Year 11 Chemistry Unit 2

Chapter 12 – Properties of water

1. Explain why water is polar (p.293)

Water (H2O) is polar because of the bent shape of the molecule. The shape means most of the negative
charge from the oxygen on side of the molecule and the positive charge of the hydrogen atoms is on the
other side of the molecule. 
2. Why does water expand on freezing? (p.295)’
Liquid water molecules are closer together than solid water molecules. Therefore water expands on
freezing.
3. Define specific heat capacity (p.298) and give water’s specific heat capacity value (p.299)
Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to increase 1 gram of substance by 1-degree
Celsius. Water has a very high specific heat capacity of 4.2 compared to the 0.385 J/G degrees Celsius.
4. Write out the formula for calculating the heat energy required to raise a substance’s temperature (p.299)
Q=M x C x (Final Temp – Initial Temp)
5. Define latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation and give the specific values relevant to water
for each of them (p.302)
The latent heat of vaporization is where 44kj of energy turns 1 mol of water from a liquid to a gas at 100
degrees. The latent heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to convert 1 mol of water from a solid
to a liquid.
6. How does water’s latent heat of vaporisation help with maintaining a safe body temperature? (p.302)
It takes a large amount of heat to vaporize sweat on your skin as it evaporates it takes away a large
amount of heat from your body and thus cools you down.
7. What is the calculation used involving latent heat? (p.303)
Q=nxL

End of chapter questions:

p.305 – Questions: 2, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 21

2a. Water molecule

b. Hydrogen atom

c. Hydrogen bond and Dispersion forces

d. Covalent bond

8. 85.7 kJ

9. 420kJ

11. 68 degrees Celsius

14. B
16. 611 k J

18. 1056 kJ

21. 0.8 j/g/ c(degrees)