lundreds of Practice Questio ia Oe bi pte'-Wise Exercises with Answer Keys Perera A 4 %CONTENTS ut aper of 2016. 12. Inteoduetion 13 » ECAT English Section. How to Prepare ECAT English CeO 2A. What is Reading Comprehension? 2.2. What Involves in Reading Comprehension? 2.3. Causes of Comprehension Difficulties. 23.1. Knowledge of language 23.2. Attention 23:3. Lack of practice 23.4. Memory 2.3.5. Lack of reading skills. 23.6. Slow reading, 24. Different Types of Texts. icy 24.1. Understanding different types of text 24.2. Narrative texts. 24.3. Descriptive texts., 24.4, Directive texts. 24.5. Expository texts. 246, Argumentative texts... 24.7. Persuasive texts .. Exer Gm3a 4 42. 43. 3.2.10, Most Reading Comprehensions are complex. 3.211, Pocws.ssss . 32.12 Improve reading speed... 32.13. Practce online reading comprehension. 3.2.14. Use of dictionary .. 32.15, Solve previous papers. 32.16. Don’t draw on outside knows 32.17. Overcome pani Exercise . Ways to Improve Vocab ‘Tools For Guessing Unfamiiar Words 42.1, Comma, hyphen, bracket. 42.2. The verb “Be and Its Other Forms’ as an fe iwon “expression... 423. Contrast signal words... ese F: Bnet 424. Semicoton, Some 43 432. 433. 433, 435: 435. ibm 437. i ich6.2.1. What is meant by “Central Idea”?. = ‘SLES 7.1.1. What is meant by ‘tone”?. ai 7.1.2. Various Tones and Styles ie 7.1.3. Summary * 7.2. Specific Details ie 73. Exercise CHAPTER 8. VOCABULARY AND IMPLIED IDEA QUESTION. mis 0 Vocabulary Question 8.1.1. Saving Time. ‘8.2. Implied Idea or Making Inference Question. ss ‘8.2.1. What Are Inferences?. ae 82.2. When inferences happen?. Le 74 2.3. Conclusion... A i . Exercise - CHAPTER 9: QUICK REVISION OF READING COMPREHENSION 9.1. Critical Reading are Reading Comprehension 9.1.1, Introduction 9.2. The Appearance of Question 9.3. Possible Variety of the Questions... 94. Range of Questions.. ‘Time Management... 14.2. Lexical Problems (Vocabulary), Tips and Techniques. 9.5.1. Title selection.Coapier=1 j INTRODUCTION TOCraprce- 1 Inirodvetion to FCAT Engst 9, The crux ofthe above paragraph is: ‘A. That human beings ean make machines without using Allah's creations 'B That Allah alone isthe ereator. Humans merely utilize these creations . That scientists, engineers and technologists are superior 1D. That human beings are independent of Allah’s restrictions 70. While reading the above paragraph we learn that ‘A: Iron is extracted from sand extraction B. Circuit laws are related to sand | . Silicon which is used to fabricate integrated circuits is extracted from sand 'D. Wood is extracted from trees which grow is sand Note: A.complete solution of this paper has been given in the last chapter. 12, Introduction to ECAT English Section ECAT (Engineering College Admission Test) is conducted by UET (University of Engineering and Technology. Its English section carties 10 questions based on reading ‘comprehensiowveritical reading. Studentsare asked to ead the given paragraph and ansiver the Tei me tama ty Lon gle See ees ra aeege aap nn wena tenot lac ny sa don cadag coopcioaiadwion aso pant ic rape eae at suai nocstinengs eroenones opens Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa, Topi. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, National University of Science and ‘Technology (NUST), Islamabad, etc. The number of questions Irom reading comprehension in Meso as MES ee tects tna eee iy to understand and analyze a text quickly. This ee one ase Saini nen eg dese ol 9A wt cS‘Testis conducted by UET (University of Engineering ts | section carries 10 questions based on reading ‘reading. Students are asked to read the given paragraph and answer the eer ern aris aoe venience | mark minus in case of=—— Ae mA ets are formulated and conducted ss pet the requirement and uss oh el universes. Hence, te students eed fo adopt ¢ Wghlevelsrouness forts class tests fe very conscious of time during class tests because time management plays a significant role pike aslencd iecsetie ger Ae feet in speaiTicggiven time ts the best way for the vr aats to experience an actual examination tall environment. Unfortanatcly somtimes, a extraordinary preparation is spoiled by poor time management participate atively in test discussion in the class because the misiakes commited in Ws nocd prom fixing so tal those mistakes are not peated in the later tests, He very sien and serous during the class discussion so that nothing is missed. Pay full altention to the questions put by other students, Avoid irelevant questions so thatthe genuine questions are not (et {unexplained or under-explained Improve vocabulary by learning some new words daily, Never under-estimate yoursei hy thinking about your average knowledge about vocabulary. Vocabulary can always be pron ish section ding of grammar 10 read it again for!NTRODUCTION TO READING COMPREHENSION| 23 ao. ae ] Chapter 2, 2d. 22, What is Reading Comprehension? About people who read, People whi read: it's aot quietness, Is not passivity, They are having conversations with the writer, with the eharaeters, ave livin that other situation From The Wte bie, Andrea Gillies 2012 p_ #1) Reading comprehension is the process of making meaning from text. The goal therefore. 