ufunda le ncazelo yezinhlobo zemisho uyabona ukuthi ibiyele zonke izinhlobo
zemisho ezikhona esiZulwini. Kuleli banga noma izinga sizogxila kulezi zinhlobo
zemisho:
4.5.1 Umusho olula (simple sentence)

Umusho oqondile wakhiwa inhloko/umenzi, isenzo nomenziwa kanje.
ZUL1505/1 43
IZIBONELO:
Ukuvuma Ukuphika
1. Izingane zidla amasi. Izingane aziwadli amasi
2. Bona bosa yona. Bona abayosi inyama.
3. Amantombazane adlala ingqathu. Amantombazane awayidlali ingqathu.
4. Umndeni ubuka umabonakude. Umndeni awuwubuki umabonakude.
5. Thina sibhala ibhuku. Thina asibhali ibhuku.
6. Izangoma zidle imbumba. Izangoma aziyidli imbumba.
7. Othisha babhalisa umsebenzi. Othisha abawubhalisi umsebenzi.
8. Umfundisi ushumayela izwi. Umfundisi akalishumayeli izwi.
9. Umkhulu ufunda iphephandaba. Umkhulu akalifundi iphephandaba.
Uma sibheka izibonelo ezingenhla, emshweni wokuqala igama “izingane” liyinhloko/

lingumenzi, igama “zidla” liyisenzo, igama “amasi” lona lingumenziwa. Esibonelweni
sesibili igama “bona” liyinhloko/umenzi, igama “bosa” liyisenzo, kanti igama “yona”
lona lingumenziwa. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi umenzi noma umenziwa uyaba ibizo noma
isabizwana, kanti futhi ngokunjalo nomenziwa uyaba ibizo noma isabizwana. Umusho
oqondile uyavuma (positive form) noma ulandule (negative form)
4.5.2 Umusho ombaxa (compound sentence)

Umusho ombaxa wakhiwe imisho emibili noma engaphezulu eqondile ehlanganiswe
isihlanganiso.
Nalu uhla lwezihlanganiso ezijwayelekile esiZulwini:

Yingoba
Ukuze
Ukuthi
Ngoba
Yikhona
Njengoba
Ngenxa
Kanti
Bese
Kwazise
Mhlawumbe
IZIBONELO:
1. Ingane iyagula. Ingane ayiyi esikoleni. (ngoba)
Ingane ayiyi esikoleni ngoba iyagula.
2. Kufanele abhale ukuhlolwa kokuphela konyaka. Kufanele aphumelele
esivivinyweni. (ukuze)
Kufanele aphumelele isivivinyo ukuze abhale ukuhlolwa ekupheleni konyaka.
3. Imoto kababa ifile. Sihamba ngebhasi. (kwazise)
Sihamba ngebhasi kwazise imoto kababa ifile.
4. Amazinyo akhe azoba ngcono. Uxubha kathathu ngosuku. (mhlawumbe)
Uxubha kathathu ngosuku mhlawumbe amazinyo akhe azoba ngcono.
5. Unethumba ezinqeni. Unembilaphi.
Unembilaphi ngenxa yethumba ezinqeni.
44
Isintekisi (syntax)
QAPHELA [NB]:
Isihlanganiso sinencazelo yaso, lokho okudala ukuthi sihambisane nalokho okushiwo
emishweni eqondile esisetshenziswa kuyo. Isibonelo: ngoba (isizathu), mhlawumbe
(ukungabi nasiqiniseko) njll.
4.5.3 Umusho omagatshagatsha (complex sentence)

Lolu hlobo lwemisho lwakhiwe imisho eminingi. Kukhona umusho omkhulu kanye
nemisho ekhonzile. Uma kuhlukaniswa umusho omkhulu, akulindelekile ukuthi
kuvele nomenziwa, kodwa inhloko nesilandiso yikhona okwakha umusho omkhulu.
Imisho ekhonzile ingachaza umshwana ochazayo noma okhanyisayo.
ISIBONELO:
Ihhashi elixhugayo elimhlophe leqile esibayeni izolo ekhaya.
Umusho omkhulu – Ihhashi leqile.
Umshwana okhonzile ochazayo – elixhugayo elimhlophe
Umshwana okhonzile okhanyisayo–esibayeni izolo ekhaya.
UMSEBENZI 4.2
(a) Nikeza incazelo yeSintekisi.
(b) Hlanganisa le misho eqondile usebenzisa izihlanganiso ezifanele ukwakha imisho
embaxa.
Imisho eqondile Umusho ombaxa

