Rel a ht READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on READING PASSAGE 1 below. Sight into Butterfly Farm 'A. Butterflies are less plentiful than they used to be and many species are now endangered. Yet. butterflies lke plants, animals and other insects are important to the survival of all living, For this reason alone the conservation of butterflies is becoming crucial. The good news 18 that it is very easy to attract butterflies to your own backyard, no matter how s) rve these most mall or urban, and you can help to pres britiant and fascinating creatures, With just a little effort the butterflies will reward yon with the spectacle of a variety of living colour that is unmatched by any other wildlife B. Where to find your caterpillars? Depending on the season, where you live, and how much time you have. finding your own caterpillars can be a rewarding task. The best way to find caterpillars is to look for the plants that are known host plants for local butterflies. If the leaves of the plants are eaten chances are if you look carefully you will find caterpillars. Alliteratively you can grow your own host plants and wait for the female butterfly to lay her eggs on them. We use small plastic aquariums to grow our caterpillars, but a one-gallon Jar 35 also suitable. The top of your container should be covered by a piece of cheesecloth (we use kitchen roll which works too) and fastened securely by a rubber band. You should also provide your caterpillars with some Reading | 69 TTsticks that fit securely into the cage for them to pupate on Do not use a jar lid with holes punched in it. Not only will this provide inadequate ventilation. but the caterpillars can also be cut open by the sharp edges of the holes. Keep your container with caterpillars in a light, airy space, but not direct sunhght C. The most difficult part in raising butterflies is to provide your caterpillars with fresh cuttings from the host plant appropriate for the species of caterpillars you are raising. Caterpillars are very picky eaters. Each species will only eat very specific plants. Therefore, in order to take care of a caterpillar, it is important to know what kind of caterpillar it is, and what kind of food it eats. A good rule of thumb is that a caterpillar is most likely to eat the kind of plant you found it on. If you are in doubt about what kind of caterpillar you have found, it is best to let it go. Caterpillars will starve to death before they will eat the wrong food. Once you have found the correct food, remember your caterpillars must always have fresh food! Caterpillars will not eat old or dry leaves. The easiest way to feed your caterpillars is to provide them with a live, potted plant in their cage. However, because many host plants are large bushes or trees, this is not always possible Therefore, it is best to provide new cuttings of host plant every day. We use small plastic cups filled with vermiculite and water to hold the cuttings and stop the caterpillars falling into the water. If you cut too much food at once, give some of it to your caterpillars and put the rest in a glass of water in refrigerator until you are ready to use it. This will keep the food fresh longer Always carefully inspect your fresh plant cuttings for spiders or insects. It is very disappointing to find that you have inadvertently fed your caterpillars to a very fat and happy spider! Caterpillars receive all the water they need from the plants they eat so 70| ReadingD. E you don't have to provide any additional water. Caterpillars are very susceptible to a variety of bactenal infections, including bacteria we all car on our hands without knowing it. Be sure to always wash your hands thoroughly before handling your caterpillars. Caterpillars are relatively fragile creatures. Handle them very gently. If you are changing their host plant, it is best to put the fresh host plant into the cage, then wait a few hours for the caterpillars to crawl onto the new host plant on their own, Then you can remove the old food. Alternatively you can use a small paintbrush to carefully move the caterpillars from one plant to another. this works for us Remember how many caterpillars you have and count them all before you throw out old host plant so you do not accidentally throw away your caterpillars; it happens to the best of us! Do not pick up caterpillars with branching spines! These spines can dehwer a very painful sting. If your caterpillars seem lethargic or have changed colour, do not handle them. They are probably preparing to molt or form their pupa and are very vulnerable at this stage. Or they may be sick, If your caterpillars die, remove them from the cage immediately to help prevent infection of the other caterpillars in the cage. However, if your caterpillars pupate in the fall there is a good chance that they will remain in their pupae until spring Keep the cage humid with occasional misting. Many pupae will either turn dark or become clear when the