Notes for Science Summative

Label Excretory Diagram

Label Skin Diagram
 Which organ produces urea?
The liver.
What are the socio-economic impacts of kidney dialysis?
Social
● Diet​: Kidney Dialysis requires the patient to
be on a special diet, thus limiting the patient
from social gatherings where foods they can
eat might not be available. For example,
dialysis patients are limited from eating
meats, chocolate, dairy, grains, bread etc.
hence, it will be extremely hard for them to
find food at social gatherings.
● Time Taken​: Patients have to spend a lot of
time at the hospital/clinic when they have to
get kidney dilations, thus minimalizing their
interactions with others. Most patients
usually spend 4 hours, 3 days a week while
getting dialysis, hence, this will eat up the
time that they originally spent with their
friends and family. In several third world
countries, kidney dialysis is also not easy to
access as hospitals/clinics are far away,
therefore, the amount of time it would take to
travel to the clinic for the dialysis would also
reduce their daily social activities.
● Obesity
Economic
● Losing Source of Income​: A lot of patients
have to lose their job after dialysis. This is
because patients who have jobs with a lot of
physical labor such as digging, heavy lifting,
etc. are recommended to not continue their
jobs as it puts a lot of strain on the access that
is created in order to conduct dialysis on a
vein.
● Expenses​: Dialysis itself is a very expensive
treatment. Several countries give the
treatment for free, although there are so many
others that do not, thus making it harder for
the people from the lower strata to afford this
treatment. Apart from taking the treatment,
there are so many more aspects that need to
be considered. This includes travel and extra
medication and electricity. For people who
are visiting clinics to get this treatment, travel
will be a big expense as in several countries,
hospitals are not easily accessible. For people
taking the treatment at home, the electricity
expenses will increase a lot because of the
machine used to conduct this treatment. And
lastly, even though people have gone through
the treatment, they still have to take a lot of
extra medication, thus adding to the
expenses. Therefore, after looking at all these
extra expenses apart from the treatment itself,
 dialysis may be a treatment that might not be
affordable to everyone, hence it won’t be a
sustainable treatment for those from the
lower strata in terms of the economical
aspect.

Connection Between ADH Plasma and Thirst

A person who faces dehydration faces a problem of less water in the body which then leads to
insufficient water being in the blood and other tissues. The water that leaves the body as sweat or urine
is then extracted from the blood. As the blood becomes more concentrated a thirst response is then
activated. There are sensory receptors in the hypothalamus control the concentration of the blood,
thus when the concentration of the blood increases above the normal value, ADH is then released by
the hypothalamus through the blood and to the kidneys. This then recovers water from the urine
through the kidney which then helps the body conserve more water. The hypothalamus also sends
signals via the nervous system to the salivary glands in the mouth. This then results in a decrease of
serous output, thus increasing the mucus output. This then alters the secretion in the mouth, thus
resulting in a dry mouth that works as a sensation of thirst.

Person A - High Glucose

Diagnosis​: A person diagnosed with Hyperglycemia means the patient is facing the issue of high
glucose in their blood which is also a leading indicator of diabetes. Everyone’s body requires glucose to
function. All the cells in the body rely on glucose for energy as it is stored as glycogen in the muscles.
Furthermore, when the blood glucose level is too, this is because the body isn’t properly using or can’t
make the hormone insulin. You get glucose from the foods you eat like carbohydrates, fruit, milk etc.
When your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which is then transported to the cells
through the bloodstream. Although, in order to use glucose, the body needs insulin. This is a hormone
produced by the pancreas. This hormone helps transport glucose into the cells, particularly the
muscles. As mentioned before, diabetes is the result of hypoglycemia, therefore the patient might be
facing the condition of diabetes too. There are 2 types of diabetes that people can have type 1 diabetes
and type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 1 diabetes no longer make insulin to help their bodies use their
glucose while patients with type 2 diabetes may have enough insulin but their body doesn’t use it well.
People with diabetes may become hyperglycemic if they don’t keep their glucose controlled before the
glucose their body makes from the food can build in their blood, therefore leading to hyperglycemia
which is the presence of high glucose in the blood.

Prevention​:

● One of the methods to prevent hyperglycemia is doing a good amount of exercise. When a
person does a moderate amount of exercise, like walking, the heart starts beating a little faster.
Your muscles use more glucose (which is the sugar present in your bloodstream), therefore, the
excessive glucose present would be used up by the muscles which would then prevent
hyperglycemia from taking place.

● Another method to prevent high sugar in the bloodstream is consuming a lesser amount of
carbohydrates. This is because when people eat food containing carbohydrates, the digestive
system can easily break it down due to the simple chemical structure and this is then broken
down into digestible sugars and glucose which then enters the blood. Furthermore, if a patient’s
insulin is not functioning properly, then the glucose will not be transferred to the cells where
the glucose is actually needed, thus, all the glucose will then get collected in the bloodstream,
leading to hyperglycemia.

Person B - High Urea

Diagnosis​: If there is high urea present in the bloodstream, this means that the patient’s kidney is
damaged or is facing failure. The urea travels from the liver to the kidneys through the bloodstream.
The kidney’s job is to filter waste and extra fluid from the blood in order to get rid of them through
urine. If the kidney does not function properly, this means that it will not be able to remove the waste
products from the body, hence it will just stay in the bloodstream which is why the levels of urea in the
blood would be extremely high as urea is an excretory product.

Treatment​: In order to prevent the high levels of urea, the first issue that has to prevent is the failure of
the kidney’s.
● The first preventive measure is to control blood pressure. This is because the nephrons in the
kidney are supplied with blood vessels and high volumes of blood flow through them. Over
time, the uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause the arteries to weaken around the kidneys
which will then lead to the arteries not being able to deliver enough blood to the kidney tissues,
thus leading to kidney failure. One of the main ways to prevent high blood pressure is by
reducing the intake of salt. Eating salt raises the sodium in the bloodstream which then reduces
the ability of the kidneys to remove water as the extra fluid adds extra strain to the delicate
vessels leading to the kidney.

● The second preventive measure is to control the body’s sugar. This is because the filtering units
inside the kidney are filled with blood vessels, and over time, when the body’s sugar increases,
the blood vessels near the kidney become narrow and clogged thus leading to kidney failure as
the kidney would not be able to perform basic functions. Another reason that diabetes damages
the kidney is because high sugar damages the nerves. Nerves carry out the messages to your
bladder thus letting it know when it is full. But if the nerves of the bladder are damaged, it may
not be able to identify when it is full and when it is not full. Therefore, with the pressure from a
full bladder, the kidney may get damaged.