HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

MANAGEMENT WITH EMPHASIS ON

EQUIPMENTS USED

PRESENTED BY:

PRASHANT KUMAR
ABHISHEK SHUKLA
ROHIT DHAWAN
 INTRODUCTION
Highways are classified as below:

National highways

Statehighways

Major district roads

Village roads
 POINTS OF EMPHASIS

Planning

Construction

Post construction evaluation
 PLANNING
It considers two aspects :

Qualitative: It establishes the geological
structure and character of the site of
highway and types and distribution of the
materials present .

Quantitative: The testing of soil both insitu
and by laboratory testing of samples.
Main parts of National
highways

Embankment

Sub-grade

Sub-base

Base course(WBM/WMM)

Base course(BM)

Black top
 EMBANKMENT

When it is required to raise the grade line of a

highway above the existing ground level it
becomes necessary to construct embankments .
The design elements in highway embankments are :

Height

Fill material

Settlement

Stability of foundation

Stability of slopes
 Investigations & improvement of approach
embankment to Surajbari bridge, Bhuj,Gujarat

Typical cross-section of the embankment

 EQUIPMENTS USED
ROLLERS: The principle of rollers is the
application of pressure , which is slowly
increased and then decreased .They are
classified as :

Smooth wheeled rollers

Pneumatic tyred roller

Sheepsfoot roller

Vibratory roller
Vibratory roller
Tandem vibratory roller
Static roller
Small vibratory roller
DUMPERS:

These are special pneumatic wheeled , high

speed and high maneuverability trucks with
short chassis and strong dump able bodies.

The loading ,hauling , and dumping

operations are performed in quick
succession, and the machine proves very
useful for short hauls on rough roads.
 Dozer
It is primarily a pushing unit .It is one of the most
important machines on construction projects .This
is a multipurpose machine and can perform a
number of operations though specific designs have
been made for different jobs under such name as
angle dozer , tilt dozer, push dozer or tree dozer .
It scraps up soft and granular material , pushing it
in front of tractor as it moves or stock piles loose
material .It is best suited where pushing with a
high force is required .
Dozer
Dozer at work
 MOTOR GRADER
A grader is primarily a device for leveling
or finishing earthwork but is also sometimes
used for mixing gravel and making
withdraws and slope trimming .Principal
applications are : earth construction ,
making and maintaining project roads,
construction of airfields , and land
reclamation .
Motor grader at work
Tractor as Plough
Tractor as Grader
 Backhoe cum loader
It is twin purpose equipment .It has two
driving chambers .It can be driven in both
directions .One face of this machine works
as loader and the other as a backactor or
backhoe.It’s a very useful equipment and
being widely used in construction work
these days .
Backhoe cum loader
Compacted subgrade
Compacted subgrade
 Sub-base course
 Intermediatelayer between subgrade
and granular base course
 Essentially a drainage layer
 Distributes the stresses imposed by
traffic
 Materials for sub base
 Locally available materials
 Natural sand
 Gravel or moorum
 Kankar
 Crushed stone
 Laterite

 Industrial waste and other materials

 Steel slag
 Pond ash or Pond-Bottom ash mix
 Crushed concrete
 Brick bats
Gradation of close-graded granular sub-base material
IS. Sieve Per cent by weight passing the sieve