1 gain an overall understanding of what is described in the text rather tha to obtain meant fram isolated words oF sentences, In understanding read text sormation, readers devele ‘mental models, or representations of meaning othe text ideas durin the reading prowess What Involves in Reading Comprehension? Reuling comprehension involves much more than readers’ responses. fevts Reading ‘comchension is a multicomponent, highly comes process that imvolses many iterations between readers and what they bring tothe text fe, sratepy usc) as el ‘variables elated to the ext sel interestChapter-2 © Anadvert is written to persuade you to buy something, © Avwseraguide ora manual is instructive and is writen to tell you how to use something (sueh & a video recorder or washing-machine), © A formal (business) letter might be writen to inform you about school dates © A personal letter might be written bya friend, deseribing «holiday. to Reading Comprehensi Introdueti 24.2. Narrative texts [Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time. © They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or non-fietional (newspaper report): i ‘©. They are characterized by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as “and then’, “first, “second”, thd” Example: First we packed our bags and then we called a taxi, After that we...€tC. 24.3, Descriptive texts Descriptive texts are concemed with the location of persons and things in space. ‘They will tell us what lies to the tight ot lef, in the background or foreground, provide background information which, perhaps, af _ Its unimportant whether a description is more subjective. State or positional vers plus adverbial e46. Argumentative texts Tha) oe ng tS depart fom the assumtion tht the occsers heli mst be chanua A olen slat with the megation of a statement which arbutcs 2 ust ts Yo something or someone (esp. scholarly texts). {hey also include advertising texts. which try 10 persuade their read somehow beter a least imphsily, than others, oF characteristic fers that a product is 24.7. Persuasive texts persuasive text tries to encourage you to. something. may: {2S capital eters. exclamation marks uesions and repeated words to catch your atention Use adjectives to make something quite attractive, © Giveonly one side oF an argument, © Take the form ofan advert; but it may go toa class, also be a letter from a friend trying to persvade you ww ‘For example, the following text is written to persuade the reader to take h Enjoy an Enehanting Holiday in the Maldives _ Scattered across the Indian Osean lie stands withthe finest white sand beaches and clearest xystal blue waters, These are the MALDIVES! Over 1,000 coral islands. Temperatures hore ae always inthe 80s, aero 2.5. Exereise eae Papers should not exceed 7000 words (including footnotes and Works the latest MLA Handbook. Papers should be submitted in. copies and a disk) to the editors ofthe mn Vina Krontitis, School of pain «541 24 Thessaloniki,Coaper-2 ee cee i | A. Argumentative B. Narrative . Directive D. Desctitive 4 -Yen Ihave returned to this arcade city unwise, it may be ented a pace in ne of he ite ae na and bythe Duomo, stall not say which on, for easons hat are not entirely clear \ aya ugh fconfess [worry intermittently about the possiblity of a visit fom the pice. } tone my balchole, a couple of roams, low eeilinge. dank: the windows are so narrow ease pave to Keep a table lamp buring all day for fear of falling over something inthe 1 half dark. : 3 The above passage is a type of: | A, Diretive B, Argumentative . Narrative D. Descriptive 44. The goosraphy ofthe Aran Islands is very simple, yet it may need a word to ise: There ae vce ‘Mande: Aranmor, the north island, about nine miles long: Inishmaan, the mide island, neas'y veundin form, and the south stand, Iishere in Irish, eastisland, like the middle island but sight'y atler They lie about thity miles from Galway, up the center of the bay, but they are not fa fromm the fils of County’ Clare, on the south, or the eomer of Connemara on the north Q4 Theabovepassageisatypeo ‘A.Descripive —B. Directive se health of the Amerisan economy. Despite recent ‘immigration to the United States, this country i bring with them. towns and cities are ie participation and to welcome new ‘the advantages it marketplace and D, NarrativeStrategies and Techniques fo Crapter 3 etd oss ling STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES FOR CRITICAL READINGJI. Reading Techniques for Increasing Learning and Knowledge 4 Fence eget pad nsMBBICS mein communication Se orn ern : ic allows the students 10 convert a written text as meaningful language with independenss comprehension and fluency, and to interact with the message Following are some reading techniques: Scanning Skimming ; | Active Reading { Detailed Reading Sneed Reading Siracture-Proposition-Evak ‘Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review ‘These skills might not necessarily be learned as ries or rules but M'understood well at a preparation stage once, they can definitely enhance the reading skills and inerease the quality ‘and quantity of output that we get from reading. — vrvvvy ent situations: be used all the time. according to theirCpe strteges and Tecnigues oF Crea, cal feat hapetall EMRE cern ee) Te TeH