Izinsizwa zihaya ingoma.
Izinsizwa ziya ejadwini.
Izinkomazi sezizosengwa.
Izinkomazi ziyabuyiswa endlelweni.
Abantu bame umugqa.
Abantu bazovela amaqembu abo.
Usithandile uNkulunkulu.
Wasithumela indodana yakhe.
Usazogula.
Udla kakhulu ushukela.

Le Yunithi ifundise ngeSintekisi (syntax). Ifundise ngokuhlelwa kwamalunga, ukuthi
ukuze anike incazelo ephelele kumele ahlelwe ngendlela efanele. Ibuye yafundisa
ngokuma komusho, ukuthi amagama emshweni enza imisebenzi eyahlukene futhi
asetshenziselwa izizathu ezahlukene. Esinye isahlukwana esitholakala kule Yunithi
sifundisa ngezinhlobo zemisho. IYunithi elandelayo yona izofundisa ngeSimentiki
(semantics), okuyisifundo sencazelo yamagama. Izobheka ukufana nokuhluka
kwamagama ngokwezincazelo.
UMSEBENZI 4.3
UMSEBENZI WOKUZIVIVINYA (Self-assessment)
Funda lesi siqeshana bese uphendula imibuzo ezolandela:
ZUL1505/1 45
AMALUNGELO ABESIFAZANE
UNoxolo wenza unyaka wakhe wokuqala eNyuvesi. Ikhanda lakhe liyaduma akazi ukuthi
lapho okubhaliswa khona, akazi lapho okufanele athenge khona izincwadi. Esadideke
enjalo kuqhamuke uZabo naye obonakala edidekile. Babingelelana, babuzana impilo.
“Mina ngizokwenza unyaka wokuqala”, kusho uNoxolo kulo mfana aseqala ukumjwayela.
“Nami ngizokwenza unyaka wokuqala, ngifike kuthangi. Isizathu salokho ukuthi bengi-
funa ukuzijwayeza umoya wakule ndawo, ngifunde nokuningi ngayo indawo”, kuchaza
uZabo. Baxoxa kancane, uZabo wamsiza uNoxolo ekubhaliseni nokunye ayekudinga.
Ngesikhathi sakusihlwa uZabo wacela uNoxolo ukuba bayokudla isidlo sakusihlwa
endaweni ebude buduze nalesi sikhungo semfundo. Kwathi kuphela izinyanga ezintathu
base bengabangani abakhulu.
Ngenhlanhla noma ngebhadi, kunezifundo ezimbili abazifunda ndawonye. Nabanye

abafundi kulesi sikhungo base bazi ukuthi uma bebona uNoxolo noZabo ukhona
lapho eduze kwakhe. Ukuhlwaya ulwazi emtatshweni wolwazi bakwenza ngokusizana.
UNoxolo uzizwa ekhululekile uma eseduze kukaZabo. Nango-ke esecela ukuthi azodla
naye isidlo sakusihlwa endlini yakhe. UZabo wabona kuyithuba elihle lokuthi aveze imizwa
yakhe ngoNoxolo. Sebeqede ukudla wavele wasukuma wamanga. Intombi yaseNquthu
yagxuma yema ngezinyawo. “Wenzani Zabo? Wenzani? Uyazi bengikwethemba? Waze
waziphoxa, Phuma uphele endlini yami, angifuni ukuphinde ngikubone”, kusho uNoxolo
ehefuzela. Wama uZabo esadidekile. Wasukuma inhlamvu wazithela kuNoxolo, wamb-
hudukeza. Kwakhala ubuguquguqu belwa ngoba uNoxolo uyabona ukuthi uZabo useqonde
ukumnukubeza. Umakhelwane kaNoxolo uThandi wangena nezicabha, wasusa uZabo
phezu kukaNoxolo. Waphuma ngesamagundwane uZabo. UThandi waqhuba uNoxolo
baya kovula icala esiteshini samaphoyisa.
IMIBUZO
1. Sebenzisa la magama uwahlele kahle ukuze akhe umusho ozwakalayo:
(a) ndawonye ezimbili noma ngebhadi abazifunda ngenhlanhla kunezifundo.
(b) samaphoyisa baya uThandi icala esiteshini waqhuba kovula uNoxolo.
(c) wabona elihle aveze yakhe uZabo kuyithuba ngoNoxolo yakhe imizwa.
2. Qalisa le misho elandelayo ngamagama adwetshelwe.
(a) UZabo wamsiza uNoxolo.
(b) Waphuma ngesamagundwane uZabo.
46
Isimentiki (semantics)
IYUNITHI YESIHLANU:
6 ISIMENTIKI (SEMANTICS)