butterflies are ready to emerge, When this happens. be especially sure that your cage is humid. Keep a careful watch? It only takes a few seconds for a butterfly to come out of its pupa and it usually emerges in the mornings? Dead pupae often turn very dark. If you gently bend the abdominal region of the pupa and it stays bent. the pupa is probably dead. Reading | 71 nnQuestions 1-4 READING PASSAGE 1 has five paragraphs A-E. Which paragraph contains the following information ? Write the correct letter A-E in boxes I-f on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1. purpose to throw away dead caterpallars out of the cage 2, beneficial factors that should be taken into consideration in finding caterpillars 3. _ eat nothing but the particular plants before they meet their end 4. device appropriate to grow caterpillars Questions 5-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in READING PASSAGE 1? TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this A kaleidoscope of shades that butterflies offer visitors to enjoy could not be rivalled. To look for and prepare caterpillars, there is only one way. ‘The provision of specific fresh food for particular species ts deemed as the extremely demanding task when butterflies are to be raised itis always true that the easiest food to provide caterpillars with is a live and potted plant. As it is the high time for the butterfly to emerge, the majority of butterfly pupae will take on dark. ¥2| ReadingQuestions 10-13 Complete the summary of paragraph D below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraph D for each answer Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. Caterpillars are liable to the influence of 10, , with no exception of unconscious carry-on 11 . Thus, prior to dealing with them, it could not be ignored that hands should be washed attentively. For another, as vulnerable living things, caterpillars could only be 12 touched. Ideally, the fresh host plant is to be put into the cage, then wait for a real while. After that, all work is done. In addition, 13. might serve its own purpose to help move caterpillars around. Reading | 73 ealREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on READING PASSAGE 2 below. COMPUTER PROGRAMS PASS JUDGMENT ON STUDENTS' WRITING A. The Educational Testing Service, which designs and grades the GMAT and other widely used standardized tests, said its e-rater program comes within one point of a human grader 98 percent of the time, using the six-point scale that is now a common approach to grading essays on standardized tests. If there is a difference of more than one point between the scores of the computer and a human evaluator, the essay is read by another person and the three scores are averaged. E'TS, which began using e-rater to grade the test two years ago, has cut its GMAT costs by US $1.7 million a year because graders now have to read fewer essays. The organization can also return scores to test takers in ten days, instead of four weeks it used to take. B. But Sam Graziano, who took the GMAT last month, wasn't thrilled to learn that a computer would evaluate his writing, and thereby help decide whether he is admitted to a top business school. "I'm a computer science major, and it's kind of hard for me to understand an algorithm that could grade an essay,” said Graziano. "At this time, 1 wouldn't really trust it.” C. Another essay-grading program, called IntelliMetric, is muscling its way into the standardized testing industry. And Accuplacer is a new program that decides the appropriate course level for incoming college students. The programs take different approaches to their task. But they all use a database of essays that have been graded by humans. The programs are smart enough, according to their inventors, to recognize what characteristics correspond to higher scores. D._ ETS's e-rater focuses mostly on how an essay is written, not its meaning. For example, it looks for cue words — such as “however.” "because," and "therefore that are key to framing an argument It also looks for variety in the arrangement of phrases, clauses, and sentences And to recognize whether an essay is on topic, it looks for certain words 74| Reading inp nee Beas ss bee based on the previously graded essays in its database. The Intelligent Essay Assessor is geared more toward the content of a composition ‘The program is primed by feeding it a batch of essays already graded by humans, or text that serves as the basis for the essays, such as a history or science book. The program analyzes the relationships between the words, looking for patterns. It recognizes how the words fit together-for example, it recognizes that "the doctor operated on the patient" is similar to "the surgeon wielded the scalpel.” In that way, its creators say, the Intelligent Essay Assessor comes to understand the words. It can then compare that meaning with the essays to be graded. “[t isn't as. simple as looking at which words occur together." said