Grading I Grading II Grading III

75 mm 100 - -

53 mm 80-100 100 -

26.5 mm 55-90 70-100 100

9.5 mm 35-65 50-80 65-95

4.75 mm 25-55 40-65 50-80

2.36 mm 20-40 30-50 40-65

0.425 mm 10-25 15-25 20-35

0.075 mm 3-10 3-10 3-10

CBR (Min.) 30 25 20
Gradation of open graded granular sub-base material

IS. Sieve Per cent by weight passing the sieve

Grading I Grading II Grading III

75 mm 100 - -

53 mm - 100 -

26.5 mm 55-75 70-100 100

9.5 mm - - -

4.75 mm 10-30 15-35 25-45

2.36 mm - - -

0.425 mm - - -

0.075 mm <10 <10 <10

CBR (Min.) 30 25 20
Material requirements for GSB
• Water absorption should be less than 2 per
cent
• For the material passing 425 micron sieve
 LL less than 25 per cent
 PI less than 6
• Should satisfy CBR requirement as specified
• Minimum CBR requirement reduced to 15 in
case of rural roads
• 10 per cent fines value should be more than
50 kN
Construction operations - GSB
• Preparation of subgrade
• Mixing and preparation of GSB
• Spreading and compacting
 Moisture content to be between OMC+1% to OMC - 2%
 Use of static roller (8 to 10ton) for compacted layer
thickness less than 100 mm
 Use of vibratory roller for compacted layer thickness
upto 225 mm
• Rolling
 Starting from edges going towards center
 Speed of roller not to exceed 5 km/h
• Field density achieved should not be less than 98
per cent of MDD as per IS: 2720 (Part-8)
Compacted granular sub-base
 Coarse sand sub-base
 Used in case of clay or silty
subgrade
 Acts as inverted choke
 Primary function - as drainage
layer
 The sand layer needs to be
saturated before compaction
 Lime stabilisation of Iron
slags (Orissa)

View of finished surface

of road constructed using
Iron slags at Orissa
 Granular base course

 Water bound macadam

 Wet mix macadam

 Water Bound Macadam
 Materials
 Aggregates
 Screening
 Binding material

 Aggregates
 Crushed or broken stone
 Crushed slag
 Overburnt brick aggregates for sub-base
 Water Bound Macadam
 Gradation – Gr I, Gr II and Gr III
 Aspects to be considered
– Grading of aggregates
– Strength of aggregates
– Shape of aggregates
– Water absorption
– Screening material
– Binding material
 WBM
Construction

Stone for WBM

Complete Spreading of stone Spreading of stones

 WBM
Construction

Applying binder for WBM

Watering & rolling of WBM Finished surface of WBM

Close-up View of WBM Grade III
 Wet Mix Macadam
 WMM - single grading specified in MOST
specifications, two gradations are provided
in IRC:109
 Prepared using WMM plant
 Better quality material as compared to WBM
 Normally recommended for all NH projects
 Physical requirements of aggregates same
as WBM
 Material finer than 425 micron should have
PI less than 6
Gradation requirement of WMM
IS sieve,mm Per cent passing
Gradation I Gradation II
(MOST)
53.0 100 -
45.0 95 – 100 -
26.5 - 100
22.4 60 – 80 50 – 100
11.2 40 – 60 -
4.75 25 – 40 35 – 55
2.36 15 – 30 -
600 micron 8 – 22 10 – 30
75 micron 0–8 2–9
 Wet Mix Macadam
Construction operations
 Preparation of mix - mixing plant like
pug mill or pan type mixer
 Spreading of mix using paver or grader
 Compaction using vibratory rollers for
compacted layer thickness upto 200
mm
 Static roller can be used for compacted
layer thickness upto 75 mm
 Setting and drying
 WMM/GSB Plant

Bins for storing aggregates

Mixing plant
 WMM
Construction

Spreading WMM using grader

Spreading WMM in small areas Compacted WMM layer

Bitumen Distributor
Bitumen distributor has two parts :
 Bitumen tank
 Pumping unit and spray bar
Bitumen container is heated under the direct
flame.
It spreads the bitumen on the sub base course
to make the bond between the sub base
layer and the wearing course.
 Construction Steps for
Wearing Course
 Preparation of existing surface by lightly
scarifying and brushing

 Bitumen application ( quantity required of

bitumen 50 –68 kg/m^2)