Ekupheleni kwale yunithi uzobe usuwazi okulandelayo:
• Ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagama emshweni.
• Ukubona umehluko emagameni, nendlela asetshenziswe ngayo emshweni.
• Ukubona ukuhlobana kwamagama.
• Ukuqonda ulimi nokusetshenziswa kwamagama.
• Ukuqondisisa izincazelo zamagama.
5.1 ISENDLALELOSEYUNITHI (INTRODUCTION)

KwiYunithi yesithathu edlule bewufundiswa ngemisho nokwakhiwa kwayo. Kule
yunithi kuzogxilwa encazelweni elethwa yizinhlobo zamagama asetshenziswa olimini
lwesiZulu. Le yunithi ibheka ikakhulukazi ukuhluka noma ukuhlobana kwezincazelo
zamagama asetshenziswa emishweni. Lawa magama kungaba aphikisanayo,
amqondofana, achaza into eyodwa emaningi, njll. Lobu buhlobo obukhona emagameni
buhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi uzokwazi ukubona umehluko phakathi kwawo.
5.2 ISIMENTIKI
UPalmer (1976) noLyons (1977) bathi incazelo yegama incike ekuxhumaneni kwama-
phuzu egama noma ebuhlotsheni bamagama, lokho kungaba okufanayo, okuphikisa-
nayo, okunobudlelwano nalo lelo gama, okuhambisanayo nalo kanye nokunye.
Incazelo yegama iyilokho okushiwo noma okuchazwa yigama. Isib. “inja” yigama elichaza
noma elisho isilwane esinemilenze emine nomsila, esikhonkothayo.
5.3 UKUHLOBANA KWAMAGAMA (SENSE RELATIONS)

Ukuhlobana kwamagama kusho ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwamagama
amabili noma ngaphezulu. Ake sibheke izinhlobo zokuhlobana kwamagama ezikhona
esiZulwini, ukuze siqonde kahle ukuthi kuyini ukuhlobana kwamagama.
5.3.1 Omqondofana (synonymy)

Omqondofana ngamagama asho okufanayo noma asho into eyodwa. Ake sibheke
isibonelo:
Ikhehla > ixhegu
La magama asesibonelweni esingenhla womabili aqukethe umqondo ofanayo othi:

• Umuntu wesilisa
• Omdala kakhulu ngeminyaka.
• Izinwele zimhlophe ekhanda (umpunga).
• Akasakwazi ukuhamba asheshe
ZUL1505/1 47
QAPHELA [NB]:
Amagama afanayo angaba nencazelo efanayo. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka
kube khona umehlukwana omncane phakathi kwamagama angomqondofana. Isibonelo
esingenhla: ikhehla – ixhegu, okuncanyana okungafani ukuthi ixhegu seliguge kakhulu
kunekhehla. Umehluko usekutheni iminyaka yexhegu yobudala miningi kuneyekhehla,
kodwa womabili lawa magama asho umuntu wesilisa osemdala.
Iqoqo lamagama amqondofana
isangoma Isanusi
Umkhunkuli Umthakathi
Iqobhe Ihleza
Ibala Igceke
Itshitshi Intombi
Igovu isidlakudla/isiminzi
Amavovo Izinsipho
Isagila Iwisa
Nakula magama angenhla kukhona okuwumehlukwana encazelweni yawo njengoba