ofthe Pires Ai esr pomratimemnaian ncmauamins BG SSNS Coming ‘only topic sentences. dropping down through the rest of the paragraphs, until You are gy" er Shoes the last few perpgrscist may, conrasie.cOnsluslvessesseenbisT= YOU shout, Skimming there and read in detail. Remember that your overall comprehension will be ja." oa ied in detail If while skimming, you feel you are grasping the main ideas, yy ing correctly, The last line ofthe Fines ofthe paragraph reiterate the topie sentence si atthe beginning of the passage. > When to skim? [Because skimming is done at a fast spe ‘kim all the time. There are many times, ed with less-than-normal comprehension, you showin, however, when skimming is very useful Skimming will help you locate the information quickly while making sure yOu Use your tine “wisely. [twill also inerease the amount of usable material you obtain for your reading the material you learned. but yo. Suppose you havean e i ‘quickly locate the information yo, C¢ =ready sean many different types of material in Your easy, Establishing your purpose. locating Iructured before you start seanning is €35e the appropriate Because 90U al tial. oraifs about seanning will be eetril, and knowing how the information i st in the following ways: alphabetically. "se textually. Alphabetical information is ‘The material you scan is typically arranged i Jormation is arranged in time or numerical chronologically, non-alphabetically, by eategorys Srranged inorder from A t0 Z, while chronological in order. sap eat ct oss be eangn info: lpn per pega rai SE «ster. stings of ike items such as an ato pats etal. Some information is located Sire beer ten pargrap ex tna kam siesta gees ian enieyO® CN helpful in locating specific information, Do [Learning to use your hands while seanning is very Sou do anything with you hands to locate a word in a dietionary? To find a meeting Ae 3s ealgdar? To read a ain or bus schedule? Using your hand or finger is exterely eID in focusing your attention and keeping your place whil a column of material a hand moves down a list so the names above and ine the keyCoapter=3. ave 3 ind Techniques for Critica Ready, Active reading style wecinescadng aims to get an in-depth understanding of the ext. UNder this technique, the asder is actively involved withthe text white reading it 1 hand is not possible by reading to skim throu eating in-depth knowledge on the text at ho Ei sean through the text. ; Detailed reading This technique is used for extracting information accurately from the whole text. Under thx technique. we read every word for understanding the meaning of the text. f In this carefl reading, we ean skim the ten first for getting a general idea and then g0 bach « i oF every read in detail. We ean use a dictionary or vocabulary techniques to find the meanin; unfamiliar word. . Speed reading ‘Speed-reading is actualy 2 combination of various reading methods. The aim of speed-readin is basically to inerease the reading speed without compromising the understanding of the tex reading. Some of the strategies used in speed reading are as follows:3 Strategies and Techniques for Critical Reading. > Question We are not just reading the words or looking at the words but are actually tne underlying (hidden) meaning ofthe text. So we should prepare quest Jook forthe answers while reading the text. ng to make out in our minds and > Read The eader should read selectively if they are looking for any specific detail or information a The students should answer the questions in their own words using only the ke required 10 Sum up the complete idea, This technique is applicable when you have to write the answers. zy words that are > Review ‘The students should review the entire things in their minds to check the validity of the chosen Reading isthe basie foundation on which academic skills individuals are built. As we know the paramount importance of reading, itis given the top priority in primary education, Many believe that reading is a true measure of a person's success in academics. Most of the subjects taught to us are based on a simple concept ~ read, understand, analyze, synthesize, and323. Strategies and Techniques fo erent ist vn eye eadng Comprehension st 304 need © find et 904" sen To ore Rech sling psa 0 fad th pssge i ad thes a ee ion core gest taw which Aeon ember while ging tough he empha ty sve to read the comprehension agin afer reading the Questions. THs, | problem of Time Management. Solution: You can choose the “bottom up” approach, That means, read the questions yy that you have an idea wht to look for inthe comprehension. But ultimately you are tho, Jee of which approach is the best So practice several reading comprehension pass. {wo different approaches and find out which method suits you. ‘Time management ‘know all the answers, but I didn't have enough time to solve" Have you ever heal, kinds of complaints? Entrance test examinations test not only your knowledge and shill =~ Your time management also. All the thee aspects are important, especially. when tho ocgntve making Forwrong answers ‘certain time to each ding Comprehension Vides. about Time are unwilling excuses. Bil away unless didn’t youStrategies and Tes Wes for Critical Rea ” Newspapers, stories, comics, ext