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Mean, Median, Mode, Range Calculator

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Mean
The word mean, which is a homonym for multiple other words in the English
language, is similarly ambiguous even in the area of mathematics. Depending on the
context, whether mathematical or statistical, what is meant by the "mean" changes.
In its simplest mathematical definition regarding data sets, the mean used is the
arithmetic mean, also referred to as mathematical expectation, or average. In this
form, the mean refers to an intermediate value between a discrete set of numbers,
namely, the sum of all values in the data set, divided by the total number of values.
The equation for calculating an arithmetic mean is virtually identical to that for
calculating the statistical concepts of population and sample mean, with slight
variations in the variables used:

The mean is often denoted as x̄, pronounced "x bar," and even in other uses when
the variable is not x, the bar notation is a common indicator of some form of mean. In
the specific case of the population mean, rather than using the variable x̄, the Greek
symbol mu, or μ, is used. Similarly, or rather confusingly, the sample mean in
statistics is often indicated with a capital X̄. Given the data set 10, 2, 38, 23, 38, 23,
21, applying the summation above yields:
10 + 2 + 38 + 23 + 38 + 23 + 21 155
 =   = 22.143
7 7
As previously mentioned, this is one of the simplest definitions of the mean, and
some others include the weighted arithmetic mean (which only differs in that certain
values in the data set contribute more value than others), and geometric mean.
Proper understanding of given situations and contexts can often provide a person
with the tools necessary to determine what statistically relevant method to use. In
general, mean, median, mode and range should ideally all be computed and
analyzed for a given sample or data set since they elucidate different aspects of the
given data, and if considered alone, can lead to misrepresentations of the data, as
will be demonstrated in the following sections.
Median
The statistical concept of the median is a value that divides a data sample,
population, or probability distribution into two halves. Finding the median essentially
involves finding the value in a data sample that has a physical location between the
rest of the numbers. Note that when calculating the median of a finite list of numbers,
the order of the data samples is important. Conventionally, the values are listed in
ascending order, but there is no real reason that listing the values in descending
order would provide different results. In the case where the total number of values in
a data sample is odd, the median is simply the number in the middle of the list of all
values. When the data sample contains an even number of values, the median is the
mean of the two middle values. While this can be confusing, simply remember that
even though the median sometimes involves the computation of a mean, when this
case arises, it will involve only the two middle values, while a mean involves all the
values in the data sample. In the odd cases where there are only two data samples
or there is an even number of samples where all the values are the same, the mean
and median will be the same. Given the same data set as before, the median would
be acquired in the following manner:
2,10,21,23,23,38,38
After listing the data in ascending order, and determining that there are an odd
number of values, it is clear that 23 is the median given this case. If there were
another value added to the data set:
2,10,21,23,23,38,38,1027892
Since there are an even number of values, the median will be the average of the two
middle numbers, in this case 23 and 23, the mean of which is 23. Note that in this
particular data set, the addition of an outlier (a value well outside the expected range
of values), the value 1,027,892, has no real effect on the data set. If however the
mean is computed for this data set, the result is 128,505.875. This value is clearly
not a good representation of the seven other values in the data set that are far
smaller and closer in value than the average and the outlier. This is the main
advantage of using the median in describing statistical data when compared to the
mean. While both, as well as other statistical values, should be calculated when
describing data, if only one can be used, the median can provide a better estimate of
a typical value in a given data set when there are extremely large variations between
values.

Mode
In statistics, the mode is the value in a data set that has the highest number of
recurrences. It is possible for a data set to be multimodal, meaning that it has more
than one mode. For example:
2,10,21,23,23,38,38
Both 23 and 38 appear twice each, making them both a mode for the data set above.
Similarly to mean and median, the mode is used as a way to express information
about random variables and populations. Unlike mean and median however, the
mode is a concept that can be applied to non-numerical values such as the brand of
tortilla chips most commonly purchased from a grocery store. For example, when
comparing the brands Tostitos, Mission, and XOCHiTL, if it is found that in the sale
of tortilla chips, XOCHiTL is the mode and sells in a 3:2:1 ratio compared to Tostitos
and Mission brand tortilla chips respectively, the ratio could be used to determine
how many bags of each brand to stock. In the case where 24 bags of tortilla chips
sell during a given period, the store would stock 12 bags of XOCHiTL chips, 8 of
Tostitos, and 4 of Mission if using the mode. If however the store simply used an
average and sold 8 bags of each, it could potentially lose 4 sales if a customer
desired only XOCHiTL chips and not any other brand. As is evident from this
example, it is important to take all manners of statistical values into account when
attempting to draw conclusions about any data sample.

Range
The range of a data set in statistics is the difference between the largest and the
smallest values. While range does have different meanings within different areas of
statistics and mathematics, this is its most basic definition, and is what is used by the
provided calculator. Using the same example:
2,10,21,23,23,38,38
38 - 2 = 36
The range in this example is 36. Similarly to the mean, range can be significantly
affected by extremely large or small values. Using the same example as previously:
2,10,21,23,23,38,38,1027892
The range in this case would be 1,027,890 compared to 36 in the previous case. As
such, it is important to extensively analyze data sets to ensure that outliers are
accounted for.

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