kukhonjiswe emagameni athi ikhehla – ixhegu ngenhla. Kuthiwa amqondofana ngoba
kuningi okufanayo ngawo, umehluko okhona muncane kakhulu.
5.3.1.1 Amagama okuhlonipha nomqondofana
Amagama okuhlonipha aqalwa omalokazana abagane emzini lapho izinhlamvu

ezithile zamagama kababezala nomamezala babengavumelekile ukuthi baziphimise.
Ngaleyo ndlela baqamba amagama amasha abazowasebenzisa esikhundleni samagama
noma sezinhlamvu ezisegameni lalowo abamhloniphayo. Amagama amasha afana
nalawa sithi amqondofana ngoba angena esikhundleni salawa amadala kulabo
ababahloniphayo. Izibonelo:
Amanzi Amandambi
Abafana Abakhapheyana
Indlela Inyathuko
Izinkomo Izimeshe
Amasi Amagcumane
Intombazane Intshikazane
Indoda Injeza
Ilanga Impakama
Itshe Ichopho
Utshwala amahabulo/ubuhabulo
Inyama Incoso/ijeje
Utshani Ubuhephulo
Isikhathi Isithuba
Akhona namanye amagama okuhlonipha ongazitholela wona. Amagama okuhlonipha

angolunye uhlobo lwamagama amqondofana.
48
5.3.2 Omqondophika (antonymy)

Omqondophika uhlobo lwamagama asho okuphikisanayo. Ngalokhu kuchazwa
ukuthi asho izinto ezingafani noma anencazelo engefani. Okubalulekile ukuthi
esiZulwini asiwabizi ngomqondophika amagama aphikayo, isibonelo: hamba–ungahambi.
Isizathu salokhu ukuthi isiqu sesenzo kuwo womabili lawa magama u “-hamba”.
Lokhu akusiwo uqomqondophika kodwa kungukwakha umqondo ophikayo wesenzo
esisodwa. Omqondophika abasebenzisi igama elilodwa, kodwa bangamagama amabili
ahlukene, isib. hamba – buya.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka igama elilodwa libe nomqondophika abaningi, ake

sibheke lawa:
hlala – sukuma
hlala – thutha
hlala – yima
hlala – hamba
Onke lawa magama amqondophika ayahambisana negama – hlala, kodwa kuya

ngokuthi lisebenze kanjani emshweni. Lolu hlobo lwamagama amqondophika luvame
ukwenzeka ezenzweni.
Iqoqo lamagama amqondophika

isichaka isicebi
isiminzi inculu
ukuhlupheka ukubusa
imini ubusuku
ishwa inhlanhla
omkhulu omncane
phansi phezulu
yedwa bonke
yenaba finyela
omhlophe omnyama
kumnandi kubuhlungu
kubaba kumama
QAPHELA [NB]:
Okuqaphelakayo ukuthi amagama angezona izenzo anomqondophika owodwa. Izenzo
ziyakwazi ukuhambisana nesakhi esiphikayo, bese igama eselinesakhi libukeka
selingumqondophika kanti akunjalo. Buka kulezi zibonelo ezingenhla:
Ibizo isichaka – isicebi ibizo

Isandiso senkathi imini – ubusuku isandiso senkathi
Isiphawulo omkhulu – omncane isiphawulo
Isabizwana senani yedwa – yonke isabizwana senani
Isenzukuthi sithe-thushu isenzukuthi
Isandiso sesimo kumnandi-kubuhlungu isandiso sesimo
Ongumnini kukababa – kukamama ongumnini
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi zikhona izenzo ezinomqondophika ozimele gelekeqe:

Ngena-phuma
Qala-qeda, njll.
ZUL1505/1 49
5.3.3 Omabizwafane (homonymy)
Omabizwafane amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu abhalwa ngokufana kodwa izinca-
zelo zawo zibe zingefani, isibonelo:
Ilanga1 – inhlamvu yelanga

Ilanga2 – usuku
Ithanga1 – isitho somzimba
Ithanga2 – isitshalo esidliwayo
Igama “ilanga1” kanye negama “ilanga2” angomabizwafane ngoba abhalwa ngokufana

kodwa izincazelo zawo azifani. Igama lokuqala lichaza inhlamvu esikhanyiselayo,
kanti elesibili lona lisho usuku. Igama “ithanga1” kanye negama “ithanga2” nawo
angomabizwafane ngoba abizwa ngokufana kodwa izincazelo zawo zehlukene,
njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla.
5.3.4 Ophimbohluka (heterotonymy)