books... anything that keeps you immersed in English. New words gradually sink into your subconscious mined and become familiar. « Keepanotebook, note down the new words you leamed today. and revise them periodically Keep a target and a schedule to learn a certain number of new words every day. You are the ‘bster person to decide the number. Do not deviate from the schedule at any cox. 4326, Usea pen while reading, Do not read the reading comprehension passage like am: the passage, your three body organs should actin collaboration. novel, While going through yes Hand Brain ~ Find out words that are useless saci eh ‘easily find out that there are so even if we delete those Its advisable you toroa ‘Strategies: Coapter=3. $2.10. Most Reading Comprehensions are comptes Usually, reading comprehension passages are ket feaion Often the sentences are complex 10 understand. might be puzzled by those questions. from scientific essays OF Welln, f you are not aware of this fac... Solution: Improve your Vocabulary Read and solve comprehension passages, as many as possible Solve passages from different fields of knowledge. like Science. Arts, Literature. Polit, and Economies, et. 3.2.11, Focus {is usual for any person tohater ‘Of course, looking for me and every word......NO. ‘Sometimes you need to make a wild guess about a new word, aking into account of the contest Gituation), By this, you will be able to understand the meaning of new words. IF you tecl ‘necessary, you may check the meaning after reading the Comprehension. 3.2.8, Solve previous papers BBy solving the previous papers you ean understand and identify what kind of questions asked in the examination, so that you will be mentally prepared for those Kind of questions, Some questions ate simple Some drav inferences ‘Some of the reading comprehension questions will sk you about 2 specific word om ‘paragraph (line reference), es passages. Though you are well ‘own knowledge into theStrategies and Techniques for Critical Reading Tra The renatng Inert Fingerprints consist usual f betavas of ching 9 crit mall nus of amino ec and chlrides ried vit sail roprtion of ta oman a umber of fat acids and wrigleeides. Detection rea and amino acids is far from fs small proportion of reactive organic substances such as wt sas Fingerprint at a crime scene may be detected by simple powders. 9B) ‘chemicals applies aera moroplex techoiques, usualy involving cbemicas, can be applied in Specialist Khcraartes wo appropran atclon emsoved fra crac sven Widh vanced in these mort sophisticated techniques, some of the more around the world were, as of 2010, reporting from a rime scene had been identified as a result of behaviors of touching the face ‘A. In Situ Powder Use in Crime Scene Investigations B, How to Identify a Criminal C. Amino Acids in Fingerprint Detection According to the article, |. Sebaceous glands A.tonly B.tonly wnCoaner-3 Strategies and Techniques for Critieal Reading acknowledged favourite of my father, a young man who had searcely any other dependence than on our patronage, and sho had been brought up to expect is exertion, would be a depravity. to which the separation of two young persons, whose affection could be the growth of onlya few weeks, could bear no comparison, But fom the severity ofthat blame which was lastnight 50 liberally bestowed. respecting each circumstance, | shall hope to be inthe future secured. when the following account of my actions and their motives has been read. in the explanation of them, whic i due to myself, am under the necessity of relating feetings which may be offensive to yours, lean only say that | am sory. The necessity must be obeyed. and further apology would be absurd" Text source: Pride and Prejudice, hy Jane Austen offense would be considered the worst? According to the writer of the leer, wl A 'B. separating Mr. Bingley from the ltter reader's sister C. continuing dependency through patronage 1D. ruining Mr. Wickham's prospects wantonly ‘Which ofthe following characters ae the "young persons” mentioned? ‘A. Mr. Wiekham and the letter reader's sister BB. the leer writer and the letter reader C. Me. Bingley and the letter reader 1D, the letter reader's sister and Mr. Bingley [Near the end of the passage, the phrase “secured” is used to mean, ORs seeA. Coney Islan B. the world’s fair € Disneyworld D. Singapore This passage was most likely weitten to [A describe the author's favorite amusement park rides 8B. explain the original design of Ferris wheels and how they work today C. describe the history of Ferris wheels and why they are so popular . explain the history of Ferris wheels and why the author likes them Using information in the passage, the reader can understand that the tallest Ferris whee! in the world is A. under 250 feet tall B. between 250 and $00 feet tall between $00 and 750 fet tall 1D. over 750 feet tall in the article, overall the best made of and of how they are———————— Techs er es soni ant eshte Calta Oy = anwerD a son: Tae second sentence mentions the separated couple referred to Inter Explanation: Restatng the sentence with fewer deals claiies fog analy in te fu hope t be arth) the severity ofthe blame.” Although all the choices, be definitions Tor “secured” in