Thomas Landauer, a University of Colorado professor who has done research on the technology. "It's a much deeper process than that." The i Intelligent Essay Assessor, Landauer said, is best at evaluating answers in fact-filled subjects, such as science and history. The program can look at a student's essay and decide what points are missing. A study that compared essays written under the program's tutelage with those written without such help concluded that the computer-aided essays were consistently better F. The programs do have their limits. They can't deal with creativity such as metaphors or unconventional writing styles. If confronted by quirks, the computer is supposed to alert its handlers that the essay is unusual and needs to be read by a human. The e-rater also can be fooled, For example, if the word "therefore" is one of the words it's looking for, it will probably give the writer credit for using it even if it's the first word in the essay, said Marisa Famum, a writing assessment specialist at ETS. A teacher, on the other hand, might consider such a use of "therefore" completely inappropriate and penalize the student for it. Some professors, such as William Dowling at Rutgers, think the programs will be unable to process students’ more complex and original writing. Dennis Baron, the head of the English department at the University of Illinois in Urbana, has the opposite fear It won't be able to get past a student's weaknesses. Reading | #5Questions 14-19 READING PASSAGE 2 has six paragraphs A-F, Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. 14. The restrictions of the newly introduced programs. 13. Some doubt has been expressed about the new technology. 16. Areference to its effectiveness in assessing fact-filled disciplines. 17. How essays are specifically rated by electronic programs. 18. Results are delivered in shorter periods. 19. Acommon resource that are used by all the grading programs. Questions 20-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in READING PASSAGE 2? In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 20. The e-raters could reduce costs spent on grading essays each year 21. The programs are identical in terms of the methods they take to evaluate the essays 22. The scores given by the programs are accepted by most American universities. 23. The way an essay is prepared is more emphasized than the information it conveys. | 24. Cue words are the centre of modern essay writing, 25. Subjects dealing with facts are the most appropriate areas for the application of the programs. 26. Machines prove to be perfect in rating essays and would give due penalties to students for mistakes made in the essays. 76| Reading iREADING PASSAGE 3 v You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on READING PASSAGE 3 on the following pages. Mending Broken Hearts Although hearts suffer many maladies-valves leak, membranes become inflamed — coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attack and ultimately to heart failure, is the number one killer of both men and : women in the United States, where 500,000 the annually. Worldwide, it kills 7.2 million people every year. Exacerbated by the export of Western lifestyle — motorized transport, abundant meat and cheese, workdays conducted from the comfort of a well-padded chair ~ incidence of the disease is soaring. B. To help stem this lethal tide, cardiologists can prescribe such cholesterol-lowering drugs as statins to help keep arteries clear. They can advise patients to change their habits, or they can operate to fix an immediate problem. Angioplasty is one procedure, and surgery to bypass the diseased arteries is another ~ each year more than 400,000 bypasses are performed in the U.S. Transplants can replace severely damaged hearts, and artificial ones can keep people alive while they wait for a donor heart. But in the face of an impending global epidemic, none of these stopgap measures addresses the essential question: Who gets heart attacks and why? C. The human heart beats 100,000 times a day, propelling six quarts (5.6 liters) of blood through 60,000 miles (96,560.6 kilometers) of vessels — 20 times the distance across the U.S. from coast tocoast. The blood flows briskly, surging out of a ten-ounce (283.5 gram) heart so J Reading | #7 eSforcefully that large arteries, when severed, can send a jet of blood several feet into the air. Normally the relentless current helps keep blood vessels clean. But where an artery bends, tiny eddies form, as ta a bend in a river. This is where bits of sticky, waxy cholesterol and fat can seep into the artery wall and oxidize, like butter going rancid Other matter piles up too, Eventually, the whole mass caleifies into a Jand of arterial st plaque. Until recently, cardiologists approached heart disease as a plumbing problem. Just as mineral deposits restrict the flow of water through pipe, an accretion of plaque impedes the flow of blood through an arterial channel. The more crud in the