Ophimbohluka amagama amabili abhalwa ngokufana kodwa ahluka ngokoku-
phinyiswa, lokho bese kwenza abe nezincazelo ezingafani. La magama acishe afane
nomabizwafane kodwa ahluka kuphela ngokuthi wona aphinyiswa ngokungafani.
Izibonelo zophimbohluka yilezi:
Umfundisi1 - umuntu oshumayelayo esontweni/ohola ibandla
Umfundisi2 - umuntu oqeqesha abantwana esikoleni
Isizalo1 - umthombo lapho kuqhamuka khona amanzi
Isizalo2 - indawo ehlala umntwana kumuntu wesifazane uma ekhulelwe
Igama “umfundisi1” kanye negama “umfundisi2” ezibonelweni ezingenhla abhalwa

ngokufana kodwa umehluko uba sekutheni kuleli lokuqala iphimbo/izwi liyaphakama
uma uphimisa umsindo [f] (umfundisi1), kanti kwelesibili iphimbo/izwi liphakama
uma uphimisa umsindo [nd] (umfundisi 2). Igama “isizalo1” kanye negama “isiza-
lo2” abhalwa ngokufana kodwa umehluko kuwo usekutheni kwelokuqala iphimbo/
zwi liyaphakama uma uphimisa umsindo [s] (isizalo1), kanti kwelesibili iphimbo/izwi
liphakama uma uphimisa umsindo [z] (isizalo2).
UMSEBENZI 5.1
1. Bhala izibonelo EZINE zamagama:
(a) Amqondofana
(b) Amqondophika
(c) Angomabizwafane
(d) Amqondohluka
2. Yakha imisho ngamagama owabhale ngenhla ukuze kuvele ukuthi uyayazi

incazelo yawo.
UMSEBENZI 5.2
1. Phawula ngomehluko phakathi kophimbohluka nomabizwafane.
2. La magama alandelayo ngabe ayiluphi uhlobo, khetha kulokhu okulandelayo:
50
Amqondofana, amqondomningi, amqondophika, noma amqondohluka.
umnumzane – umfokazane igagu – ibhimbi

ukuthwala – ukuthwala imbasha – ingqatho
bukhali – buthuntu isifuba – isifuba
ukukhawuleza – ukushesha isihlangu – ihawu
ukudla – ukudla ukukhuluphala – ukuzaca
indlala – inala ukuthola – ukuthela
ukuncoma – ukutusa Inhloko – inhloko
ukubeletha – ukubeletha Iqiniso – isiminya
ubumpofu – ubumpofu
inuku – idlabha

Kule yunithi kufundwe ngeSimantiki (semantics). Kufundwe ngezinhlobo zamagama
amqondofana, amqondophika, angomabizwafane, amqondomningi kanye namqon-
dohluka. Kufundwe nangophimbohluka okungamagama abhalwa ngokufana kuhluke
incazelo uma esephinyiswa.
UMSEBENZI 5.3
UMSEBENZI WOKUZIVIVINYA
UKUNAKEKELA IMVELO (recycling)
UMaKhumalo ucela abantwana besikole saKwaNyuswa samabanga aphansi ukuba

baqoqe opulasitiki emakhaya. Kusukela kopulasitiki besinkwa, amabhodlela, opulasiki,
abokuphatha izimpahla ezithengwe esitolo, nabanye. UThoko akasiboni isidingo
sokuqoqa opulasitiki asebesebenzile. Endleleni sebeya ekhaya uThoko watshela
umfowabo omncane uSipho ukuthi naye angawaqoqi.
Bafi ka ekhaya baxoxela umama wabo ukuthi uMaKhumalo oyilunga lekomidi