some context, only choice B meets the sense of the letter wri, usage. Answer: D, Explanation: Support for I. rom the severity ofthat blame which was lastnight oie, beniowed... [shall hope 1 be in the future secured, when the following account of my actions and their motives has been read.” Support for I: “If... Fam under the necessity of relating feelings which may be offensive to yours, | can only say that Lam sorry.” Support for Il: he explanation of them, which is due to mysel”. Answer: C “Attraction (noun): a thing or place that draws visitors by providing something fun. In the fsx paragraph the author describes a person's “favorite attraction at an amusement park.” lie ollercoasters” but that his or her “favorite ride” attraction an sense. One cana! because ofthis not suggest tha ite park at an often involves ice (D) isnot aStrategies and Techniques for Critical Reading ean they are places everyone goes ‘Santa Monica Pier are places he or she visits. That does not er rceation cough. The pacage does not suggest that the) ese peavion spo ser. Drstsad It srry souzocts they ore places thai hava Feria wise: Becalmearitin see.) "Cones Trough en island and plers could passoly dock boms, che author does not S¥EB=S) =) ony Of Mis places mertionod:in the glenn ochaly do so peepee tne 7 places containing Feris wheels. Because ofthis, choice (D) isnot correc: Answer: D Complen fader): iniohving many diferent and confusing pars. An antonym i word has the opposite meaning of another word. This question asks for the antonym ‘of complex. The author siys Feris wheels are both “rrplo and yet also quite complex.~ The use oF "Ye suggests tha the terms being used are opposites. Beeause ofthis, choice (D) is saree Simple. which means not complicated or complex isthe anonym for complex. The author describes Fertis wheels as impressive, but he or she dees not suggest that being impressive isthe opposite ‘of being complex. In fac, the author desries Ferris wheels as impressive in a different part of the passage. The opposite of impressive is actually ordinary. Because of this, choice (A) is not « ‘The author describes Ferris wheels as beautiful, but he or she does not suggest that Pe “ing complex. In fact, the r describes Ferris wheels as besuiifel in a.ciffees oataayy opposite isactually ugly. Because ‘of this, choice (B) is not com thor descri eels as not being that exciting,rategis and Teebniques for Critica eu, a Answer: B Inthe sixth paragraph (below the caption t Happened at the World's Fair), the author thout the first Ferris wheel. He or she states that George Washington Gale Ferris 3. “de. i far the Chicago World’s Faie in 1893." The correct answer és (B), then. Though the aut, Susuests that Coney Island has a Ferris wheel, he of she does not suggest that built there. Because of this, choice (A) is not correct, The passage never mentions Disneyworld It ua. tise ofthis, choice (C) iS Not Correct. The auth igapore. He or she does not suzse however, mention the first Ferris wheel. B that the largest Ferris whee! in the world is in that Ferris wheel was the first one built, though. Because of this, ehojee (D) is not corre Answer: D The passage describes the fact thatthe author's favorite amusement park ride fs the Petrs wh From there, he or she deseribes what they are and why he or she likes them, Toward the end the passage, the author traces thei history into the present. It follows that the purpose of sic passage was most likely to do all ofthese things. Because of this, choice (D) is correct 1h. author wrote the passage to explain the history of Ferris wheels and why the author likes thon The passage does describe the author's favorite amusement park ride. the Fesris whesl bu ‘other favorite rides. This means that the pass. 1s his or her Favorite side ‘wheels work and the history oft ‘any detail. Ad world “is stis’s whee! AnConner 4 STRATEGIES FORStrateties oF Vocaiy Coapter=4 ee oie 4 aa 424. ‘Ways to Improve Vocabulary the basic blocks of a language, and one of the key predictors of som, lords are a jon and social status. Yet most students strupsle to increaw yt educational level, profess! vocabulary effectively. tes not that we have difficulties in grasping the vocabulary when we see it. Rath, ,, Be ee cea ease parca w= ten ‘enough only o end up back where we bezan Here are some simple tips for improving vocabulary. ‘Tools For Guessing Unfamiliar Words Solving the reading comprehension questions also needs the meaning of difficult words. his can be helped through different vocabulary development methods. The following is the description of some ofthe tools Comma (,), hyphen (-), Ina definition the: separated by commas, before them, © The rebec, wnis minuseule, the numberof students ‘America’s total Vietnamese populat attending universities is surprisingly high. © Marriage has many pains but celibacy has no pleasure, 42.4. Semicolon(;) Semicoton is used to jin two oF more ideas (parts) in a sentence those ideas are then given ‘equal position or rank © Some people write with a word processor; others write with a pen Or Pe ‘The part ofa sentence before semicolon runs into the part of sentence after semicolon Your fiend nearly killed me with it. Here are some simple tips for improving vocabulary. 