system, the greater likelihood that a dammed artery will trigger a heart attack. Doctors now dismiss this “clogged-pipes model” as an idea whose time has passed. I's just not that simple. Most heart attacks are caused by plaque embedded within the artery wall that ruptures, cracking the wall and triggering the formation of a blood clot. The clot blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle, which an form the lack of oxygen and nutrients, Suddenly the pump stops pumping Contrary to the clogged pipes model, heart attacks generally occur un arteries that have minimal or moderate blockage, and thewr eccurrence depends more on the land of plaque than on the quantity. Scientists have been struggling to figure out what type is most responsible, Parndoxically, findings suggest that immature, softer plaques rich in cholesterol are more unstable and likely to rupture then the hard, calcified, dense plaques that extensively narrow the artery channel But understanding the root cause of the disease will require much more research. For one thing, human hearts, unlike plumbing fixtures, are ¥8| Readingnot stamped from a mold, Like the rest of our body parts, they are products of our genes. Don Steffenson was putting duck-hunting decoys out om a small lake one fall afternoon in South Western lowa when his heart attack hit ‘The infarction was massive and unexpected. It's likely that Steffensen survived only because a buddy was carrying nitroglycerin tablets and quickly slipped one under his friend's tongue. Nitroglycerin 18 used to make dynamite; in the body, @ heavily diluted form releases minic oxide, which signals the smooth muscle cells in veins and arteries to relax, dilating the vessels. ‘The Steffensen clan is enormous: more than 200 relatives spread over three generations, many of the youngest are now dispersed from lowa to New York and beyond. Although heart trouble is common in the family, it had never struck anyone as unusual. "I attributed it to diet,” shrugs Tina, a slim 38-year-old and the family's only vegetarian, Tt was a reasonable conclusion. ‘The Steffensens were raised on the hand of farm food that the state 1s famous for ~ ham balls, meatloaf, pre, macarons and cheese ~ and still popular even as careers have moved indoors, Driving north through cornfields to meet some of the family in Buffalo Center, | dined at a restaurant offering deep-fried sandwiches. A single ham and cheese hoagie clunked in hot fat and served sizzling seemed capable of stopping a heart all on its own. Reading | 79ee Questions 27-34 Do the following statements agree with the information given ut RE: ADING PASSAGE 3? In boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on thi 27. Coronary heart disease is the largest culprit behind the deaths in the United. States. 28. The Western lifestyle is the largest cause for the increase in the diseases, 29. Measures taken by experts have successfully answered the essential questions about heart attack, 30. Blood in human body could travel much more distance throughout the body ‘ona daily basis than that across the U.S. from coast to coast 31. Cholesterol is stored in the arteries to provide energy for various functions of the body. 32. The clogged pipes model is accepted by most doctors and specialists 33. Scientists have yet to decide the most likely factor that leads to heart attack 34. Don Steffenson’s case seems to suggest that unhealthy dieting habits does not incessantly cause serious heart attack. 80| ReadingQuestions 35-38 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below based on information in paragraphs A-E. Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet. 35. Cardiologists prescribe cholesterol-lowering drugs in order to 36. Artificial hearts are introduced to 37. Heart diseases in arteries are compared to 38. The blood clot is a serious problem because itis likely to A. reduce the costs of transplantation surgery B.__ the blood clots ~ a kind of arterial stucco, or plaque C. deposits of minerals limiting the flow of water through a pipe D. smooth the arteries E cope with difficult situations F._ braincase the blood from flowing to the heart muscle and interfere with the absorption of oxygen and nutrients G. _ help patients survive until the availability of a donated human heart Reading | 81 oolA B. c A B. Questions 39 and 40 Choose the correct lett Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet 39. A model other than the clogged pipes one suggests that the occurrence of heart attack depends on D. 40. The incidence of Steffensen clan shows which of the following factors is most likely to be responsible for heart attacks? ‘er A, B, Cor D based on information in paragraphs F-I. the amount and severity of blockage in the blood cells. the categories and properties of blockage. the density of the artery walls the genes of the victim. Patients! gender Patients’ living conditions. Patients’ attitude toward life. Patients’ eating habits and diets. 82| Reading i