lomphakathi ubeze esikoleni sabo ezokhuluma ngokuqoqwa kopulasitiki. Nonina
wabantwana wavumelana nalo msebenzi omuhle kaMaKhumalo wokukhuculula
udoti odalwa opulasitiki. “Bantabami, ukuhlanza indawo esihlala kuyo kubaluleke
kakhulu empilweni yethu”, kuchaza umama kaThoko. “Mama, mina angiboni uzosiza lo
msebenzi kamama uMaKhumalo ngoba kugcwele yonke inhlobo kadoti kule ndawo”,
kuphendula uThoko.
Unina kaThoko wabachazela abantwana bakhe ukuthi umsebenzi owenziwa

uMaKhumalo uyinselelo kubo bonke abahlala kulo mphakathi wase Joe Slovo. USipho
washo ukuthi yena uzokhuluma nabangani bakhe ukuze baqale baqoqe amaphepha.
Unina kaThoko yena wathi uzoqoqa amabhodlela. Emva kwesikhathi esiyizinyanga
ezimbili indawo yaseJoe Slovo yabe isihlanzekile, umphakathi wakhona usufundisekile
ngokungalahli udoti emgwaqweni.
IMIBUZO
1. Bhala amagama amqondofana nalawa asesiqeshini:
(a) abantwana
(b) udoti
(c) ukuhlanza
(d) ikomidi
ZUL1505/1 51
2. Bhala amagama aphikisana nalawa asesiqeshini:
(a) qoqa
(b) ukuhlanza
(c) lahla
(d) baqale
(e) siza
3. Yakha imisho ezoveza enye incazelo yalabo phimbohluka:
(a) ukuhlanza
(b) umsebenzi
4. Amagama adwetshelwe angomabizwafane. Bhala imisho eveza izincazelo zawo
ezimbili:
Unina kaThoko wabachazela abantwana bakhe ukuthi umsebenzi owenziwa
uMaKhumalo uyinselelo kubo bonke abahlala kulo mphakathi waseJoe Slovo.
USipho washo ukuthi yena uzokhuluma nabangani bakhe ukuze baqale
baqoqe amaphepha. Unina kaThoko yena wathi uzoqoqa amabhodlela. Benza
uhlelo lokukhuculula abazohlola ngalo ukuthi umsebenzi uqhubeka kanjani.
Emva kwesikhathi esiyizinyanga ezimbili indawo yaseJoe Slovo yabe isihlanzekile,
umphakathi wakhona usufundisekile ngokungalahli udoti emgwaqweni.
52
UHLU LWEZINCWADI
Doke, C.M. (1926). The phonetics of the Zulu language. University of the
Witwatersrand Press: Johannesburg.
Nkosi, N.; Mashumi, V.E.; Wilkes, A. & Ntuli, N.S. (1994). IsiZulu sezikhuthali.
De Jager-HAUM Publishers: Pretoria.
Nkosi, N.R. & Msomi, G.N. (1992). Izikhali zabaqeqeshi nabafundi. Shuter &
Shooter: Pietermaritzburg.
Taljaard, P.C. & Snyman, J.W. (1989). An Introduction to Zulu phonetics.
Marius Lubbe: Cape Town.
Zulu, E.S.Q.; Mbhele, N.F. & Mahlangu, A.B. (1988). IsiZulu soqobo ibanga le-12.
KwaZulu Booksellers (Pty) Ltd: Plessislaer. Pietermaritzbrug.
Zulu, E.S.Q.; Mbhele, N.F. & Mahlangu, A.B (1988). IsiZulu soqobo ibanga lesi-9. KwaZulu
Booksellers (Pty) Ltd: Plessislaer. Pietermaritzburg.
ZUL1505/1 53

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IYUNITI YOKUQALA IFONETIKI (PHONETICS) 1

IYUNITHI YESIBILI: IFONOLOJI (PHONOLOGY ) 17

IYUNITHI YESITHATHU: IMOFOLOJI (MORPHOLOGY ) 25

IYUNITHI YESINE: ISINTEKISI (SYNTAX ) 40

IYUNITHI YESIHLANU: ISIMENTIKI (SEMANTICS) 47

IMIPHUMELA YESIFUNDO (LEARNING OUTCOMES)