4.3. Some Simple Tips y, novels and literary works. ‘only derive meaning ofCoanter Tae. Go back to word morphology aneans the study of word formation. It discusses how words are former throw) prefixes, suffixes, and roots. One'6F the most powerful tools for learning new words ~ and jog Fevipnering the meaning of other new words ~ is studying morphology. Latin and Gres, ‘ements (prefixes, roots, and suffixes) are a significant part of the English language and a treat tool fr Iaring new words. Ths technique has been discussed in detail in later pan of this chapter. 43.6, Play some games ‘Word games that challenge you and help you discover new meanings and new words are « ‘great and fun tool in your quest for increasing your’ vocabulary. Examples include some online games e.. crossword puzzles, anagrams, word jumble, scrabble, and bogele (Details of these games are available online, and these games can be played free). 43.7. Engage in conversations. Simply talking with other people can help you learn discover new words. As with reading ‘once you hear a new word, remember to jt it down so that you ean study it later ~ and then slowly add the new word to your vocabulary. ma incre sboouny 2° 43,8, Final thoughts on improving and increasing your vocabulary Agi aes r ‘vocabulary, By using the tips outlined in this chapter, you shovld ng and g new words to enhancing your vocabulary andChaptor—4 Vocabulary in Context Series ‘What is vocabulary in context? Vocabulary in content refer to the sentences oF the whole paren sicundny unfamiliar word, Context elves are used fo make a good guess athe word's meaning 8 | are six different types of context clues: definition/restatement example— 45. Strateties for Vocab, Chapter 4 Tralee to the eauseoreeet ofan ation, feeling a ‘An unfamiliar word may Wt Rogers was considered to be a humanitarian becatse he worked 10 improve people, tives Morphology Vocabulary means to guess the meaning of unknown words. And, help of Morphology. dae ratte we can do with the Un +—————_ break Bla |Strategies for Vocabulary Chapter—4 Sore: AI the words beginning with anyone of the above nepative prefixes give negative meanings, Normal = Ab + normal = Abnormal Negative suffix ‘Complete = In-+ complete= Incomplete eg = less Happy = Un + happy = Unhappy care + less = careless ‘Compose = De + compose = Decompose wealth + less = wealth less Locate = Dis + locate = Dislocate rest + less = rest less Regular Ir+ regular = Irregular motion + less = motionless 454, Some Common — isms Ageism = discrimination against someone on account of their ag ‘Agnosticism = doubt about whether it is possible to know whether it is possible to know ‘whether or not there is a God: Anarchism = the political theory that all forms of goverment are undesirable and that society can and should function without government; ant Semitism = discrimination against or hatred of Jewish peopl Ascetism ina very simple manner, especially for religious reasons; Atheism = belief that there is no God; Buddhism = the system of beliefs based on the teaching of the Buddha; Contin = the commoniagei a ‘of the means of production is a no private property all ae4 Stratis fr Voeatnign, z Compe Sianikm 2 the form of communism based on the economic and poltal principle haa ty Kart Mars Pacifism = opposition to wars Pantheism ~ the belief that everything that exists is God; Racism = discrimination against a person because of their race; Sexism = discrimination against a person because of their uses: ‘Sikhism ~ the religion based on the teachings of Nanak; Bi political and economic theory that advocates that the means of production oy 004s in society should be owned by the state or jointly be the community ‘4 political philosophy advocating complete control by the state over si aspects ofits inhabitants” lives: Vegetarianism= living on a diet that excludes meat, and sometimes also eggs. butter ani milk. Patriotism = The faith of loving once country. Chauvinism, Jingoism = An aggressive and unreasonable belief that once on country \s ‘etter than all others. 455. Some Common - ology “Archaeology = the study of ancient cultures, peoples and periods of history by scie)tific analysis of physical remains, especially those found in ground. "Anthropology = the study of human beings, human culture, ete: Astrology ‘study of the influence of the planets on human behavior and personality: Audio logy = the branch of medicine concerned with the hearing system; ™ Biology = the study of living things; the relationship between living creatures and the environment, i Enomology =the say otinees) —." igsChapter 4 456. Strategies for Vocabulary —$—_— Sociology = the study of human society. ‘Theology = the study of God Ufotogy = the study unidentified flying objects or Ali ‘Vuleanology = the study of volcanoes; Zoology = the study of animals, Come common —~ mania Dipsomania =addiction to alcohol Bibliomania=addiction to books Gephyromaniaaddiction to erossing bridges Ailuromania=addict addiction to being in the crowd Necromania~addiction to being with dead-bodies ‘Thanatomania=addiction to experiencing death Cynomania=addiction to being in the dogs ‘Narcomania=addiction to drugs Phagomania=addiction to excessive eating ‘Sitomania=addiction