 Spreading of key aggregates

 Seal coat : Applied if another surfacing
course is not constructed immediately

 Finishing :Pavement section is checked for

its cross profile with straight-edge,
unevenness indicator
View of Mechanical finisher
Wearing course surface
during construction
Close view of finished surface
Finished Bitumen Surface
Road open for traffic
 POST CONSTRUCTION
EVALUATION
•Itinvolves a thorough study of various
factors such as sub grade support ,
Pavement composition and its thickness ,
traffic loading and environmental conditions.
•The primary objective of pavement condition
evaluation is to assess as to whether and to
what extent the pavement fulfills the intended
requirement
•So that the maintenance and strengthening
jobs can be planned in time.
 The studies therefore investigate the
structural adequacy of pavements and also
the requirements for providing safe and
comfortable traffic operations
 There are various approaches and methods
of pavement evaluation and can be
classified into two groups
 Structural evaluation of
pavements
Equipments used are:

• Benkleman beam

• FWD( falling weight deflectometer)

Benkleman beam
Benkleman beam deflection at
site
FWD
 Functional Evaluation

Equipments used:
• Portable skid resistance tester
• Mu-meter
• Skid trailor
• Profilograph
• Unevenness Recorder
• Bump Integrater
Portable skid resistance tester
 This is a dynamic pendulum impact type
tester use to measure the energy loss when a
rubber slider edge is propelled over a test
surface .
 The tester is suited for laboratory as well as
field tests on flat surfaces and for polish
value measurements on curved laboratory
specimens from accelerated polishing wheel
tests
 Mu-meter
 It is a continuous friction measuring equipment
comprising of a light weight trailor unit (254kg)
capable of being towed by a standard vehicle .
 The trailor unit comprises of a triangular frame on
which two friction measuring wheels are
mounted.The rear wheel which drives the recorder
also measures the distance .
 It measures the sideway coefficient of
friction generated between the test surface
and the smooth tread tyres operating at 7.5
degrees angle to the direction of travel
under the wet condition
 The speed of measurement is 64 km/h
Mu-meter
 Skid trailor

 The equipment consists of a trailor with two

wheels , one of which is capable of getting
locked .Besides instrumentation the
equipment contains a water supply and
proper dispersing system and controls for
actuating the brake of the test wheel .The
test wheel is equipped with a standard tyre.
 The standard speed is 64 km/h
 This method utilises measurement of
friction given by a lock test wheel , as it is
dragged over a wetted pavement surface
under constant load and constant speed.
 Profilograph
• It is used to measure the unevenness of the
road profile immediately after the
construction of road.
• It Plots the profile of the road using a
moving wheel which is dragged manually .
• The equipment costs about 40,000 Rs
Profilograph
 Unevenness Recorder
 It is used to measure the roughness (bumps and
depressions)
 It is used during the construction of road
 When the bumps and depressions are more than
the fixed value then this equipment will show the
place of fault by spraying the color.
 It is manually dragged at the speed of 4-5 kmph.
A view of Unevenness
recorder
 Bump Integrater

 It is used to measure the roughness of the road

 This instrument is known as response type in
which the dynamic response of a vehicle( Or a
towed fifth wheel) traveling over a road is
recorded .
 The vehicle is standardized and the speed at
which it travels is also standardized to 30 km/h
 This instrument measures the unevenness
(mm/km) as well as the distance with the
help of integrating and distance measuring
unit respectively.
 Due to high moving speed as compared to
previous instruments it measures the
roughness quickly.So it is widely used
nowadays.
Bump integrator
Bump integrator at site
 References
 Bhartiya profilograph se sadak ki satahi asamtalta
ka abhiyantril mulayankan- by Dr
S.D.Sharma,Prashant Kumar,Dr.P.K. Nanda
 Fuel saving on cement concrete pavement by: DR.
L.R. Kadiyali and associates
 Highway Design and Contruction – R.J.Salter
 Highway Engineering –S.K.Khanna and Justo
 Construction Equipment and planning –Mohesh
Verma
 Rashtriya Mahmargon ki Satahi asamtalta
ka mulyankan by-S.D. Sharma , Jagdish
Mitter and P.K. Nanda
 Sadak asamtalta mulyankan hetu CRRI
nirmit yantra –Ek awlokan , by- Dr.S.D.
Sharma and Prashant Kumar \
 CRRI annual magazine (2001)