• Iziphi izindawo lapho kuphinyiswa khona imsindo

1.1 ISENDLALELO SEYUNITHI (INTRODUCTION)

umama – ibizo elinezinhlamvu noma amalunga amathathu u/ma/ma

i- -ngxa -bu- -le- -la

ingxabulela – ibizo elinezinhlamvu noma amalunga amahlanu i/ ngxa/ bu/ le/ la

Uyabona ukuthi egameni lesibili kunongwaqa abathathu (ngx), phezu kwalokho

Ngokujwayelekile ukufundwa kwemisindo ngokwefonetiki kuvame ukuncika kuleli

ULWAZI LOMSEBENZI ONGENHLA

2. Enye into ehlala obala ukuthi ngaphandle kokunyakaza kwesiphimisi esiwulimi

Abantu abaningi banomcabango ongelona iqiniso ukuthi ifonetiki inzima. Kodwa

1.3 IZITHO ZOMZIMBA EZISEBENZA UMA SIKHULUMA

1.3.1 Untu (diaphragm)

lmisindo eminingi yesiZulu iphinyiswa ngokusebenzisa umoya ophuma emaphashini.

Uma isifuba sinwebeka ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisipha, kuba khona indawo

Umoya ophuma emaphashini uphumela ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa imithanjana

1.3.3 Uqhoqhoqho (trachea)

Umdwebo ongenzansi ukhombisa amaphaphu, imithanjana yomoya esuka

1.3.4 Umphimbo (esophagus)

Ekupheleni kolwanga kukhona ulimi oluncane oluthambile olubizwa ngokuthi

1.3.5 Ulwanga oluqinile (hard palate)

1.3.6 Izinsini (alveolar ridge)

lsibonelo, ulimi lungathinta ezinsinini noma ngemuva kwamazinyo. Lokhu kwenza

1.3.7 Ulimu (tongue)

1.3.8 Izindebe zomlomo (lips)

Lokhu kusikhombisa ukuthi yonke imisindo ichazwa ngokuthi kubhekwe isitho

1.3.9 Amazinyo (teeth)

1.3.10 Umgudu wamakhala (nasal cavity)

Uma umoya uhululeka uphuma ngamakhala, ulwanga oluthambile luyehla kanye

1.3.11 Ukunyakaza komoya emgudwini wawo (airstream)

1.4 IMISINDO (SOUNDS)

1.4.1 Onkamisa (vowels)

Yibaphi onkamisa abasele? Onkamisa abasele wu [e] no [o] bona abangonkamisa

Phimisa laba onkamisa abadwetshelwe emagameni alandelayo:

Lokhu kudala ukuthi onkamisa esiZulwini bagcine beyisi-7. Ukwehluka kwalaba

Ucabanga ukuthi kungani esiZulwini sithi le misindo onkamisa?

Onkamisa baqanjwa ngokuthi onkamisa ngoba uma bephinyiswa umlomo uyavule-

Indawo onkamisa abaphimiseka kuyo emlonyeni yethulwa ngeshadi lonkamisa

FIGURE 1.1: ISHADI LONKAMISA

1.4.2 Osingankamisa / onxankamisa (semi-vowels): /w/, /y/

Amanzi umalokazane akawangenisi, uwabeka esango+eni.> Amanzi umalokazane

Umuntu+ana osanda kuzalwa uyakhala. > Umntwana osanda kuzalwa uyakhala.

Izibonelo ezingenhla ziyasikhombisa ukuthi usingankamisa uvela ngenxa yokusonde-

1.4.3 Ongwaqa (consonants)

FIGURE 1.2: IZINDAWO ZOKUPHIMISA IMISINDO

Lezi zindlela zokuchaza umsindo ongungwaqa ezingenhla ziphendula imibuzo ethi,

1.4.3.1 Indawo emlonyeni imisindo ephinyiswa kuyo (place of articulation)

1.4.3.1.1 Ondebembili (bilabials)

1.4.3.1.2 Ondebezinyo (dentilabials)

1.4.3.1.3 Onsinini (alveolars)

1.4.3.1.4 Olwangeni (palatals)

1.4.3.1.5 Omalakeni (velars)

1.4.3.1.6 Omphinjeni (glottals)

Izibonelo zakho kumele ziveze ukusetshenziswa kwalezi nhlobo zemisindo

1.4.3.2 Indlela yokuphimisa imisindo (manner of articulation)