to excessive eating Phyromaniaaddiction to raising fire Pyramaniavadiction ingame, ‘Anthomania=addietion to flowers~ una Strategies for Vocabulary Hodomania=addiction to traveling § Porimania=addiction to traveling A 47. Some Common - phobia Acrophobia = fear of height: Agoraphobia = fear of open spaces: Ailurophobia ~ fear of cats; Anglophobia = fear or hatred of England or Britain, the English or British, English oF British culture, ete Arachnophobia ~ fear of spide Astraphobia = fear of thunder and lightning, Hathophobia = fear of heights. or being closed to a high building, mountain Batrachophobia = fear of frogs and toads; ‘belonephobia = fear of pins and needles fear of thunder; Cano phobia or ‘Claustrophobia = fear of enclosed places; (Cyber phobia = fear of computers; Entomophobia = fear of insects a Erythrophobia = fear of blushing. Francophobia = fear or hatred of france Attenephobia >namaphonan ochaemesetei it SinoiAlonis eo phobia fear ofhorses. [peoples ated! or eniraititi~mancnns 'Chapter 4 i Strategies for Vi - igali ‘Some people think that discussing the dangers of cigarette smoking obseures the real issue “They believe the real issue is that smokers are diseriminated against. What does obscure probably mean? A.to shorten B. to challenge €.to make obvious D. tohide, conceal ‘Sludents! Students! Please stop prattling and listen to me, Class has begun. ‘What does prattling probably mean? A. sleeping B. talking ©. working D.vyping “The litle girls began to giggle when they saw the boys walk by. When the boys heard the they pretended not to notice. What does giggle probably mean? A.work 1D 2B 3D 4A S.C 6B 7B 8D Phe3F Ceaer 5 “Types of Comprehension TYPES OF | COMPREHENSIONr nd discuss are based on oUF experiences in {he six types of comprchension thar we Prepose 8 ; Tee alin coop gm ee NC to coverall possi, Faehead90 comrchaammemmne to the ASE be wsefl in helping oy | Fe rook seoeggleame te nace) ray cxstysoirn ime mer sions = CAT exam forward meaning of the te. Jon refers to an understanding af the straigh ne of literal comprehension cay j z ilary, dates, times, and locations. Questions directly and explicitly from the text 40 249 + An example ofa literal comprehension question about this topic is How many types of comprehension do the authors discuss? ‘is six types as stated in the firsterences involves more than a literal understanding. Students may initially have a dificult time answering inference questions because the answers are based on material that is inthe text but not explicitly stated. An inference involves students combining their iter understanding ofthe text with their wn knowledge and intuitions Example: For example, ifthe passage reads, “Ben has ben fo every country in Europe at least ance’. we cannot necessarily infer that “Bem enjoys traveling” — maybe Ben hates traveling, but he is required to travel for work! S14, Prediction ‘The fourth comprehension type, prediction, involves students using both their understanding of the passage and their own knowledge ofthe topic and related matters in a systematic fashion to determine what might happen next or aflera story ends. | We use two varieties of prediction, while-rading and post- (after) reading. While-reading rediction questions differ from post-reading prediction questions in that students ean immediately learn the is eee sag ws by ie to read the passage. For ‘example, students could read the first two paragraphs of a passage and then be asked a question te fing the remaining.‘Types of Comprehensiog J wie rhe fh type of comprehension, evaluation, reauires the teamer 10 give © glob «| Rraprehensive judgment about some aspect of the tes e Fxample Example: .. Personal response Whar was the author's message in this passage? sinner eee ceitenen basse ncn corte at | ret hte Enowledg ofthe tens tpi and related isues, Some SUSen, «| ‘Ritual factors, may be reluctant tbe eitizal orto disagree with the Pr ted eo In such Sreumstanoes, the teacher models possible answers to evaluation questions, MANiN® Sire 0 ‘include both postive and negative aspects. ‘The sixth type of comprehension, personal response, requires readers to respond with thi feelings for the text and the subject. ‘The answers are not found in the text; they come strictly from the readers. While no personal responses are incorrect, they cannot be unfounded: they rust relate to the content ofthe text and reflet a literal understanding of the material Anexampl of 2 comprehension question that require a personal response i: What Jo you like or dislike about this passage? Like an evaluation question, students have to use both thei literal Understanding and their own knowledge to respond,Coaniee-5 Types of Comprehension 52. Exercise ‘Read the passage and answer the following questions. Paragraph 1: ic was not until sometime after having passed through the course of training in two of our chief schools of art thatthe author got any idea of what drawing eeally meant. What was taught was the faithful copying of a series of objects, beginning with the simplest forms, such as cubes, ‘cones, cylinders, etc. (an excellent system ta begin with at present in danger of some neglect) alter which more complicated objects in plaster of Paris were attempted, and