• Large tie spacing in columns lack of confinement of core –

shear
h failures.
f il
• Insufficient column lengths – concrete to spall.
• Locations of inadequate splices- brittle shear failure
• Insufficient column strength for full moment hinge
capacity – brittle shear failure.
• Lack of continuous beam reinforcement- hinge formation
during load reversals.
• Inadequate reinforcing of beam column joints or location
of beam bar splices at columns joint failures.
• Improper bent up of longitudinal reinforcing in beams as
shear
h reinforcement
i f t – shear
h ffailure
il during
d i loadl d reversall
• Foundation dowels that are insufficient to develop the
capacity
capac ty of
o the
t e column
co u steel
stee above local
oca co
column
u ddistress.
st ess.
8
Seismic evaluation data
• The criteria of evaluation of building will depend on
materials, strength and ductility of structural components
and
d detailing
d ili off reinforcement.
i f
• Materials evaluation
• Structural
St t l detailing
d t ili
– Flexural members, columns, foundations
• Limitation of sections
• Limitation of min. & max. flexural reinforcement
• Restriction of splices
• Development length requirements
• Shear reinforcement requirement
• Special confining requirements
• Column steel dowelled into the foundation 9
Field evaluation /Visual inspection method
• This is very quick way of assessing the building
vulnerabilityy based on visual screening
g
• Visual inspection is the most widely used form of
non destructive evaluation.
• This methodology is referred to as a “sidewalk
survey” in which an experienced screener visually
survey
examines a building to identify features that affect
the seismic performance of the building,
building such as
the building type, seismicity, soil conditions and
irregularities
10
 The procedure for visual inspection are described
i the
in h following
f ll i steps
• Perform a walk through visual inspection to
become familiar with the structure
• Gather background
g documents and information on
the design , construction, maintenance, and
p
operation of the structure

11
• Identify the location of vertical structural elements – columns or
walls
• Sketch the elevation with sufficient details – dimensions, openings,
observed damage such as cracks, spalling, and exposed reinforcing
bar width of cracks
bar,
• After performing a detailed visual inspection, the investigator must
be able to distinguish between recent damage and pre existing
d
damage , ensuring
i that
h theh observed
b d damage
d may or may noiti prove
to be dangerous for the structure.

Limitations of Visual inspection method

• A
Applicable
li bl for
f surface
f d
damage th t can be
that b visualized
i li d
• No identification of inner damage- health monitoring of building,
change of frequency and mode shapes

12