finally copies of ‘the human head and figure posed in suspended animation and supported by blocks, etc. In so far as this was accurately done, allthis mechanical training of eye and hand was excellent; but it was not enough. And when with an eye trained to the closest mechanical accuracy the author visited the galleries ofthe Continent and studied the drawings ofthe old masters, it soon became apparent that cither his or their ideas of drawing were all wrong. Very few drawings could be found sufficiently "like the model" to obtain the prize at either of the great schools he had attended, Luckily there was just enough modesty left for him to realize that possibly they were in some mysterious way right and his own training in some way lacking. And so he set to work. ‘o tty and climb the long uphill road that separates mechanically accurate drawing from anistically accurate drawing.Ce ST Paragraph 2: vin rat atractions of the Holfowell farm, to me. were: its complete retirement, being. about | acs trom the village, half a mile from the nearest neighbor, and separated from the | fhahway by a broad field its Bounding onthe river. which the owner said protected it By its } 4 | | Coapter—S 4 Types of Comprehension I ¢ pe {ops torn Foss inthe spring though that was nothing to me: the gray color and ruinous state ‘such an interval between me and the last occupant: the hollow and lichen-covered apple trees, nawed by rabbits, showing what ind of neighbors 1 should have; but above all, the recollection I had of it from my cartes, ‘voyages up the river, when the house was concealed behind a dense grove of red maples, ‘through which I heard the house-dog bark. I was in haste to buy it, before the proprietor finished -etting out some rocks, cutting down the hollow apple tees, and grubbing up some youne birches which had sprung up in the pasture, or. in shor, had made any more of bis ‘improvements To enjoy these advantages Iwas ready to cary it on: ike Atlas. 0 take the world ‘on my shoulders--1 never heard what compensation he received for that—and do all those ‘things which had ne other motive or excuse but that I might pay for it and be unmolested in my ‘possession oft; for I knew all the while that it would yield the most abundant crop of the Kind | wanted, if ould only afford to let it alone. But it turned out as | have said. Text source: Walden by Henry David Thoreau ‘The author of the A. old memories BB. its good neighbors, -C. twas a good place ton D. the improvem“Types of Comprehension Lockwood represents the ultimate Victorian man—he is rich, well-mannered, petite expects hospitality everywhere he goes. He is naive to the traditions and ties among the persons ‘ofthe two estates and is unaware of them and their pasts. When he learns ofthe past form Nelly (in person and though her writings) and through others, Lockwood's reaction is 10 continue ‘barging into the tumultuous affairs of the Earnshaws and Lintons, before finally running away toa distant country, As the “ultimate Victorian man”, Bronté is not portraying Lockwood (and by extension Victorianism) in a favorable light. Lockwood is the voice of new society, but is ignorant of the past. Text souree: Mallet, an. “Wuthering Heighs.” January 2010. Used with permission of the author. The main idea ofthe passage i that A. the affairs ofthe Eamshaws and Lintons symbolize Brone's view of Vietorian repression B, Nelly should inform Lockwood ofthe ideals ofthe new society ’ C. Lockwood's inappropriate actions symbolize aspects of Victorianism rejected by Bronte D. the new society values traditions and ties mong families According to the passage, for Bronte’s purposes Lockwood's ‘most important characteristic is his "A. well-mannered politeness and expectation of hospitalit a 4 B. general naivete Ph sous Bik gP CC. persistence in getting information from Nelly D. boorish disregard for the shared history haCenpuer-5. Types of Comprehensing ln many arboreal frogs, a small “interealary structure” in each toe increases the sure are, touching the substrate, Furthermore, since hopping through trees can be dangerous, many arboreal frogs have hip joints that allow both hopping and walking. Some frogs that live high, in trees even possess an elaborate degree of webbing between their toes, as do aquatic frogs. n these arboreal frogs, the webs allow the frogs to "parachute" or control their glide from ong Position in the canopy to another. Ground-dwelling frogs generally lack the adaptations of aquatic and arboreal frogs. Most have ‘smaller toe pads. if any, and little webbing. Some burrowing frogs have a toe extension—, ‘metatarsal tubercle—that helps them to burrow. The hind legs of ground dwellers are more ‘muscular than those of aqueous and tree-dwelling frogs. ‘Text source: In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved ‘ntp:/en. wikipedia org/w/index. php title=Frog&oldid=403162933 Which of the following best characterizes the main idea of the passage? ‘A. An introduction mentioning the different frog types is followed by a discussion about the ee ie aaa hae Cie fom ‘adaptations. B. Aer the fist paragraph follow details on how to identify he different types of fogs bse ‘on their adaptations. Ta ie pace et ons eae aati sore ops